• No results found

Shaker Verlag Aachen 2012

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "Shaker Verlag Aachen 2012"

Copied!
26
0
0

Bezig met laden.... (Bekijk nu de volledige tekst)

Hele tekst

(1)







Ä*HULFKWHWH(UVWDUUXQJSRO\NULVWDOOLQHU$O$O&X(XWHNWLND

LQWHUQlUHQ$O&X$J/HJLHUXQJHQ³



9RQGHU)DNXOWlWIU*HRUHVVRXUFHQXQG0DWHULDOWHFKQLN

GHU5KHLQLVFK:HVWIlOLVFKHQ7HFKQLVFKHQ+RFKVFKXOH$DFKHQ



]XU(UODQJXQJGHVDNDGHPLVFKHQ*UDGHVHLQHV

'RNWRUVGHU,QJHQLHXUZLVVHQVFKDIWHQ



JHQHKPLJWH'LVVHUWDWLRQ

YRUJHOHJWYRQ,QJLQHUGH'LSORPD

 8OULNH+HFKW



DXV+HUPDQQVWDGW5XPlQLHQ





%HULFKWHU 8QLY3URI'U,QJ$QGUHDV%KULJ3RODF]HN DSO3URI'UUHUQDWKDELO/RUHQ]5DWNH

 



7DJGHUPQGOLFKHQ3UIXQJ1RYHPEHU



(2)
(3)

Shaker Verlag Aachen 2012

Gießerei-Institut: Forschung, Entwicklung, Ergebnisse

Band 64

Ulrike Hecht

Gerichtete Erstarrung polykristalliner Al-Al

2

Cu Eutektika in ternären Al-Cu-Ag Legierungen

WICHTIG: D 82 überprüfen !!!

2 tieferstellen

(4)

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.

Zugl.: D 82 (Diss. RWTH Aachen University, 2011)

Copyright Shaker Verlag 2012

Alle Rechte, auch das des auszugsweisen Nachdruckes, der auszugsweisen oder vollständigen Wiedergabe, der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungs- anlagen und der Übersetzung, vorbehalten.

Printed in Germany.

ISBN 978-3-8440-0751-0 ISSN 1435-6198

Shaker Verlag GmbH • Postfach 101818 • 52018 Aachen Telefon: 02407 / 95 96 - 0 • Telefax: 02407 / 95 96 - 9 Internet: www.shaker.de • E-Mail: info@shaker.de

(5)

'DQNVDJXQJ

'LH YRUOLHJHQGH $UEHLW HQWVWDQG ZlKUHQG PHLQHU 7lWLJNHLW DOV ZLVVHQVFKDIWOLFKHU

0LWDUEHLWHU EHL $FFHVV H9 XQG ZXUGH DOV 7HLO GHV HXURSlLVFKHQ 9HUEXQGSURMHNWV

Ä6ROLGLILFDWLRQDORQJDHXWHFWLFSDWKLQWHUQDU\DOOR\V³YRQGHU5DXPIDKUWDJHQWXUGHV'/5

JHI|UGHUW $OOHQ .ROOHJHQ 3URMHNWSDUWQHUQ )UHXQGHQ XQG )|UGHUHUQ GLH PHLQH $UEHLW

XQWHUVWW]W XQG EHJOHLWHW KDEHQ P|FKWH LFK KHU]OLFK GDQNHQ %HVRQGHUV GDQNEDU ELQ LFK

9LFWRU:LWXVLHZLF]XQG$QQH'UHYHUPDQQGLHPLUPLW5DWXQG7DW]XU6HLWHVWDQGHQXQG

5REHUW*XQWOLQIUMHGHQJXWHQ=XVSUXFK

)U ZHUWYROOH $QUHJXQJHQ VDFKGLHQOLFKH +LQZHLVH XQG JXWH =XVDPPHQDUEHLW GDQNH LFK

(ONH 6FKDEHUJHU=LPPHUPDQQ 0LFKDHO 0DWKHV 6WHSKDQ 5H[ *HRUJ - 6FKPLW] -DQLQ

(LNHQ%HUQG%|WWJHU0DUNXV$SHO*HUKDUG=LPPHUPDQQXQGYLHOHQPHKU

+HUUQ3URI'U$QGUHDV%KULJ3RODF]HNGDQNHLFKIUGLHIUHXQGOLFKH8QWHUVWW]XQJXQG

+HUUQ 3URI 'U /RUHQ] 5DWNH IU GLH hEHUQDKPH GHV .RUHIHUDWV XQG YLHOH DQUHJHQGH

'LVNXVVLRQHQ

9RQ6LOYqUH$NDPDWVXXQG*DEULHO)DLYUHGLHDP,163GHU8QLYHUVLWlW3DULVIRUVFKHQ

KDEH LFK YLHO EHU HXWHNWLVFKH :DFKVWXPVPRGHQ XQG 0XVWHUELOGXQJ JHOHUQW XQG GDEHL

ZXUGHPHLQ,QWHUHVVHDQ(XWHNWLND]XVHKHQGVJU|‰HU$XFKZHQQGLHVHPHLQH$UEHLWQXQ

EHHQGHW LVW IUHXH LFK PLFK DXI ZHLWHUIKUHQGH )RUVFKXQJVSURMHNWH ]XP 7KHPD

Ä(XWHNWLND³

6FKOLH‰OLFK GHQNH LFK DQ PHLQH )DPLOLH XQG PHLQH HQJVWHQ )UHXQGH GLH PLFK VWHWV XQG

JHUDGHDXFKZlKUHQGGHUDUEHLWVLQWHQVLYVWHQ:RFKHQHUPXQWHUWXQGEHVWlUNWKDEHQ,KQHQ

JLOWPHLQJDQ]EHVRQGHUHU'DQN





(6)
(7)

,QKDOWVYHU]HLFKQLV



 .XU]IDVVXQJ ,

 (LQOHLWXQJXQG=LHOVHW]XQJ 

 6WDQGGHU:LVVHQVFKDIW 

*UXQGODJHQGHUHXWHNWLVFKHQ(UVWDUUXQJ 

0RUSKRORJLVFKH6WDELOLWlWPRQRYDULDQWHU(XWHNWLND 

2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJHQLQHXWHNWLVFKHQ6\VWHPHQ 

'HIHNWHLQODPHOODUHQ(XWHNWLND 

 'DVWHUQlUH/HJLHUXQJVV\VWHP$O&X$J 

7KHUPRG\QDPLVFKH'DWHQXQG3KDVHQGLDJUDPPH 

7KHUPRG\QDPLVFKH%HUHFKQXQJHQ 

 (UVWDUUXQJVH[SHULPHQWHLP%ULGJPDQ6WRFNEDUJHU9HUIDKUHQ 

$XVZDKOXQG+HUVWHOOXQJWHUQlUHU$O&X$J/HJLHUXQJHQ 

([SHULPHQWHOOHU$XIEDXXQG(UVWDUUXQJVSDUDPHWHU 

&KDUDNWHULVWLVFKH0HUNPDOHJHULFKWHWHUVWDUUWHU3UREHQ 

$QDO\WLVFKH9HUIDKUHQGHU*HIJHXQWHUVXFKXQJ 

 3ODQDUH(UVWDUUXQJPRQRYDULDQWHU$O$O&X(XWHNWLND 

.ULVWDOORULHQWLHUXQJLQODPHOODUHQ$O$O&X(XWHNWLND 

 2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJHQ]ZLVFKHQD $O XQG$O&X 

 .RUQRULHQWLHUXQJUHODWLY]XU(UVWDUUXQJVULFKWXQJ 

*HNRSSHOWHV:DFKVWXPPLWSODQDUHU(UVWDUUXQJVIURQW 

/DPHOOHQDEVWlQGHLQ$O&X$J 

6HOHNWLRQG\QDPLVFKVWDELOHU/DPHOOHQDEVWlQGH 

'LVNXVVLRQGHU(UJHEQLVVH 

(8)



 .RQVWLWXWLRQHOOH8QWHUNKOXQJPRQRYDULDQWHU$O$O&X(XWHNWLND 

'DV.ULWHULXPGHUNRQVWLWXWLRQHOOHQ8QWHUNKOXQJ 

([SHULPHQWHOOHhEHUSUIXQJGHUNULWLVFKHQ*HVFKZLQGLJNHLW 

.RQVWLWXWLRQGHU3KDVHQXQG'LIIXVLRQVSURILOH 

'LVNXVVLRQGHU(UJHEQLVVH 

 =HOOXODUH(UVWDUUXQJPRQRYDULDQWHU$O±$O&X(XWHNWLND 

(QWZLFNOXQJHXWHNWLVFKHU=HOOHQLQ$O&X$J/HJLHUXQJHQ 

.ULVWDOORULHQWLHUXQJLQ]HOOXODUHQ$O$O&X(XWHNWLND 

 .ULVWDOORULHQWLHUXQJLQODQJJHVWUHFNWHQXQGUHJXOlUHQ=HOOHQ 

 hEHUJDQJYRQODQJJHVWUHFNWHQ]XUHJXOlUHQ=HOOHQ 

'LVNXVVLRQGHU(UJHEQLVVH 

 =XVDPPHQIDVVXQJXQG$XVEOLFN 

 /LWHUDWXUYHU]HLFKQLV 

1RPHQNODWXU 

$QKDQJ7KHUPRSK\VLNDOLVFKH'DWHQ 

$QKDQJ0DNURVNRSLVFKH.UPPXQJGHU(UVWDUUXQJVIURQW 

$QKDQJ9HUWHLOXQJODPHOODUHU$EVWlQGH 

$QKDQJ2ULHQWLHUXQJVYHUWHLOXQJLQODPHOODUHQ.|UQHUQ 

$QKDQJ.XU]EHVFKUHLEXQJ 

$QKDQJ6KRUW$EVWUDFW 



(9)

.XU]IDVVXQJ  ,



.DSLWHO

.XU]IDVVXQJ

,P 0LWWHOSXQNW GLHVHU $UEHLW VWHKW GLH PRQRYDULDQWH HXWHNWLVFKH 5HDNWLRQ Ä6FKPHO]H ˆ

D $O   $O&X³ LP WHUQlUHQ /HJLHUXQJVV\VWHP $O&X$J XQG GDV GDPLW YHUEXQGHQH

HXWHNWLVFKH:DFKVWXPZlKUHQGGHUJHULFKWHWHQ(UVWDUUXQJLP%ULGJPDQ9HUIDKUHQ>.XU]

6FKLHYHQEXVFK@'LH5HDNWLRQHUVWUHFNWVLFKYRPLQYDULDQWHQ(XWHNWLNXPGHV

ELQlUHQ5DQGV\VWHPV$O&X]XPLQYDULDQWHQ(XWHNWLNXPGHVWHUQlUHQ6\VWHPV$O&X$J

(LQH PRQRYDULDQWH HXWHNWLVFKH(UVWDUUXQJVIURQWELUJWEHGLQJWGXUFKGLH .RQVWLWXWLRQGHU

3KDVHQ HLQH EHPHUNHQVZHUWH 0|JOLFKNHLW 6REDOG VLH NRQVWLWXWLRQHOO XQWHUNKOW

HQWZLFNHOWVLH]HOOXODUH6WUXNWXUHQEHKlOWDEHUGDVJHNRSSHOWHHXWHNWLVFKH:DFKVWXPEHL

,Q(XWHNWLNDPLWJHULQJHUNDSLOODUHU$QLVRWURSLH>$NDPDWVX3ODSS3ODSS@

VLQG]HOOXODUH6WUXNWXUHQLQVWDELOXQGZHUGHQGHVZHJHQHXWHNWLVFKH.RORQLHQJHQDQQW,Q

YLHOHQPHWDOOLVFKHQXQGNHUDPLVFKHQ(XWHNWLNDLVWKLQJHJHQPLWDQLVRWURSHQ(LJHQVFKDIWHQ

GHU IHVWIOVVLJ *UHQ]IOlFKHQ ]X UHFKQHQ (XWHNWLVFKH =HOOHQ VROOWHQ GHPQDFK ZLH

HLQSKDVLJH=HOOHQ>.RSF]\QVNL@VWDELOZDFKVHQN|QQHQ

$O±$O&X (XWHNWLND VLQG LQ GLHVHU +LQVLFKW EHVRQGHUV LQWHUHVVDQW 6LH VLQG DOV UHJXOlUH

JHNRSSHOW ZDFKVHQGH (XWHNWLND EHNDQQW UXKHQGH IHVWIOVVLJ 3KDVHQJUHQ]IOlFKHQ EHLGHU

3KDVHQ VLQG QLFKW IDFHWWLHUW >*QG]  %XOOD @ DEHU SULPlU ZDFKVHQGH $O&X

.ULVWDOOH VLQG IDFHWWLHUW XQG LKUHQ GRPLQDQWHQ )DFHWWHQ HQWVSUHFKHQ NULVWDOORJUDSKLVFKH

(EHQHQPLWJHULQJHU$QODJHUXQJVHQHUJLH>+DPDU@LQVEHVRQGHUHGLH^`(EHQHQ

'LH IHVWIHVW 3KDVHQJUHQ]IOlFKHQ ]ZLVFKHQ GHP NXELVFK IOlFKHQ]HQWULHUWHQ 0LVFKNULVWDOO

D $O XQGGHUWHWUDJRQDOHQLQWHUPHWDOOLVFKHQ3KDVH$O&XVLQGEHVRQGHUVKHUYRU]XKHEHQ

9HUVFKLHGHQH NULVWDOORJUDSKLVFK JQVWLJH 2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJHQ VLQG ]ZLVFKHQ GHQ

EHLGHQ 3KDVHQ P|JOLFK >%RQQHW @ XQG ZXUGHQ EHREDFKWHW >&DQWRU  5LTXHW

DE+HFKW@'LH ODPHOODUHQ *UHQ]IOlFKHQVLQGLUUDWLRQDOLQGHPLKUH/DJH YRQ

GHU JHPHLQVDPHQ NULVWDOORJUDSKLVFKHQ (EHQH JHULQJIJLJ DEZHLFKW XP GLH *LWWHUNRLQ]L

GHQ]]XPD[LPLHUHQ>%RQQHW@

9RUGLHVHP+LQWHUJUXQGVWHOOWVLFKGLH)UDJHQDFK L GHU6HOHNWLRQODPHOODUHU$EVWlQGHEHL

SODQHUHP :DFKVWXP LL  GHU NRQVWLWXWLRQHOOHQ 6WDELOLWlWVJUHQ]H GHV SODQDUHQ :DFKVWXPV

XQG LLL GHUPRUSKRORJLVFKHQ(QWZLFNOXQJHXWHNWLVFKHU=HOOHQ=LHOGLHVHU$UEHLWZDUHV

VLFK GLHVHQ GUHL )UDJHQ DXI H[SHULPHQWHOOHP :HJH XQG XQWHU 1XW]XQJ DQDO\WLVFKHU

0RGHOOH ]X ZLGPHQ $OV $XVJDQJVSXQNW GDIU GLHQWH GLH WKHUPRG\QDPLVFKH 'DWHQEDQN

(10)

,, .XU]IDVVXQJ



GHV 6\VWHPV $O&X$J GLH PLW +LOIH GHU &$/3+$' 0RGHOOLHUXQJ >.DXIPDQQ 

6DXQGHUV@DXIJHEDXWZXUGH>:LWXVLHZLF]@6LHZXUGHEHQXW]WXPPLW7KHUPR

&DOF>6XQGPDQ@GLHUHOHYDQWHQ3KDVHQJOHLFKJHZLFKWHIUPRQRYDULDQWH HXWHNWLVFKH

/HJLHUXQJHQ ]X EHUHFKQHQ XQG XP GLH FKHPLVFKHQ =XVDPPHQVHW]XQJHQ GHU 3UREHQ

PDWHULDOLHQ]XGHILQLHUHQ'LHVHVROOWHQP|JOLFKVWH[DNWPRQRYDULDQWVHLQXPJHNRSSHOWHV

:DFKVWXP VLFKHU ]X JHZlKUOHLVWHQ )ROJHQGH /HJLHUXQJHQ ZXUGHQ IU JHULFKWHWH

(UVWDUUXQJVH[SHULPHQWH DXVJHZlKOW XQG YRQ GHU .8 /HXYHQ JLH‰WHFKQLVFK KHUJHVWHOOW

>'H:LOGH@$O&X$J$O&X$JXQG$O&X$J $QJDEHQLQ

$WRP   .OHLQH $EZHLFKXQJHQ YRQ GHU QRPLQHOO YRUJHJHEHQHQ =XVDPPHQVHW]XQJ

ZXUGHQDQDO\VLHUWXQGEHDFKWHW

'LH(UVWDUUXQJVH[SHULPHQWHZXUGHQQDFKGHP%ULGJPDQ6WRFNEDUJHU3ULQ]LS>.XU]@

LQHLQHP/DERURIHQGXUFKJHIKUWGHVVHQ6WHXHUXQJXQG.RQWUROOHDXIGHPQHXHVWHQ6WDQG

GHU7HFKQLN>6FKLHYHQEXVFK@EHUXKHQ'DEHLZXUGHQ]\OLQGULVFKH3UREHQLQHLQHP

GHILQLHUWHQ7HPSHUDWXUJUDGLHQWHQJHULFKWHWDXIJHVFKPRO]HQ LQ5LFKWXQJGHU6FKZHUNUDIW  XQG DQVFKOLH‰HQG JHULFKWHW HUVWDUUW HQWJHJHQ GHU 6FKZHUNUDIW  -HGHV ([SHULPHQW HQGHWH

PLW HLQHP $EVFKUHFNYRUJDQJ XP GLH (UVWDUUXQJVIURQW IU QDFKIROJHQGH *HIJHXQWHU

VXFKXQJHQÄHLQ]XIULHUHQ³'LH3UREHQ‡PP[PPHUVWDUUWHQSRO\NULVWDOOLQZLHLQ

$EEVFKHPDWLVFKGDUJHVWHOOWLVW





$EE  6FKHPDWLVFKH 'DUVWHOOXQJ  HLQHU J HULFKWHW HUVWDUUWHQ 3UREH DXV HLQHU PRQR

YDULDQWHQ/HJLHUXQJLP/lQJVXQG4XHUVFKQLWWKLHUPLWSODQDUHU(UVWDUUXQJVIURQW

(11)

.XU]IDVVXQJ  ,,,



,QQHUKDOE HLQHU 3UREH ODJHQ LPPHU PHKUHUH HXWHNWLVFKH .|UQHU YRU GLH VLFK QLFKW QXU

EH]JOLFK LKUHU $XVULFKWXQJ UHODWLY ]XU (UVWDUUXQJVULFKWXQJ 3UREHQOlQJVDFKVH  XQWHUVFKLHGHQVRQGHUQGLHDXFKXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKH2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJHQ]ZLVFKHQGHQ

IHVWHQ3KDVHQD $O XQG$O&X]HLJWHQ'LH0|JOLFKNHLW5FNVWUHXHOHNWURQHQEHXJXQJLP

5(0 (%6'  GXUFK]XIKUHQ ZXUGH JHQXW]W XP GLH .ULVWDOORULHQWLHUXQJ GHU 3KDVHQ LQ

PHKUHUHQ.|UQHUQ]XPHVVHQ(%6'0HVVXQJHQZXUGHQDXVVFKOLH‰OLFKDQ4XHUVFKOLIIHQ

J HPDFKW 'HU (UVWDUUXQJ VULFKWXQJ  HQWVSUDFK VRPLW GLH 3UREHQQRUPDOH 8P YRQ EHLGHQ

IHVWHQ 3KDVHQ JOHLFK]HLWLJ JXWH %HXJXQJVPXVWHU ]X HUUHLFKHQ ZDU HV QRWZHQGLJ GLH

4XHUVFKOLIIH GXUFK ,RQHQlW]HQ ]X SUlSDULHUHQ 'DPLW ZXUGHQ GDV )UDXQKRIHU,QVWLWXW IU

.HUDPLVFKH 7HFKQRORJLH XQG 6\VWHPH LQ 'UHVGHQ XQG GDV ,QVWLWXW IU :HUNVWRII

)RUVFKXQJGHV'/5LQ.|OQEHWUDXW

=ZHL 2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJHQ ZXUGHQ LGHQWLIL]LHUW XQG GHU .ODVVLIL]LHUXQJ YRQ %RQQHW

IROJHQG >%RQQHW @ Ä$OSKD ³ XQG Ä%HWD ³ JHQDQQW 6LH VLQG LQ 7DEHOOH 

EHUVLFKWOLFKGDUJHVWHOOW'LHEHLGHQ2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJHQVLQGEHQDFKEDUW DGMD]HQW 

'LHJHPHLQVDPH(EHQHGHUMHZHLOVEHQDFKEDUWHQ2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJKDWLPNULVWDOO

IHVWHQ.RRUGLQDWHQV\VWHPHLQHGHXWOLFKDQGHUH/DJH

7DEHOOH1DFKJHZLHVHQH2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJHQLQJHULFKWHWHUVWDUUWHQ3UREHQ

2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ $OSKD %HWD

*HPHLQVDPH(EHQH  $O  $O&X  $O  $O&X

*HPHLQVDPH5LFKWXQJ >@$O>@$O&X >@$O>@$O&X :DFKVWXPVULFKWXQJ  >@$O>@$O&X a>@$Oa>@$O&X

%HQDFKEDUWH(EHQHQ  $O  $O&X  $O  $O&X :LQNHO]ZLVFKHQGHQ1RUPDOHQ

GHUEHQDFKEDUWHQ(EHQHQ Ħ Ħ

'LHDQJHJHEHQH:DFKVWXPVULFKWXQJOLHJWQLFKW]ZDQJVOlXILJLQ(UVWDUUXQJVULFKWXQJ



.|UQHU JOHLFKHU 2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ ZDUHQ UHODWLY ]XU (UVWDUUXQJVULFKWXQJ JXW RGHU

VFKOHFKW DXVJHULFKWHW GDV KHL‰W GLH ODPHOODUHQ *UHQ]IOlFKHQ ODJHQ SDUDOOHO JXW  RGHU

JHNLSSW VFKOHFKW  ]XU 3UREHQOlQJVDFKVH YRU Ä%HWD ³ .|UQHU ZXUGHQ GHXWOLFK KlXILJHU

YRUJHIXQGHQDOVÄ$OSKD³.|UQHUVLHZDUHQDXFKKlXILJHUVFKOHFKWDXVJHULFKWHW$EE

]HLJW GLH ODPHOODUH 6WUXNWXU XQG $XVULFKWXQJ YRQ Ä%HWD ³ .|UQHUQ LQ HLQHU SODQDU

HUVWDUUWHQ3UREHDXVXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ3HUVSHNWLYHQ

(12)

,9 .XU]IDVVXQJ



 D

$EJHVFKUHFNWH(UVWDUUXQJVIURQWLQHLQHU

3UREH GHU /HJLHUXQJ $O&X$J

GLH PLW Y  —PV XQWHU * [ .PJHULFKWHWHUVWDUUWZXUGH

,Q GHQ .|UQHUQ OLHJW GLH 2ULHQWLHUXQJV

EH]LHKXQJÄ%HWD³YRU'DV.RUQOLQNV

LP %LOG LVW PLW HLQHP ZHL‰HQ 3IHLO

PDUNLHUW XQG ZLUG LQ E  XQG F  QlKHU

EHVFKULHEHQ

 

 E

'%LOGGHVODPHOODUHQ*HIJHVLQGHP

PDUNLHUWHQ .RUQ D  DQ ]ZHL VHQNUHFKW

]XHLQDQGHU SUlSDULHUWHQ 6FKOLIIHEHQHQ

,Q JHQDX GLHVHP 4XHUVFKOLII ZXUGH GLH

.ULVWDOORULHQWLHUXQJ GHU EHLGHQ 3KDVHQ

D $O  XQG $O&X PLW +LOIH YRQ (%6'

JHPHVVHQ F 



 

 F

'LHHLQJHIJWH3ROILJXU]HLJWEHUODJHUW

GLH^`3ROHGHVD $O XQGGLH^`

3ROHGHU$O&X3KDVH'HUJHPHLQVDPH

3ROLVWURWPDUNLHUW6HLQH/DJHIDVWDXI

GHP .UHLV GHU 3ROILJXU ]HLJW GDVV GLH

ODPHOODUHQ*UHQ]IOlFKHQQDKH]XSDUDOOHO

]XU 3UREHQQRUPDOHQ DXVJHULFKWHW VLQG

,QGHU6FKOLIIHEHQHZHLFKHQGLH3KDVHQ

JUHQ]IOlFKHQ YRQ GHU 5LFKWXQJ GHU

JHPHLQVDPHQ(EHQHXPƒDE

 

$EE5FNVWUHXHOHNWURQHQELOGHUGHVODPHOODUHQHXWHNWLVFKHQ*HIJHVQDFKJHULFKWHWHU

(UVWDUUXQJPLWSODQDUHU0RUSKRORJLHD $O VFKZDU]$O&XZHL‰+HUYRUJHKREHQXQGPLW

HLQHPZHL‰HQ3IHLOPDUNLHUW D LVWHLQ.RUQGHU2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJÄ%HWD³GHVVHQ

/DPHOOHQQDKH]XSHUIHNWLQ3UREHQOlQJVDFKVHDXVJHULFKWHWVLQG$QGHUHÄ%HWD³.|UQHU

ZHLVHQJHNLSSWH/DPHOOHQDXIHLQNODUHV,QGL]IUDQLVRWURSH(LJHQVFKDIWHQGHUODPHOODUHQ

3KDVHQJUHQ]IOlFKHQ IU GLH 2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ Ä%HWD ³ (LQ 1HW]ZHUN YRQ /LQLHQ

GHIHNWHQ 9HUVDW]OLQLHQ  GXUFK]LHKW GDV ODPHOODUH *HIJH 6LH HQWVWHKHQ QHXHVWHQ

)RUVFKXQJVHUJHEQLVVHQ ]XIROJH >$NDPDWVX E 3DULVL @ GXUFK HLQH =LFN=DFN

,QVWDELOLWlW 'DV FKDUDNWHULVWLVFKH 0HUNPDO GHV ODPHOODUHQ HXWHNWLVFKHQ *HIJHV LVW GHU

/DPHOOHQDEVWDQGXQGGHVVHQ9HUWHLOXQJ

(13)

.XU]IDVVXQJ  9



6HOHNWLRQODPHOODUHU$EVWlQGHLQ$O&X$J



'LH(QWZLFNOXQJODPHOODUHU$EVWlQGHDOV)XQNWLRQGHU(UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQGLJNHLWZXUGH

LQ HLQHU PRQRYDULDQWHQ /HJLHUXQJ XQWHUVXFKW QlPOLFK LQ $O&X$J hEHU GLHVH

XQG DQGHUH PRQRYDULDQWH /HJLHUXQJHQ KDW DXFK 'H :LOGH EHULFKWHW >'H :LOGH @

DOOHUGLQJVRKQHDXIGLH6HOHNWLRQGHU$EVWlQGHQlKHUHLQ]XJHKHQ

,Q GHU /HJLHUXQJ $O&X$J ZXUGH UHJXOlUHV JHNRSSHOWHV :DFKVWXP PLW SODQDUHU

(UVWDUUXQJVIURQWHU]HXJWZHQQIUGHQH[SHULPHQWHOOEHVWLPPWHQXQGNRQVWDQWHQ:HUWGHV

7HPSHUDWXUJUDGLHQWHQ* [.PGLH(UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQGLJNHLWYLP%HUHLFKYRQ

ELV—PVODJ)QI([SHULPHQWHPLWXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHU(UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQGLJNHLW

ZXUGHQ GXUFKJHIKUW XQG DXVJHZHUWHW XP GLH 9HUWHLOXQJ ODPHOODUHU $EVWlQGH ]X

EHVWLPPHQ XQG PLW GHU -DFNVRQ+XQW 7KHRULH >-DFNVRQ @ ]X YHUJOHLFKHQ 'LH

8QWHUVXFKXQJ ZXUGH JH]LHOW DQ JXW DXVJHULFKWHWHQ Ä%HWD ³ .|UQHUQ JHPDFKW GHUHQ

ODPHOODUH 6WUXNWXU D[LV\PPHWULVFK ZDU RGHU QXU OHLFKW GDYRQ DEZLFK (V ZXUGH JH]HLJW

GDVVIUGLHVLOEHUDUPH/HJLHUXQJ$O&X$JDXIWHUQlUH0RGHOOHUZHLWHUXQJHQ>'H

:LOGH  'H :LOGH @ YHU]LFKWHW ZHUGHQ GDUI GLH -DFNVRQ+XQW .RQVWDQWH .-+ EHWUlJWQDFKEHLGHQ0RGHOOHQUXQG—PñV

'LH 9HUWHLOXQJ ODPHOODUHU $EVWlQGH ZXUGH JHPHVVHQ XQG PLW GHP MHZHLOV EHUHFKQHWHQ

/DPHOOHQDEVWDQGIUGDV:DFKVWXPEHLPLQLPDOHU8QWHUNKOXQJOP  .-+Y YHUJOLFKHQ

'DV H[SHULPHQWHOO EHVWLPPWH 6SHNWUXP G\QDPLVFK VWDELOHU /DPHOOHQDEVWlQGH UHLFKWH

MHZHLOV YRQ a OP ELV aOP 'LHVH DXIIlOOLJ NOHLQHQ /DPHOOHQDEVWlQGH VROOWHQ GHU

NODVVLVFKHQ -DFNVRQ+XQW 7KHRULH ]XIROJH LQVWDELO VHLQ (UVW NU]OLFK ZXUGH WKHRUHWLVFK

EHJUQGHWGDVVVLHVWDELOVLQGZHQQIUGLH%HZHJXQJGHU7ULSHOSXQNWHDXFKHLQHODWHUDOH

.RPSRQHQWH EHUFNVLFKWLJW ZLUG >$NDPDWVX D .DUPD @ 'LH XQWHUH

6WDELOLWlWVJUHQ]H GHV ODPHOODUHQ JHNRSSHOWHQ :DFKVWXPV ZLUG GDQQ GXUFK GHQ NULWLVFKHQ

$EVWDQGOFOPEHVFKULHEHQ'HU8QWHUVFKLHG]ZLVFKHQOFXQGOPZLUGJU|‰HUMHK|KHU

GHU 7HPSHUDWXUJUDGLHQW * XQG MH JHULQJHU GLH (UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQGLJNHLW Y LVW DOVR MH

K|KHUGDV *Y 9HUKlOWQLVLVW)UPRQRYDULDQWH(XWHNWLNDGHUHQ6WDELOLWlWEHJUHQ]WLVWLVW

GDUDXIXPVRPHKU]XDFKWHQ'HUNULWLVFKH/DPHOOHQDEVWDQGOFZXUGHQDFK>.DUPD@

IUGLHYRUOLHJHQGHQ([SHULPHQWHEHUHFKQHW'DEHLPXVVGDUDXIKLQJHZLHVHQZHUGHQGDVV

LQGLH%HUHFKQXQJYRQOFHLQH.RQVWDQWHHLQJHKWGHUHQ:HUW$ DXVGHU%HZHJXQJ

GHU 7ULSHOSXQNWH LQ LVRWURSHQ RGHU QDKH]X LVRWURSHQ (XWHNWLND EHVWLPPW ZXUGH 2E XQG

ZLHVWDUNDQLVRWURSH(IIHNWHGLHVHQ:HUWEHHLQIOXVVHQLVW]XP=HLWSXQNXQEHNDQQW

(14)

9, .XU]IDVVXQJ



$EE  IDVVW GLH ZLFKWLJVWHQ (UJHEQLVVH ]XVDPPHQ 'DUJHVWHOOW VLQG EHUHFKQHWH

:DFKVWXPVNXUYHQIUGLHH[SHULPHQWHOOYRUOLHJHQGHQ(UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQGLJNHLWHQY6LH

]HLJHQ GLH PLWWOHUH 8QWHUNKOXQJ GHU HXWHNWLVFKHQ (UVWDUUXQJVIURQW DOV )XQNWLRQ GHV

/DPHOOHQDEVWDQGV $EE D  (LQJH]HLFKQHW VLQGOPXQG OF VRZLH GHU 0HGLDQZHUW GHU

JHPHVVHQHQ /DPHOOHQDEVWDQGVYHUWHLOXQJ OH[S $EE  E ]HLJ W DP %HLVSLHO GHV

([SHULPHQWVIUY —PVDXFKGLHH[SHULPHQWHOOEHVWLPPWH9HUWHLOXQJGHUODPHOODUHQ

$EVWlQGH LP 9HUJOHLFK ]X EHUHFKQHWHQ :HUWHQ YRQ OPXQG OF 7DEHOOH  IDVVW GLH

JHPHVVHQHQXQGEHUHFKQHWHQ:HUWHIUDOOH([SHULPHQWH]XVDPPHQ



 

D E

$EE/DPHOODUH$EVWlQGHLQ$O&X$JDOV)XQNWLRQGHU(UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQ

GLJNHLWYQDFKJHULFKWHWHU(UVWDUUXQJXQWHUHLQHP7HPSHUDWXUJUDGLHQWHQ* [.P

'DUJHVWHOOW VLQG EHUHFKQHWH :DFKVWXPVNXUYHQ D  XQG GLH H[SHULPHQWHOO EHVWLPPWHQ

PLWWOHUHQ/DPHOOHQDEVWlQGHLP9HUJOHLFK]XGHQEHUHFKQHWHQ*U|‰HQOPXQGOF)UHLQHV

GHU([SHULPHQWHLVWGLHJHPHVVHQH/DPHOOHQDEVWDQGVYHUWHLOXQJGDUJHVWHOOW E 



'LH 0HGLDQZHUWH GHU /DPHOOHQDEVWDQGVYHUWHLOXQJ OH[S OLHJHQ MHZHLOV QDKH DQ OF XQG

VLJQLILNDQWXQWHUKDOEGHV/DPHOOHQDEVWDQGVIUGDV:DFKVWXPEHLPLQLPDOHU8QWHUNKOXQJ

OP 5XQG   DOOHU JHPHVVHQHQ $EVWlQGH XQWHUVFKUHLWHQ OF ZLH DXV GHU

/DPHOOHQDEVWDQGVYHUWHLOXQJIUY —PVKHUYRUJHKW'DVGHXWHWDXIGLH'\QDPLNGHV

HXWHNWLVFKHQ :DFKVWXPV LQ YROXPLQ|VHQ 3UREHQ KLQ (LQ NRQWLQXLHUOLFKHU 3UR]HVV GHU

/DPHOOHQ(OLPLQLHUXQJ XQG (QWVWHKXQJ LVW GDIU YHUDQWZRUWOLFK GDVV OF ZLHGHUKROW

]HLWOLFKXQGUlXPOLFKYHUWHLOWXQWHUVFKULWWHQZLUGZREHLLPJHVDPWHQHXWHNWLVFKHQ0XVWHU

HLQ G\QDPLVFK VWDELOHU =XVWDQG QDKH OFHUKDOWHQ EOHLEW :HOFKH 5ROOH GLH 9HUVDW]OLQLHQ

GDEHLVSLHOHQLVWEHLPKHXWLJHQ6WDQGGHU:LVVHQVFKDIWQLFKWHQGJOWLJNODU

(15)

.XU]IDVVXQJ  9,,



'DVVWLPPWPLW%HREDFKWXQJHQYRQ>$NDPDWVXD@JXWEHUHLQGDKLQJHKHQGGDVVHLQ

')HOG HXWHNWLVFKHU/DPHOOHQDXVHLQHPLQVWDELOHQ=XVWDQGPLWOOFLQHLQHQVWDELOHQ

=XVWDQGUHOD[LHUWGHUWDWVlFKOLFKQDKHEHLOFOLHJW



7DEHOOH  ([SHULPHQWHOO EHVWLPPWH ODPHOODUH $EVWlQGH LQ $O&X$J LP

9HUJOHLFK]XEHUHFKQHWHQ:HUWHQIUOFXQGOP

3UREH *HVFKZLQGLJNHLW



([SHULPHQWHOOH/DPHOOHQDEVWlQGH %HUHFKQHWH

*U|‰HQ

1U Y

—PV

OPLQ

—P

OH[SVO

—P

OPD[

—P

OF

—P

OP

—P

   r   

   r   

   r   

   r   

   r   



'LH REHQ EHVFKULHEHQH 6HOHNWLRQ NOHLQHU $EVWlQGH QDKH OF XQG DEZHLFKHQG YRQ GHU

NODVVLVFKHQ-DFNVRQ+XQW%H]LHKXQJOP  .-+Y OlVVWVLFKDXFKDOVOH[S# .-+Y  IRUPXOLHUHQ6FKRQ5DFHNHWDO>5DFHN@YHUZHLVHQDXI([SRQHQWHQGLHNOHLQHUDOV

VLQGZHQQPHWDOOLVFKH(XWHNWLND PLWEHVRQGHUVNOHLQHU *HVFKZLQGLJNHLWHUVWDUUWZHUGHQ

6FKOXVVIROJHUXQJHQYRQ:DONHUHWDO>:DONHU@GHUHQ([SHULPHQWHUJHEQLVVHIU$O

&XGHQKLHUHUDUEHLWHWHQJXWHQWVSUHFKHQZHUGHQGXUFKGLHYRUOLHJHQGHQ(UJHEQLVVH

ZLGHUOHJW:lKUHQGLQ>:DONHU@GHU:HUWGHU.RQVWDQWHQ.-+YHUlQGHUWZLUGXPGLH

H[SHULPHQWHOOHQ 0HVVXQJHQ WKHRUHWLVFK ]X HUNOlUHQ lQGHUW VLFK HLJHQWOLFK GHU :HUW GHV

([SRQHQWHQZHQQODPHOODUH$EVWlQGHQDFKOF KRKH *Y 9HUKlOWQLVVH VWDWWOP JHULQJH

*Y 9HUKlOWQLVVH VHOHNWLHUWZHUGHQ(UVWGDGXUFKZLUGVLFKHUJHVWHOOWGDVVDQGHUHLQGHU

/LWHUDWXU YHU|IIHQWOLFKWH 'DWHQ ]XU /DPHOOHQVHOHNWLRQ >2XUGMLQL @ VRZLH ]X

WKHUPRSK\VLNDOLVFKHQ (LJHQVFKDIWHQ >=KDQJ @ PLWHLQDQGHU YHUHLQEDU VLQG XQG GDV

9HUKDOWHQ YRQ $O$O&X (XWHNWLND IU EHOLHELJH (UVWDUUXQJVEHGLQJXQJHQ *Y:HUWH  NRQVLVWHQWEHVFKUHLEHQ$EEJLEWKLHU]XGHQhEHUEOLFN'DUJHVWHOOWVLQGGLH(UJHEQLVVH

GLHVHU $UEHLW GLH YRQ >2XUGMLQL @ YHU|IIHQWOLFKWHQ 'DWHQ VRZLH 0RGHOOUHFKQXQJHQ

QDFK>-DFNVRQ@IUOPXQGQDFK>$NDPDWVXD.DUPD@IUOF

(16)

9,,, .XU]IDVVXQJ



,Q$EEDVLQGDOOH'DWHQEHUHLQHQZHLWHQ%HUHLFKYRQ(UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQGLJNHLWHQ

HLQJHWUDJHQ ZlKUHQG LQ $EE  E GHU %HUHLFK NOHLQHU (UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQGLJNHLWHQ

KHUYRUJHKREHQ LVW 6LH HQWKlOW HLQHQ ]XVlW]OLFKHQ 0HVVSXQNW IU Y  —PV GHU HLQHP

ODE\ULQWKDUWLJHQ *HIJH HQWVSULFKW EHU GHVVHQ 8UVSUXQJ XQG (QWZLFNOXQJ LP 5DKPHQ

GLHVHU $UEHLW QLFKW EHULFKWHW ZXUGH'HU 0HVVSXQNW ZXUGH KLHU KLQ]XJHIJW ZHLO HU GHQ

EHUHFKQHWHQ9HUODXIGHUOF.XUYHXQGGLHPLWDEQHKPHQGHU*HVFKZLQGLJNHLW]XQHKPHQGH

$EZHLFKXQJ  YRQ GHU NODVVLVFKHQ -DFNVRQ+XQW 7KHRULH XQWHUVWUHLFKW'LH DXVJ HVSURFKHQ

JXWHhEHUHLQVWLPPXQJ]ZLVFKHQGHQH[SHULPHQWHOOHQ'DWHQXQGGHPQHXHVWHPOF0RGHOO

VSULFKWGDIUGDVVGHU:HUW.-+ —PñVYHUOlVVOLFKLVW



 

D E

$EE  (QWZLFNOXQJ ODPHOODUHU $EVWlQGH LQ $O$O&X (XWHNWLND DOV )XQNWLRQ GHU

(UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQGLJNHLW LQ $O&X$JIU KRKH *Y :HUWH XQG LQ$O&X

IU JHULQJH *Y :HUWH >2XUGMLQL @ $OOH H[SHULPHQWHOOHQ 'DWHQ ZHUGHQ GXUFK GDV

QHXHVWH 0RGHOO GHV ODPHOODUHQ :DFKVWXPV >$NDPDWVX D XQG .DUPD @ VHKU JXW

EHVFKULHEHQ D LQVEHVRQGHUHDXFKLP%HUHLFKNOHLQHU(UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQGLJNHLWHQ E 



(17)

.XU]IDVVXQJ  ,;



.RQVWLWXWLRQHOOH8QWHUNKOXQJPRQRYDULDQWHU$O$O&X(XWHNWLND



*UXQGVlW]OLFK VLQG DOOH PRQRYDULDQWHQ 3KDVHQJOHLFKJHZLFKWH PLW 6HLJHUXQJ YHUEXQGHQ

)U PRQRYDULDQWH (XWHNWLND EHGHXWHW GLHV GDVV ]XVlW]OLFK ]X GHQ SKDVHQVSH]LILVFKHQ

6HLJHUXQJHQGLHMHGHV(XWHNWLNXPNHQQ]HLFKQHQXQGJHNRSSHOWHV:DFKVWXPHUP|JOLFKHQ

HLQH LQWHJUDOH 6HLJHUXQJ GHU /HJLHUXQJVHOHPHQWH YRUOLHJW 'LH FKHPLVFKH =XVDPPHQ

VHW]XQJGHU6FKPHO]HXQWHUVFKHLGHWVLFKYRQGHUGHVHXWHNWLVFKVWUXNWXULHUWHQ)HVWN|SHUV

ZHQQ EHLGH PLWHLQDQGHU LP *OHLFKJHZLFKW VWHKHQ (LQH PRQRYDULDQWH HXWHNWLVFKH

(UVWDUUXQJVIURQW YHUKlOW VLFK GLHVEH]JOLFK ZLH GLH HLQSKDVLJH (UVWDUUXQJVIURQW HLQHU

WHUQlUHQ /HJLHUXQJ 'DGXUFK VLQG NRQVWLWXWLRQHOOH 8QWHUNKOXQJ >7LOOHU  &RDWHV

@XQGPRUSKRORJLVFKHhEHUJlQJH>0XOOLQV3ODSS@P|JOLFK

,P5DKPHQGLHVHU$UEHLWZXUGHQHLQH5HLKHWKHUPRG\QDPLVFKHU%HUHFKQXQJHQJHPDFKW

XP GLH PRQRYDULDQWHQ 3KDVHQJOHLFKJHZLFKWH ]X EHVWLPPHQ ZREHL 7KHUPR&DOF

>6XQGPDQ@XQGGLH'DWHQEDQNGHU6\VWHPV$O&X$J>:LWXVLHZLF]@YHUZHQGHW

ZXUGHQ 6LH ]HLJHQ GDVV HLQ ZHLWHV 6SHNWUXP YRQ /HJLHUXQJV]XVDPPHQVHW]XQJHQ

PRQRYDULDQW HUVWDUUW (V HUVWUHFNW VLFK YRQ $O&X$J ELV $O&X$J

$QJDEHQLQ$WRP )UK|KHUH6LOEHUJHKDOWHLVWDQWHLOLJPLWGHU%LOGXQJYRQ$J$O]X

UHFKQHQ ZHLO GDV .RQRGHQGUHLHFN GHU LQYDULDQWHQ HXWHNWLVFKHQ 5HDNWLRQ DXVJHGHKQW LVW

(VLVWKLQUHLFKHQGHLQHH[DNWPRQRYDULDQWH/HJLHUXQJHQDQKDQGLKUHV6LOEHUJHKDOWVF$J]X

EHVFKUHLEHQ 'HU .XSIHUJHKDOW EHUHFKQHW VLFK DOV F&X# F$J F$J ð 'DV

3KDVHQJOHLFKJHZLFKW DQ HLQHU SODQDUHQ VWDWLRQlU IRUWVFKUHLWHQGHQ (UVWDUUXQJVIURQW NDQQ

IUMHGHEHOLHELJHPRQRYDULDQWH/HJLHUXQJHLQGHXWLJEHUHFKQHWZHUGHQ(VHQWVSULFKWGHP

.RQRGHQGUHLHFNIUGLH6ROLGXVWHPSHUDWXUGHU/HJLHUXQJ'DUDXVODVVHQVLFKGLHLQWHJUDOHQ

9HUWHLOXQJVNRHIIL]LHQWHQN$JXQGN&XEHUHFKQHQ'LH6WHLJXQJGHUHXWHNWLVFKHQ5LQQHDXI

GHU/LTXLGXVIOlFKHOlVVWVLFKNRPSRQHQWHQZHLVHDOV0$JXQG0&XEHUHFKQHQ'LH6WHLJXQJ

GHU5LQQHLQGHU8PJ HEXQJGHU6ROLGXVWHPSHUDWXUGHUPRQRYDULDQWHQ/HJLHUXQJJ HKWLQ

GLH %HUHFKQXQJ GHU NRQVWLWXWLRQHOOHQ 8QWHUNKOXQJ HLQ 7DWVlFKOLFK VLQG DOOH

WKHUPRG\QDPLVFK UHOHYDQWHQ *U|‰HQ DXFK GLH 6WHLJXQJ GHU 5LQQH EHWUHIIHQGH LQ GHU

6FKDU YRQ .RQRGHQGUHLHFNHQ HQWKDOWHQ GLH $EE  D ]HLJW (LQ .RQRGHQGUHLHFN

7 ƒ& LVWH[HPSODULVFKKHUYRUJHKREHQ(VNHQQ]HLFKQHWGDV3KDVHQJOHLFKJHZLFKWDQ

HLQHU SODQDUHQ VWDWLRQlU IRUWVFKUHLWHQGHQ HXWHNWLVFKHQ (UVWDUUXQJVIURQW IU JHQDX MHQH

/HJLHUXQJGLHDOV3XQNPDUNLHUWDXIGHP6FKQLWWSXQNW]ZLVFKHQGHUHXWHNWLVFKHQ5LQQH

XQGGHU.RQRGHD $O ±$O&XOLHJW7 ƒ&LVWGHPQDFKGLH6ROLGXVWHPSHUDWXUGLHVHU

/HJLHUXQJ (QWODQJ GHU .RQRGH JLOW GDV +HEHOJHVHW] 'DGXUFK VLQG GLH .RQVWLWXWLRQ GHU

(18)

; .XU]IDVVXQJ



IHVWHQ 3KDVHQ XQG GLH GHV HXWHNWLVFKHQ )HVWN|USHUV YROOVWlQGLJ GHILQLHUW 'LH FKHPLVFKH

=XVDPPHQVHW]XQJ GHU 6FKPHO]H LVW HEHQIDOOV WKHUPRG\QDPLVFK EHVWLPPW XQG HQWVSULFKW

GHPGHU .RQRGHJHJHQEHUOLHJHQGHQ(FNSXQNWGHV .RQRGHQGUHLHFNV'DUDXVIROJWGDVV

DQ GHU HXWHNWLVFKHQ (UVWDUUXQJVIURQW MHGHU PRQRYDULDQWHQ $O&X$J /HJLHUXQJ EHLGH

/HJLHUXQJVHOHPHQWH 6LOEHU XQG .XSIHU LQWHJUDO XQG PLW MHZHLOV OHJLHUXQJVVSH]LILVFKHQ

9HUWHLOXQJVNRHIIL]LHQWHQ N$J XQG N&X! JHVHLJHUW ZHUGHQ 2E XQG XQWHU ZHOFKHQ

(UVWDUUXQJVEHGLQJXQJHQ GDUDXV NRQVWLWXWLRQHOOH 8QWHUNKOXQJ HQWVWHKW KlQJW YRQ GHP

6WRIIWUDQVSRUW LQ GHU 6FKPHO]H DE $EE  E LOOXVWULHUW GLH (OHPHQWYHUWHLOXQJ DQ HLQHU

SODQDUHQ VWDWLRQlU IRUWVFKUHLWHQGHQ (UVWDUUXQJVIURQW ZHQQ GHP 6WURIIWUDQVSRUW LQ GHU

6FKPHO]HDOOHLQ'LIIXVLRQ]XJUXQGHJHOHJWZLUG



 

D E

$EE  .RQRGHQGUHLHFNH D  EHVFKUHLEHQ GLH *OHLFKJHZLFKWVNRQVWLWXWLRQ PRQR

YDULDQWHU $O&X$J /HJLHUXQJHQ VRZRKO SKDVHQVSH]LILVFK DOV DXFK LQWHJUDO ,P .RQWH[W

GHU SODQDUHQ (UVWDUUXQJ LVW GDV GHU 6ROLGXVWHPSHUDWXU HLQHU /HJLHUXQJ HQWVSUHFKHQGH

.RQRGHQGUHLHFNUHOHYDQW%HLGH.RPSRQHQWHQ$JXQG&XZHUGHQDQGHU(UVWDUUXQJVIURQW

JHVHLJHUW XQG GLIIXQGLHUHQ XQWHUVFKLHGOLFK VFKQHOO LQ GLH 6FKPHO]H ]% '&X # [

PðVXQG'$J#[PðV E 



,QGLHVHU$UEHLWZXUGHYRQGLIIXVLYHP6WRIIWUDQVSRUWLQGHU6FKPHO]HDXVJHJDQJHQZHLO

GLH'LFKWHVFKLFKWXQJLQGHU6FKPHO]HYRUHLQHUIRUWVFKUHLWHQGHQ(UVWDUUXQJVIURQWWKHUPR

VROXWDO VWDELO LVW ZHQQ GLH (UVWDUUXQJ  HQWJ HJ HQ GHU 6FKZHUNUDIW HUIROJ W (V ZXUGHQ

WHPSHUDWXUDEKlQJLJH 'LIIXVLRQVNRHIIL]LHQWHQ YHUZHQGHW XP GHU 7DWVDFKH 5HFKQXQJ ]X

WUDJHQ GDVV GLH 6ROLGXVWHPSHUDWXU PLW VWHLJHQGHP 6LOEHUJHKDOW GHU /HJLHUXQJ ]XQlFKVW

VWHLOXQGGDQQIODFKYRQUXQGƒ&DXIƒ&DEIlOOW)UGDV/HJLHUXQJVHOHPHQW.XSIHU

NRQQWH DXI /LWHUDWXUGDWHQ ]XUFNJHJULIIHQ ZHUGHQ >=KDQJ @ IU 6LOEHU ZXUGHQ

(19)

.XU]IDVVXQJ  ;,



,QWHUGLIIXVLRQVNRHIIL]LHQWHQDXV(';0HVVXQJHQDEJHVFKlW]W'DPLWVLQGHLQLJH3UREOHPH

YHUEXQGHQ GLH VLFK SULPlU GXUFK GHQ 9RUJDQJ GHV $EVFKUHFNHQV HUNOlUHQ ODVVHQ 6LH

ZXUGHQDXVIKUOLFKGDUJHVWHOOWXQGGLVNXWLHUW

8QWHU 9HUZHQGXQJ GHU WKHUPRG\QDPLVFKHQ EHUHFKQHWHQ *U|‰HQ XQG GHU

'LIIXVLRQVNRHIIL]LHQWHQ LQ GHU VFKPHO]IOVVLJHQ 3KDVH ZXUGH GLH NRQVWLWXWLRQHOOH 8QWHU

NKOXQJ QDFK >&RDWHV @ EHVWLPPW GLH VLFK DOV NULWLVFKHV *Y 9HUKlOWQLV XQG IU

* [.PDOVNULWLVFKH(UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQGLJNHLWDQJHEHQOlVVW

&X

&X

&X

&X

&X

$J

$J

$J $J

$J

FULW ' N

N F 0 N

' N F 0 Y

*

˜



˜

 ˜

˜



˜

¸ ˜

¹

¨ ·

©

§  

 

'LHVHV HLQIDFKH 0RGHOO EHVFKUHLEW GLH 6WDELOLWlWVJUHQ]H GHV SODQDUHQ HXWHNWLVFKHQ

:DFKVWXPVKLQUHLFKHQGJXW.DSLOODUVWDELOLVLHUHQGH(IIHNWH>0XOOLQV6HNHUND@

VLQGQXUIUH[WUHPJHULQJH.RQ]HQWUDWLRQHQGHUGULWWHQ/HJLHUXQJVNRPSRQHQWHVLJQLILNDQW

>3ODSS@

$EED]HLJWGHQEHUHFKQHWHQ9HUODXIGHUNULWLVFKHQ*HVFKZLQGLJNHLWDOV)XQNWLRQGHV

6LOEHUJ HKDOWV PRQRYDULDQWHU $O&X$J  /HJ LHUXQJ HQ XQG ZHLVW GHQ %HLWUDJ  GHV 6LOEHUV

DXFK JHVRQGHUW DXV 'DUDXV OlVVW VLFK DEVFKlW]HQ ZHOFKHU )HKOHU HQWVWHKW ZHQQ QXU GLH

GRPLQDQWVHLJHUQGH.RPSRQHQWH6LOEHUEHWUDFKWHWZLUG$EED]HLJWGHXWOLFKGDVVGLH

6WDELOLWlW GHV SODQDUHQ :DFKVWXPV LQ PRQRYDULDQWHQ $O&X$J /HJLHUXQJHQ H[WUHP

EHJUHQ]WLVW'DVUHODWLYIODFKH0LQLPXPGHUNULWLVFKHQ*HVFKZLQGLJNHLWIU6LOEHUJHKDOWH

YRQELV$WLVWHLQWKHUPRG\QDPLVFKEHJUQGHWHV0HUNPDOGHV6\VWHPV$O&X

$J,Q$EEEVLQGGLH(UJHEQLVVHGHU([SHULPHQWHHLQJHWUDJHQGLHLP5DKPHQGLHVHU

$UEHLW GXUFKJHIKUW ZXUGHQ XP GDV 0RGHOO GHU NRQVWLWXWLRQHOOHQ 8QWHUNKOXQJ ]X

EHUSUIHQ(VKDQGHOWVLFKXP3UREHQPLWGHILQLHUWHUFKHPLVFKHU=XVDPPHQVHW]XQJGLH

PLWNRQVWDQWHU(UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQGLJNHLWSUR]HVVLHUWXQGDEJHVFKUHFNWZXUGHQ$QKDQG

GHU(UVWDUUXQJVJHIJHZXUGHQVLHMHZHLOVDOVSODQDURGHU]HOOXODULGHQWLIL]LHUWXQGDOV3XQNW

LQ GDV 6WDELOLWlWVGLDJUDPP HLQJHWUDJHQ 'DV 0RGHOO GHU NRQVWLWXWLRQHOOHQ 8QWHUNKOXQJ

KlOW GLHVHU SXQNWXHOOHQ hEHUSUIXQJ JXW VWDQG :HLWHUIKUHQGH hEHUSUIXQJHQ PVVHQ

G\QDPLVFKHU1DWXUVHLQXQGHLQHQ*HVFKZLQGLJNHLWVVSUXQJYRQYYFULWYEHLQKDOWHQXP

GLH 'HVWDELOLVLHUXQJ GHU SODQDUHQ (UVWDUUXQJVIURQW LP 'HWDLO ]X XQWHUVXFKHQ 6ROFKH

([SHULPHQWHN|QQHQDQKDQGGHUYRUOLHJHQGHQ(UJHEQLVVHJH]LHOWJHSODQWZHUGHQ



(20)

;,, .XU]IDVVXQJ



 

D E

$EE6WDELOLWlWVJUHQ]HGHVSODQDUHQHXWHNWLVFKHQ:DFKVWXPVIUPRQRYDULDQWH$O&X

$J/HJLHUXQJHQQDFKGHP0RGHOOGHUNRQVWLWXWLRQHOOHQ8QWHUNKOXQJ>&RDWHV@'LH

NULWLVFKH*HVFKZLQGLJNHLWZXUGHIUGHQ:HUWGHV7HPSHUDWXUJUDGLHQWHQ* [.P

EHUHFKQHW D  ([SHULPHQWHOOH (UJHEQLVVH GLHVHU $UEHLW E  VLQG PLW GHP 0RGHOO JXW

YHUHLQEDU



(UVWH WUDQVLHQWH ([SHULPHQWH ZXUGHQ GXUFKJHIKUW XQG ]HLJHQ GDVV GLH 'HVWDELOLVLHUXQJ

GHU HXWHNWLVFKHQ (UVWDUUXQJVIURQW HQWODQJ GHU 9HUVDW]OLQLHQ HUIROJW GLH GDV ODPHOODUH

0XVWHUGXUFK]LHKHQZLHLQ$EEGDUJHVWHOOWLVW2V]LOODWRULVFKH,QVWDELOLWlWHQDXIGLH

>3ODSS@KLQZHLVWEHJOHLWHQGLHPRUSKRORJLVFKH'HVWDELOLVLHUXQJ



  

D E F

$EE  0RUSKRORJLVFKHU $XIEUXFK LQ $O&X ZlKUHQG HLQHV WUDQVLHQWHQ

(UVWDUUXQJVH[SHULPHQWV GDV HLQHQ *HVFKZLQGLJNHLWVVSUXQJ EHLQKDOWHW 'LH %LOGHUVHULH

]HLJW GDV VXN]HVVLYH $XIEUHFKHQ GHU ODPHOODUHQ HXWHNWLVFKHQ 6WUXNWXU DOV )XQNWLRQ GHU

UHODWLYHQ 3RVLWLRQ XQG GHU ORNDOHQ *HVFKZLQGLJNHLW D  ]  Y  —PV E  ]  PP

Y —PVXQG F ] PPY —PV'LHORNDOH*HVFKZLQGLJNHLWZXUGHPLW+LOIH

GHU8OWUDVFKDOO3XOV(FKR0HWKRGHJHPHVVHQ>'UHYHUPDQQ@



(21)

.XU]IDVVXQJ  ;,,,



=HOOXODUH(UVWDUUXQJPRQRYDULDQWHU$O$O&X(XWHNWLND



1DFK GHP IUKHQ 6WDGLXP GHU 'HVWDELOLVLHUXQJ HQWODQJ GHU 9HUVDW]OLQLHQ YHUKDOWHQ VLFK

.|UQHU GHU Ä%HWD ³ XQG Ä$OSKD ³ 2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ XQWHUVFKLHGOLFK 9ROO

HQWZLFNHOWH =HOOHQ LQ Ä%HWD ³ VLQG ODQJ JHVWUHFNW XQG EHKDOWHQ LP :HVHQWOLFKHQ HLQH

ODPHOODUH 6XEVWUXNWXU ,Q Ä$OSKD ³ .|UQHUQ HUVFKHLQHQ YROO HQWZLFNHOWH =HOOHQ

TXDGUDWLVFKXQGDXFKGDV]HOOXODUH0XVWHUKDWHLQHTXDGUDWLVFKH2UGQXQJ,QQHUKDOEGLHVHU

LQ $QOHKQXQJ DQ 0RUULV>0RUULV@ UHJXOlU JHQDQQWHQ =HOOHQ LVW GLH HXWHNWLVFKH

6XEVWUXNWXU WHQGHQ]LHOO ]XP =HOOUDQG KLQ DXVJHULFKWHW DEHU LQ GHU =HOOPLWWH XQJHRUGQHW

%HLGH=HOOW\SHQNRPPHQJUXQGVlW]OLFKLQHLQHUSRO\NULVWDOOLQHQ3UREHYRUEHLGHN|QQHQ

VWDELOZDFKVHQXQGUlXPOLFKDXVJHGHKQWH]HOOXODUH0XVWHUHUJHEHQ(LQHQUHSUlVHQWDWLYHQ

hEHUEOLFNELHWHW$EE



D/DQJJHVWUHFNWH=HOOHQ E5HJXOlUH=HOOHQ 

$EE  (XWHNWLVFKH =HOOHQ LQ $O&X$J QDFK JHULFKWHWHU (UVWDUUXQJ LP

7HPSHUDWXUJUDGLHQWHQ *  [ .P /DQJ JHVWUHFNWH D  XQG UHJXOlUH E  =HOOHQ

HQWVSUHFKHQGHQ2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJHQÄ%HWD³ D EH]LHKXQJVZHLVHÄ$OSKD³ E 



(22)

;,9 .XU]IDVVXQJ



,QVJHVDPW EHVWlWLJW VLFK GDGXUFK HLQ JHQHULVFKHV 0HUNPDO ]HOOXODUHQ :DFKVWXPV :LH

.RSF]\QVNL 5DSSHO XQG .DUPD IU HLQSKDVLJ HUVWDUUHQGH /HJLHUXQJHQ ]HLJWHQ

>.RSF]\QVNL @ LVW NULVWDOOLQH $QLVRWURSLH HUIRUGHUOLFK XP VWDELOHV ]HOOXODUHV

:DFKVWXP ]X HUP|JOLFKHQ 'HP HQWVSULFKW GLH %HREDFKWXQJ GDVV LVRWURSH >3ODSS@

RGHU QDKH]X LVRWURSH (XWHNWLND >$NDPDWVX @ NHLQH =HOOHQ VRQGHUQ VRJHQDQQWH

ÄHXWHNWLVFKH.RORQLHQ³ELOGHQ

(%6' 0HVVXQJHQ GHU .ULVWDOORULHQWLHUXQJ EHLGHU 3KDVHQ D $O  XQG $O&X LQ ]HOOXODUHQ

.|UQHUQ HLQHU JHULFKWHW HUVWDUUWHQ 3UREH GHU /HJLHUXQJ $O&X$J Y   —PV  IKUHQ]XZHLWHUHQ(UNHQQWQLVVHQ

,Q EHLGHQ .RUQW\SHQ EOHLEW GLH XUVSUQJOLFKH 2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ HUKDOWHQ DEHU LQ

Ä$OSKD ³ .|UQHUQ XQG QXU LQ GLHVHQ O|VHQ VLFK GLH ODPHOODUHQ 3KDVHQJUHQ]IOlFKHQ

YROOVWlQGLJYRQGHU2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ'LH*UHQ]IOlFKHQ]ZLVFKHQD $O XQG$O&X

YHUKDOWHQ VLFK IU GLHVH 2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ QDKH]X LVRWURS XQG ZHUGHQ DQ GHU

JHNUPPWHQ]HOOXODUHQ(UVWDUUXQJVIURQWIUHLEHZHJOLFK5HJXOlUH=HOOHQZDFKVHQGHQQRFK

DQLVRWURS ,KU :DFKVWXP ZLUG YRQ GHU NLQHWLVFKHQ $QLVRWURSLH GHU IHVWIOVVLJ  3KDVHQJUHQ]IOlFKH GHU $O&X3KDVH EHVWLPPW XQG YRQ GHQ ^`(EHQHQ GLHVHU 3KDVH

JHSUlJW'LHVH(EHQHQ]HLFKQHQVLFKGXUFKHLQHEHVRQGHUVNOHLQH$QODJHUXQJVHQHUJLHDXV

XQGVWHOOHQGRPLQDQWH)DFHWWHQEHLGHUSULPlUHQ(UVWDUUXQJYRQ$O&X.ULVWDOOHQDXVGHU

6FKPHO]H GDU >+DPDU @ (QWVSUHFKHQG OLHJHQ GLH =HOOUlQGHU SDUDOOHO ]X GHQ ^`

(EHQHQ GHU $O&X 3KDVH XQG ZHLVHQ HLQH YLHU]lKOLJH 6\PPHWULH DXI ,Q $EE  VLQG

GLHVH0HUNPDOHUHJXOlUHU=HOOHQDQKDQGHLQHV(%6'0DSSLQJVNODU]XHUNHQQHQ

'HPJHJHQEHUVWHOOWVLFKGLHÄ%HWD³2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJDOVVWDUNDQLVRWURSGDU'LH

ODPHOODUHQ *UHQ]IOlFKHQ N|QQHQ VLFK QLFKW YRQ GHU 2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ O|VHQ XQG

SUlJHQGDGXUFKGLHODQJJHVWUHFNWH0RUSKRORJLHGHU=HOOHQ'LH^`(EHQHQGHU$O&X

3KDVH VWHOOHQ VLFKHUOLFK DXFK IU ODQJ JHVWUHFNWH =HOOHQ 9RU]XJVHEHQHQ GDU DEHU HLQH

YROONRPPHQH $XVULFKWXQJ GHU =HOOHQ HQWODQJ GLHVHU (EHQHQ ZLUG GXUFK GLH NULVWDOOR

JUDSKLVFKYHUDQNHUWHQIHVWIHVW3KDVHQJUHQ]IOlFKHQYHUKLQGHUW1XUVWHOOHQZHLVHZLUGHLQH

)UDJPHQWLHUXQJODQJJHVWUHFNWHQ=HOOHQEHREDFKWHW$EE]HLJWGLHVH0HUNPDOHODQJ

JHVWUHFNWHU=HOOHQDQKDQGGHU(UJHEQLVVHHLQHV(%6'0DSSLQJV2EGLH)UDJPHQWLHUXQJ

ODQJ JHVWUHFNWHU =HOOHQ PLW VWHLJHQGHU (UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQGLJNHLW ]XQLPPW ZXUGH LP

5DKPHQ GHU YRUOLHJHQGHQ $UEHLW QLFKW XQWHUVXFKW 0|JOLFKHUZHLVH ZLUG GLH GDGXUFK

]XQHKPHQGH.UPPXQJGHU=HOOVSLW]HQVRGRPLQDQWGDVVDXFKLQÄ%HWD³.|UQHUQGLH

NULVWDOORJUDSKLVFKH9HUDQNHUXQJJHO|VWZLUG

(23)

.XU]IDVVXQJ  ;9



D 

 

E G

 

F H

$EE  5HJXOlUH =HOOHQ GHU 2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ Ä$OSKD ³ D  (%6' 0DSSLQJ

%HUHLFKPLWD $O ±ZHL‰$O&X±VFKZDU] EF JHPHLQVDPH5LFKWXQJXQG(EHQHGHU

2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ Ä$OSKD ³ G  3ROILJXU IU ^`$O XQG H  3ROILJXU IU

^`$O&X'LH=HOOJUHQ]HQVLQGHQWODQJGHU^`(EHQHQGHU$O&X3KDVHDXVJHULFKWHW

XQGGLHIHVWIHVW3KDVHQJUHQ]IOlFKHQVLQGQLFKWDQGLH2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJJHEXQGHQ





D 

 

E G

 

F H

$EE  /DQJ JHVWUHFNWH =HOOHQ GHU 2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ Ä%HWD ³ D  (%6'

0DSSLQJ%HUHLFK PLW D $O  ± ZHL‰ $O&X ± VFKZDU] E F  JHPHLQVDPH 5LFKWXQJ XQG

(EHQHGHU2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJÄ%HWD³ G 3ROILJXUIU^`$OXQG H 3ROILJXUIU

^`$O&X 'LH =HOOJUHQ]HQ VLQG QLFKW HQWODQJ GHU ^` (EHQHQ GHU $O&X3KDVH

DXVJHULFKWHW XQG GLH IHVWIHVW 3KDVHQJUHQ]IOlFKHQ VLQG DQ GLH 2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ

JHEXQGHQ

(24)

;9, .XU]IDVVXQJ



'LH YRUOLHJHQGHQ (UJHEQLVVH YHUZHLVHQ HLQGUFNOLFK DXI GLH %HGHXWXQJ DQLVRWURSHU

(LJHQVFKDIWHQGHUIHVWIHVWXQGIHVWIOVVLJ3KDVHQJUHQ]IOlFKHQXQGLQVEHVRQGHUHDXIGDV

:HFKVHOVSLHO ]ZLVFKHQ NULVWDOOLQHU IHVWIHVW  XQG NLQHWLVFKHU IHVWIOVVLJ  $QLVRWURSLH

ZlKUHQG GHV ]HOOXODUHQ :DFKVWXPV PRQRYDULDQWHU $O$O&X (XWHNWLND 'LH

H[SHULPHQWHOOHQ %HREDFKWXQJHQ PRWLYLHUHQ ]X ZHLWHUIKUHQGHQ ([SHULPHQWHQ XQG

HUJlQ]HQGHQ6LPXODWLRQHQ$QDO\WLVFKH0RGHOOH]HOOXODUHQ:DFKVWXPV>+LPHPL\D@

VLQGGDIUQXUEHJUHQ]WJHHLJQHW



=XVDPPHQIDVVXQJXQG$XVEOLFN



'LH YRUOLHJHQGH $UEHLW ZLGPHWH VLFK GHU *HIJHELOGXQJ ZlKUHQG GHU JHULFKWHWHQ

(UVWDUUXQJ PRQRYDULDQWHU $O$O&X (XWHNWLND LQ WHUQlUHQ $O&X$J /HJLHUXQJHQ XQG

SRO\NULVWDOOLQHQ 3UREHQ (V ZXUGH DXVVFKOLH‰OLFK GDV JHNRSSHOWH :DFKVWXP GHU EHLGHQ

IHVWHQ 3KDVHQ D $O  XQG $O&X XQWHUVXFKW GDV LQ PRQRYDULDQWHU HXWHNWLVFKHU 5HDNWLRQ

HUIROJW'LH *UHQ]HQGHV JHNRSSHOWHQ :DFKVWXPVXQG HQWNRSSHOWH *HIJHVWUXNWXUHQDXI

GLH 0F&DUWQH\ KLQJHZLHVHQ KDW >0F&DUWQH\  D E@ ZXUGHQ QLFKW EHKDQGHOW ,P

9RUGHUJUXQG VWDQGHQ L  GLH 6HOHNWLRQ ODPHOODUHU $EVWlQGH ZlKUHQG GHU NRQVWLWXWLRQHOO

VWDELOHQ (UVWDUUXQJ PLW SODQDUHU (UVWDUUXQJVIURQW LL  GLH NRQVWLWXWLRQHOOH 8QWHUNKOXQJ

XQGPRUSKRORJLVFKH'HVWDELOLVLHUXQJGHUSODQDUHQ(UVWDUUXQJVIURQWXQGVFKOLH‰OLFK LLL GLH

(QWZLFNOXQJ HXWHNWLVFKHU =HOOHQ 'DV /HJLHUXQJVV\VWHP $O&X$J ZXUGH DXIJUXQG GHU

UHLFKKDOWLJHQ /LWHUDWXU ]XP HXWHNWLVFKHQ :DFKVWXP LQ ELQlUHQ $O&X /HJLHUXQJHQ

DXVJHZlKOW XQG YRU DOOHP ZHLO HLQH V\VWHPDWLVFKH $QDO\VH P|JOLFKHU

2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJHQ ]ZLVFKHQ GHP NXELVFK IOlFKHQ]HQWULHUWHQ $OXPLQLXP XQG GHU

WHWUDJRQDOHQ $O&X 3KDVH YRUODJ >%RQQHW @ VRZLH GLH WKHUPRG\QDPLVFKH

%HVFKUHLEXQJGHVWHUQlUHQ/HJLHUXQJVV\VWHPV>:LWXVLHZLF]@

(VZXUGHJH]HLJWGDVVGLH6WDELOLWlWHLQHUSODQDUHQ(UVWDUUXQJVIURQWLQPRQRYDULDQWHQ$O

&X$J/HJLHUXQJHQGXUFKNRQVWLWXWLRQHOOH8QWHUNKOXQJGHXWOLFKEHJUHQ]WLVWXQGSODQDUH

(UVWDUUXQJ QXU XQWHU KRKHQ *Y %HGLQJXQJHQ HUIROJW 'DV 0RGHOO GHU NRQVWLWXWLRQHOOHQ

8QWHUNKOXQJ >&RDWHV @ KlOW HLQHU SXQNWXHOOHQ hEHUSUIXQJ GXUFK VWDWLRQlUH

(UVWDUUXQJVH[SHULPHQWHLP%ULGJPDQ9HUIDKUHQJXWVWDQG'LHNULWLVFKH*HVFKZLQGLJNHLW

OLHJW IU GHQ H[SHULPHQWHOO EHVWLPPWHQ 7HPSHUDWXUJUDGLHQWHQ YRQ * [ .P EHL

ZHQLJHQ—PVVREDOGGHU6LOEHUJHKDOWGHU/HJLHUXQJJU|‰HUDOV$WLVW

(25)

.XU]IDVVXQJ  ;9,,



'HUJHULQJHQ6WDELOLWlWHQWVSUHFKHQGZDUGDV6SHNWUXPGHU(UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQGLJNHLWHQ

DXI Y d  —PV EHVFKUlQNW XP LQ GHU /HJLHUXQJ $O&X$J GLH (QWZLFNOXQJ

ODPHOODUHU $EVWlQGH DOV )XQNWLRQ GHU (UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQGLJNHLW ]X XQWHUVXFKHQ 'LH

H[SHULPHQWHOO EHREDFKWHWH 6HOHNWLRQ XQJHZ|KQOLFK NOHLQHU $EVWlQGH LVW PLW GHU

NODVVLVFKHQ -DFNVRQ+XQW 7KHRULH >-DFNVRQ @ QLFKW YHUHLQEDU 6LH HQWVSULFKW DEHU

QHXHVWHQ(UNHQQWQLVVHQVHKUJXW>$NDPDWVXD.DUPD@GLHDXVGHU$QDO\VHGHU

%HZHJXQJ HXWHNWLVFKHU 7ULSHOSXQNWH HQWZLFNHOW ZXUGHQ /HLGHU VLQG GLH 7ULSHOSXQNWH LQ

$O$O&X (XWHNWLND HLQHU GLUHNWHQ %HREDFKWXQJ QLFKW ]XJlQJOLFK ]XPLQGHVW QLFKW LP

5DKPHQ GHU KHXWH P|JOLFKHQ H[SHULPHQWHOOHQ 0HWKRGHQ 1XPHULVFKH 0HWKRGHQ VLQG LQ

GLHVHU +LQVLFKW YLHO YHUVSUHFKHQGHU 'DPLW ZXUGHQ ELVKHU DXVVFKOLH‰OLFK (XWHNWLND PLW

LVRWURSHQ(LJHQVFKDIWHQGHUIHVWIHVWXQGIHVWIOVVLJ3KDVHQJUHQ]IOlFKHQXQWHUVXFKW>3ODSS

3ODSS@

2EHUKDOEGHU6WDELOLWlWVJUHQ]HGHVSODQDUHQ:DFKVWXPVHQWZLFNHOQVLFKHXWHNWLVFKH=HOOHQ

1DFK HLQHP IUKHQ 6WDGLXP GHU 'HVWDELOLVLHUXQJ HQWODQJ GHU 9HUVDW]OLQLHQ ZDFKVHQ

HXWHNWLVFKH =HOOHQ VWDELO XQG GLH ]HOOXODUH 0RUSKRORJLH KlQJW YRQ GHU

2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ HLQHV HXWHNWLVFKHQ .RUQV DE 'LH (UJHEQLVVH GHU YRUOLHJHQGHQ

$UEHLWVLQGGLHVEH]JOLFKVHKUDXIVFKOXVVUHLFK,QÄ$OSKD³.|UQHUQXQGQXULQGLHVHQ

O|VHQVLFKGLHODPHOODUHQ3KDVHQJUHQ]IOlFKHQZlKUHQGGHU=HOOELOGXQJYROOVWlQGLJYRQGHU

2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ 'LH YROO HQWZLFNHOWHQ UHJXOlUHQ =HOOHQ ZHLVHQ HLQH YLHU]lKOLJH

6\PPHWULHDXIGLHGHQ^`(EHQHQGHU$O&X3KDVHHQWVSULFKWXQGGXUFKGLHNLQHWLVFKH

$QLVRWURSLHGHUIHVWIOVVLJ3KDVHQJUHQ]IOlFKHGHU$O&X3KDVHJHSUlJWZLUG'LH^`

(EHQHQ GHU $O&X3KDVH VLQG DOV (EHQHQ PLW JHULQJHU $QODJHUXQJVHQHUJLH EHNDQQW

>+DPDU @ ,Q .|UQHUQ GHU 2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ Ä%HWD ³ EOHLEHQ GLH ODPHOODUHQ

*UHQ]IOlFKHQ NULVWDOORJUDSKLVFK YHUDQNHUW XQG EHKLQGHUQ GLH %LOGXQJ UHJXOlUHU HQWODQJ

^`$O&XDXVJHSUlJWHU=HOOHQ

,Q GHU YRUOLHJ HQGHQ $UEHLW ZXUGHQ GLH ZLFKWLJVWHQ $VSHNWH GHV J HNRSSHOWHQ :DFKVWXPV

PRQRYDULDQWHU$O$O&X(XWHNWLNDLQ$O&X$J/HJLHUXQJHQXQWHUVXFKWXQGDQKDQGYRQ

(UVWDUUXQJVH[SHULPHQWHQ XQG PRGHOOHQ DQDO\VLHUW 'LH (UJHEQLVVH IKUWHQ ]X HLQHP

NRQVLVWHQWHQ9HUVWlQGQLVGHU/DPHOOHQDEVWDQGVVHOHNWLRQZlKUHQGGHUSODQDUHQ(UVWDUUXQJ

XQG GHU PRUSKRORJLVFKHQ 'HVWDELOLVLHUXQJ DP hEHUJDQJ YRQ SODQDUHU ]X ]HOOXODUHU

(UVWDUUXQJ1HXH(UNHQQWQLVVHGDV:DFKVWXPHXWHNWLVFKHU=HOOHQEHWUHIIHQGYHUZHLVHQ

HLQGUFNOLFKDXIGLH5ROOHGHU$QLVRWURSLHGHUIHVWIHVWXQGIHVWIOVVLJ3KDVHQJUHQ]IOlFKHQ

6LH]HLJHQLQVEHVRQGHUHGDVVGHU2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJÄ$OSKD³  $O  $O&X

>@$O >@$O&X QDKH]X LVRWURSH (LJHQVFKDIWHQ GHU IHVWIHVW 3KDVHQJUHQ]IOlFKHQ

(26)

;9,,, .XU]IDVVXQJ



HQWVSUHFKHQ XQG GDVV VLFK LQ GLHVHP )DOO ODPHOODUH *UHQ]IOlFKHQ YRQ GHU NULVWDOOR

JUDSKLVFKHQ9HUDQNHUXQJO|VHQVREDOGGLH=HOOELOGXQJHLQVHW]W

$XIJUXQG GHU YRUOLHJHQGHQ (UJHEQLVVH ODVVHQ VLFK IU ]XNQIWLJH $UEHLWHQ GUHL

)RUVFKXQJVWKHPHQ GHILQLHUHQ GLH IU GDV ZHLWHUH 9HUVWlQGQLV GHV :DFKVWXPV PRQR

YDULDQWHU (XWHNWLND ]LHOIKUHQG VLQG XQG GDEHL QHXH 3HUVSHNWLYHQ IU GLH JHJHQZlUWLJH

0DWHULDOIRUVFKXQJ>$VWD@HU|IIQHQ

D (VLVWQRWZHQGLJGLHIHVWIHVW*UHQ]IOlFKHQ]ZLVFKHQD $O XQG$O&XXPIDVVHQG]X

FKDUDNWHULVLHUHQXQGLKUHQ$XIEDXVRZLHLKUHDQLVRWURSHQ(LJHQVFKDIWHQLQ$EKlQJLJNHLW

GHU 2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ KHUDXV]XDUEHLWHQ XP LQ =XNXQIW TXDQWLWDWLYH $QDO\VHQ GHV

DQLVRWURSHQ HXWHNWLVFKHQ :DFKVWXPV]X HUP|JOLFKHQ'LH$UEHLW YRQ+RXQG :HDWKHUO\

>+R@ ]XU 0LJUDWLRQVUDWH YRQ $O$O$O&X 7ULSHOSXQNWHQ NDQQ DOV JXWHU $XVJDQJV

SXQNWIUH[SHULPHQWHOOH$UEHLWHQGLHQHQ$O$O&X(XWHNWLNDN|QQWHQVLFKGDQQDOVLGHDOH

6\VWHPH HUZHLVHQ XP *UXQGODJHQ GHU 5HLIXQJVSUR]HVVH LQ DQLVRWURSHQ 6\VWHPHQ ]X

XQWHUVXFKHQEHUGHUHQDNWXHOOHQ6WDQGLQ>5RKUHU@EHULFKWHWZLUG

E  .RUQVHOHNWLRQ GDV KHL‰W LQ GLHVHP )DOO GLH 6HOHNWLRQ HLQHU EHVWLPPWHQ

2ULHQWLHUXQJVEH]LHKXQJ XQG :DFKVWXPVULFKWXQJ VROOWH IU $O$O&X (XWHNWLND

V\VWHPDWLVFK XQWHUVXFKW ZHUGHQ XP GLH +HUVWHOOXQJ ÄHLQNULVWDOOLQHU³ 3UREHQ IU

*UXQGODJHQIRUVFKXQJHQ LP %HUHLFK GHU (UVWDUUXQJ DEHU DXFK LP %HUHLFK GHU HODVWR

SODVWLVFKHQ PHFKDQLVFKHQ (LJHQVFKDIWHQ ]ZHLSKDVLJHU 6\VWHPH >%RQQHW @ ]X

YHUHLQIDFKHQ$QVlW]HGD]XELHWHQ5LTXHWXQG'XUDQG>5LTXHWF@DOOHUGLQJVHUVFKHLQW

GLHYRQLKQHQYRUJHVFKODJHQH0HWKRGHGHUZLHGHUKROWHQ(UVWDUUXQJXPVWlQGOLFK

F  =HOOXODUHV :DFKVWXP LQ PRQRYDULDQWHQ $O$O&X (XWHNWLND VROOWH ZHLWHUIKUHQG

DQDO\VLHUW ZHUGHQ LQVEHVRQGHUH IU KRKH (UVWDUUXQJVJHVFKZLQGLJNHLWHQ XQG ELV KLQ ]XU

%LOGXQJ GHQGULWHQlKQOLFKHU ]ZHLSKDVLJHU 6WUXNWXUHQ 0RQRYDULDQWH $O&X$J

/HJLHUXQJHQ ELHWHQ VLFK DOV 0RGHOOV\VWHPH DQ XP GLH 5ROOH VFKZDFKHU XQG VWDUNHU

$QLVRWURSLH GXUFK WKHRUHWLVFKH 0RGHOOH XQG 3KDVHQIHOGPRGHOOH ]X HUJUQGHQ XQG

H[SHULPHQWHOO]XEHUSUIHQ

7DWVlFKOLFK VWHOOHQ PRQRYDULDQWH $O&X$J /HJLHUXQJHQ JXWH PHWDOOLVFKH 0RGHOO

/HJLHUXQJHQ GDU DXFK EHU GHQ KLHU DEJHVWHFNWHQ 5DKPHQ KLQDXV 0LW $XVQDKPH GHU

XQWHU D  JHQDQQWHQ (LJHQVFKDIWHQ GHU IHVWIHVW *UHQ]IOlFKHQ HUVFKHLQW GLH 'DWHQODJH

NRQVLVWHQW WKHUPRG\QDPLVFKH 'DWHQ VLQG YHUOlVVOLFK 'DWHQ ]XU (QHUJ LH GHU IHVWIOVVLJ  3KDVHQJUHQ]IOlFKHQ OLHJHQ HEHQIDOOV YRU >-RQHV  *QG]  %XOOD  +DPDU

@XQG'LIIXVLRQLQWHUQlUHQ6FKPHO]HQZLUG]XU]HLWHUDUEHLWHW>*ULHVFKH@

Referenties

GERELATEERDE DOCUMENTEN

Reglement Is er na afloop van de wedstrijd een gelijke stand, dan wordt er niet verlengd, maar worden er door elk team 5 penalty’s genomen (iedere keer door een andere speler

Daar bij dit element alles in hetzelfde glas staat, zonder dia- phrngma, komt het er op aan, het element zoo te vullen, dat de vloeistof helder blijft en

1 el sriracha 100 g mayonaise 2 el plantaardige olie Voor de zalmburgers 4 zalmfilets, zonder huid handje koriander, gehakt 2 tenen knoflook, geperst 2 lente-uitjes, in dunne

Snel kunnen reageren om zich aan te passen aan die veranderingen en ervan te profiteren, is voor beleggers dan ook van aan te passen aan die veranderingen en

In opdracht van het ministerie van Landbouw Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit (L.N.V.) te Den Haag.... 1998 Videoproductie

Erratum: ingevolge CAO 01.12.2011 is het toepassingsgebied (schaallonen) en niet (schaallonen en reële lonen) zoals eerder gemeld. Vanaf 1 januari 2012 2) CAO-verhoging. Niet

Het zonnetje scheen, de kinderen glunderden en wat deed het ons goed om nog eens samen te kunnen zijn, om samen met jullie onze school te kunnen vieren.. We genoten van de

Ik vind mijn eigen voeten ook vreselijk, ik kijk er niet