The philosophy of Ch'eng Yi-ch'uan and Ch'eng Ming-tao.

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(1)to be retUl’mid to the Academic Reglsfr’ UNM/EK8ITY OF LOtfiXW, SENATE HOUSE, W.C1.. With the Eiiamlnor’-s Report,. G - R, a " P U . Tb .. H. A. M. Iq.

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(3) i*. THE. PHILOSOPHY. 0^. CH'EUG. C H fENG. YI-O^'UAN. AUD. MISTG^TAO. A.C. Graham. Thesis. presented. Philosophy. in. for. the. the. degree. University. June. >. n-'-*. ►■. \ BIBL. LONDIU sUMlY-. 1953.. of. of. Doctor. London.. of.

(4) PREFACE Although the. Sung. his. most. Hsi. Bruce, no. of. and. the. account. in. philosophy. that sion. the. Ueo-Confucian. of. the. of. in. his. C h ’eng. Chinese. and. Japanese. that. language. of. F o r k e ’s. history. made. the. Thus. we. unusual. have. a. reasonable. for. the. The the. thought. of. the. to. each. thinkers. in. the. which. have. of. to. of is. of. the. be. Chinese the. fact. c h 1i , his. ver. the ching) were. work it. of. modern. increasingly rival. C h ’eng two. whom to. of. F s i ’s. by of. be. Lu. Ming-tao.. brothers. founders Chinese. who. of. both. philosophy. years.. work. is. concerned. brothers. and. Neo-Confucian not. Ming-. by. made. dominated. C h ’eng. other. the. Chu. case. hundred. present. relation. jects. claim. five. has. anticipated. schools which. next. Ch'eng. nature,. ; and. scholars. subjectivism. the. human. England The. and. self-discipline. Y i - c h ’uan. is. thecompeting. of. by. movement.. secret. basic ideas (l_i. Chiu-yuan (1139-92) have. any. of. books. in. brothers. Western. th i n g s ’,. from. done. a. never. derived. the. two. Y i - c h ’uan (I033-II07),. Mencian theory. ’investigation. clear. are. been. inflential. of. in. Hsi. almost all. subject. yet. pages. Chu. most. has. C h ’eng. thirty. the. these. tao(1032-85} fullest. is. the. work. predecessors. important. found. (II30-I200),. philosophers,. J. Percy on. Chu. to. and. earlier movement.. been considered. are. solely with. their. and. later. Among. the. the. with. sub. political.

(5) background it. was. were. of. influenced. strongly. An-shih, Chang. Tsai. Tsai. and. office.. sophy order. Chu. Hsi. schools. studied in. they. ideas. so. long. To. see. to. social. and. and. the. ature. that. devote. the. with The. omitting. more. the. solution. from. investigate. Chang. Tsai. Taoism. and. later the. and the. returned Sung. philo. absorbed. into. Confucianism. been. forgotten ?. had. perspective to. it. such. of. Buddhism. the on. it. or. Sung,. the. than. therefore better. romanisation. used. that. circumflex. accent. as. nectne. Buddhism,. Confucian. scholars. were. wrould be. qucoti ons. thousand years,. to. Chang. established. which. origin. themselves;. of. directly,. history. previous. Loyang). borrowed. time. of. of. their philo. the. and only. ideas. been. their. political. their. youth. problems in. brothers. deal. had. to. between. Buddhism,. the. in. dismissal. like. Wang. schools (those. interest. defend. Buddhism. influence. of. C h ’eng leave. which. these. essary. Were. with. ago. his. philosophers. C h ’engs. their. connection. which. movement of. the. C h ’engMing-tao,. himself,. shares. to. to. to. the opposition. some. concern. Confucianism.. sophy. of. led. any. their. Again,. hundred. to. is. Sung. Neo-Confucian. and. of. extent. reform. after. had be. The. the. immediately. there and. to. Kuanchung. would. and the. Buddhism.. earliest. Ming-tao. It. whether. the in. formed. by. opposed. and. were. to. Neo-Confucianism. to. liter the. seems best iHiiiit. to. fitted. them. is. and. of. writing. Wade,. but. yjL. for. i_..

(6) Chinese name,. are. always. except. are. given The. simply. that. Ch'eng. Yi. the. are. line.. is. and. writings. the. of. of. the. the. to. turn. number. C h ’engs quoted.. Chinese. over pages. to. to. wdiich.. chuan iL. page,. in. the. and. Western. the. text,. ignoring. headings. have. been. chapter, those been. was. text. is. columns,. have It. and. of. references each. Hao. are. printed. Yi-. is. which. numbered),. who. at. given. felt. that. hand. whenever. wall. he. line. left. to. to. sayings. immediately anyone prefer. wishes. not. to. find. original.. thesis ; Downer,. on. Ch'eng. sources. main. end of. passages. with. the other. the. should. Prof. E.D. Edwards,. all. regular. Although at. the. a. and. exception. remember. editions. personal. themselves,. as. Chinese. With. that. I. a. to. separately. notes. have. difficult. known. and. Ming-tao. this. pages. the. to. names. making. is. surname. brothers. to. notes.. reading. the. References. and. after. for. they are. without. indicated. Ch'eng. when. to. fashinn,. by. posthumous. reason. it. generally. the. their. c h ’uan.. (when. for. called. few to. to. express. who supervised. and. initials. Mr D.C.Lau,. Chinese. to. Prof. W. Simon,. Mr.J.Y.Liu, w'hose. like. for. philosophy. preparation. J.R. M'Ewen,. happen many. and. gratitude . to. Dr. A.D.Waley,. Mr I. the. my. for. to. Mr to. checking. this. Gordon mention. remember ;. stimulating. of. and. only abo-ê. conversations all. translations. from the Yi shu. If the reader notices fewer mistrans lations from this than from other sources, he will know who to thank..

(7) ABBREVIATIONS Works. of See. the C h 1eng Brothers Appendix I.. YS.. Hobnail. ECCS.. Erh. WS.. Ho-nan. 0!. ^. iSiU. G h 1eng. ^. c h ’uan. BSS. %. shu shu. ECCS.. Wen chi , induing MTWC. Ming-tao v/en chi BR £ it Y C W C . Y i - c h 1uan v/en chi # in *. ECCS. ECCS.. C h 1eng. shih. wai. X. WC.. YC.. Y i - c h ’uan. CS.. Ho-nan. C h ’eng. shih. TY.. Ho-nan. Sli'eng. shih. Other. Yi. ^. ECCS.. ching. shuo. ECCS.. ts ’ui. yen. chuan. jii. %. Basic. CLHC. Chou. Lien-hsi. CSL. Chin. ssu lu Kokuj ikai. Sinological. CTCS •. Chang. L.. Legge,. Tzu. Series.. chi. jfcfa %. x ■:& ■% t. BSS.. Sentetsu Icho Zenshu ^ % r| ^. ch 'uan. shu ^. James : The. -J". Chinese. Ssu. pu. nei. SPTE.. Ssu. pu. ts *ung. SYHA.. Sung. T.. Tzu. TSCC.. Ts ’ung. YL.. Chu. Yuan. Tzu. shu yu. yao. ^5. igf. k'an. £2. hsueh. an ^. chi. c h 'eng. lei. Eanseki 08 ^. £. BSS. Classics ,. Ssu k 'u ch 'uan shu £9 ^ 4 SECSTM. Ssu k 'u ch ’uan shu tsung Kuang tung shu chu. SPFY.. ECCS.. ®¥4£$f. Abbreviations. BSS.. SECS. ^. 2nd. /. n. &. mu %. edition.. Jtf. 1868.. c. ,B S S .. f7 /. ^. ~. 7° fr. Sfeu Vlign ^872.---. after a saying of the C h ’engs, indicates that is not recorded which brother is the speaker.. it.

(8) \ CONTENTS Preface. i. Abbreviations. iv. Contents. v. Part. I.. Background. Ch.I. V. •-1. -. Introduction. I.** ♦ r - u ' • <. *» *. •. *. 2. Chou £art. II. The. -j‘c r. I. '-rtor1? if. .• * t-. Tun-yi of. v v. *. '. *_V. /. ^. 4*. and the Beginnings Neo-Confucianism.. Philosophy. of. C h ’eng. 61. Ch.I. Li (Principle). 67. ^Decree). 95. 3. C h ’i (Ether) 4. Hsing. 1 X2. (Nature). 1,74. 5. Hsin (Mind). 167. 6. C h ’eng (Integrity) ,Ching>(Reverence/ Orientation) 7* Ne. w. (investigation. 8. Criticism • Part. III. The. of. of. Things). Buddhism. Philosophy. of. C h ’eng. 229. 4. Good. and. 5. Ming-tao Appendix. I. Works. 231. Changes),Shen (Power/Intelligence) and. Dualism.. of. the the. 253 272. Evil. on. 192. Ming-tao.. Ch.I. Jen (Benevolence). 3. Monism. 179. 210. Introduction. 2. Yi^ (The. 16. Y i - c h ’uan.. Introduction. 2. Ming. V. 284 Nature. C h ’eng. 291 Brothers.. 303.

(9) u tun m Summary. of. Ph.D. Ch ’eno:. Object :. to. Thesis. Y i - c h ’ua n. explain. and. the. differentiate. their Part. I. uh.. I.. The. to. ideas. C h ’eng. the. of. Ming- ta o ". of. Ming-tao. them ;. significance. livesto 2.. of of. and. to. C h ’eng. (I032-P5); estimate. Neo-Confucian. movement.. Chinese. of. Tun-yi. arguing. that. the. movement. of. which. originally. II. The An. Chou. accepted the. view. founder. of the. that. of Neo-. history. revival. and. a • speculative. of. examination. ofthe. the. Tsai.. Hsi (I*^3o-1200) ,. the. ideas. relation. Chu. philosophy. all. the. to. jbjb± jt. of. the. of. Their. Chang. was. up. Tun-yi. and. work. on. brothers.. commonly. in. Summary. Reconstruct ion. Confucian. (including based. the. movement. distinct, inthe. thought.. (1017-73). Conf uc ianism. the. Heo-Confucianism. contemporary. Criticism. of. of. the C h ’eng. their. Chou. Part. and. (. Introduction.. history. together. Ch ’eng. between. contribution. Philosophy. philosophical. Y i - c h ’uan (1033 - I 107) to. "The. i*. was. only. that. the. C h ’engs. one two. and. member first. Chang. were come. Tsai.. Y i - c h ’uan. thought. common. successive. to. of. Y i - c h ’uan. the two. exposition. of. brothers), his. key. terms. Ch. 1-3.. The by. C basi®*' concepts the. 22l LL t. related *ether *.. li_. concept. ’principle* ming. (followed. ’d e c r e e ’). and.

(10) 4.. Hsing. of. the. is. that. Y i - c h ’u a n ls. version. which. Chu. Hsin.. ’mind*.. Yi -ch* uan ’s. later. application. Criticism. of. of. of. The. thought. his. b r o t h e r ’s. Three. of. developed others. (spirit). and. the. the. issue. the. the. view. the of. problem that. early. it. Sung,. xm. this doctrine. orthodox. for. the. view different. his. is. next. from. that. philosophy.. Ming-tao.. Ming-tao. derivation on. of monism. it. on. than. through. points. where. points. further. and. Two. the. Buddhism.. Philosophy. 1h.. in. of. xTeo-Confuc ianism.. self. of. made. years.. are. from. Hsi. hundred. III.. that. even. 6-7 Moral. of. evidence. seven. of. Part. nature ;. history. was uncommon. that. 8. Earlier. good. and. 5.. ’nature*.. differs. which. his. both. which and. view's. Y i - c h ’u a n ’s---- theunity. .1en (benevolence ) , of. from. he. good. and. contradicts. dualism,. and. shen evil Y i - c h ’uan. the. goodness. nature.. Appendices Hotes of. on. proper. the. works. names.. of. the. C h ’eng. Bibliography.. brothers.. List.

(11) V, I. Appendix. 2. Selective. Index of. 3. Index. Proper. of. Technical Names.. 4. Bibliography. 5. Notes. on. Sung. Terms.. 322. 3?5 222. Colloquial.. 341,.

(12) Part BACKGROUND. I..

(13) I.. There Chinese. INTRODUCTION. are. thought, the. (c.500 - 22IBC) the. period. the. pressure. effort rich. two. and. when. to. latter the. of. part. old. a. the. The. order. ways. the. the. Taoists,. hedonism. ysis. of. Yang. school,. founded. on. the. of. stability. solidation. of. the. feudal. the. new ruling. a. the. nobles.. all. class, its. rivals. conditions.. ed. the. Han. century ;. '^ felt. itself. was but. threatened. the a. the. the. a. anal. Yin~. state activity. restoration and in. the. place. the. con of. doctrine. exception. of. of. disappeared. was. Confucian not finally. from. produced. by. bureaucracy dislodged. quite. establishuntil. the. -r * +. bhe by o. of. became. philosophy. Irom. of. bureaucracy. soon. The. logical. (206BC - 220AD). and, with. Sung. the. with. Confucianism. different. present. Han. the. produced. philosophical. ended. centralised. The. under. The. Warring Kingdoms under. Ohu,. conception. law.. and. mysticism A universl love,. the cosmology. Legalist. under. the. doctrine of. Yang. Lung,. objective. the. to. is. thought ----- the. Confucians,. T z u fs. ascribed. Kung-sun. of. Taoism,. Mo. former. wars,. „. of. of. dynasty. collapsed. society. of. history. Chou. (96® -1279).. disintegrating. of. the. the. internecine. conflicting. moralism. in. of. feudal. continued. restore. periods. Sung. the. variety of. practical. great. the L-ue. first s u r por* spieaa. centuries n-p of. AD. u ■ Buddhism,. it.

(14) which and. it. accused. Emperor. Buddhism more. advanced. to. the. values. which. sought. in. Kingdoms,. had. Warring stood. of. the. But. since. (I),. Hsun. by. in. Doc tr ine appendices had. the. the. Bible. his. practice of. the of. no. the. doctrine Mencius. Book of. was. thinkers. been. of. the. Aristotle ;. thus. were. that. of. the. human. G-reat. Sung. the. philosophers. of. the nor. under. C o n f u c i a n s -in. most. authors. of. is of. evil, the. the. these. scholastic. conceived. the. against. nature. Cha n g e s . Towards. they. it. by. learning, and. Mediaeval. for. Warring of. prejudiced. the. conserv™. These. respected. speculation. Confuc™. foundations. schools. the. of. with. corrupted. the. except. and. the. scholarship. neither. even. competing. question.. rival. they. M e a n ,the. attitude and. they. and. of. although. the. is. in. had. thinkers. there. classics,. Tzu. of. the. stimulated. the. years. Taoism.. ancient. all. system. thought. intellectual. the. that. thousand. Confucian. meant. in. the. family. depended.. China,. movement. been called. knowledge. any. new. order. in. capable. find. past,. Kingdoms. which,. the. to. had. and. some. known. permeated. system. to. metaphysical. this eventually. claiming. Buddhism. a. and. need. intermediate. India. anything. a. loyalties. established. soon. motive. ative,. the. which. produce. The. the. from. than. enemies,. ians it.. of. denying. which. brought. influence its. on. of. their. they. towards mission.

(15) 3 as. the. the. discovery. forgotten. attitude. is. especially. not. of. a. meaning. of. canonical. not. incompatible. since. the. imagined more of. latitude Mediaeval. ions. over. those. Europe.. In. the. their. meaning --------. the. only. sages. one to. which,. had. way. many. name for. of us. ishing and. variety. express. of. ent. that. as. worked finding. other. single what. give of. with. a.. it. nec. they. are. so. to. find. truth. out. on. must. inde be. what. Kingdoms. were. it. a. essary. of to. they. Their. and. hand. to. the. an. aston. life,. egoism. cult. of. of. important. traditional is. their. world-picture. Confucianism. explain. how. polit. Bung philosophers. that. sepxxarate. the. interest. such. the. them. deserve. main. attitudes. unified. Buddhism. number. whether. attitude,. makes. and therefore. express. mysticism. the. a. Confucianism ; to. argued. Warring. all.. possible. love, On. only. attempt. at. perhaps that. power.. the. uncertain. ’philosophers*. universal. ical. quotat. truth,. in system-building,. Europeans. is. scholastics. in mind.. interested. leave. much. the. the. the. aiiHWBsi:. of. them. discover. The thinkers of not. for. being. the. most. ITeo-Confucians. t h at^ was. grounds,. practice. they. allow. recognised by. this. originality,. which. depend. of. However,. profound. on. to. hut. texts.. with. themselves. than. which. philosophy. authorities. vague. pendent. new. as. had. always. concepts they. coher. without. are.

(16) related -----the. world. power. the. and. Way. man. (t a o ),. move ;. rules. the. the. Emperor. rules. men ;. for. different. things,. from. new. facts. how. behave. mind. (hsin) ,. (h s i n g ),. The. is. a. place,. to. a. Way,. system. all. the. principle. Sung. T ’ang. is. writer. and. a. half. the. defence. against. most Hu the. of. of. most. the the. (993 -1059) part. early. remained. Tzu. as. different. is wras. to. have. and. a. the. aspects. which. to But. Taoists.. Fan. bad.. of. the. them.. revival. Sung,. to. modifications. ether (c h ’i ) ,. embodied. coming and. according. date for. culminated from the. movement confined. values. the. nature. concepts. things. (768 -824).. Buddhists and. influenced Yuan. the. these. considered. centuries this. the. Confucians. Yu. the. Hsun. unites. Gonfucian. infer (t fu i ). Beo-Confucians. as. which. generally Han. to. (m i n g ) as. situations ;. which. called. (li_). new. man,. all. nature,. semi-personal. fey different. can. body ;. concrete. material. The the. which. a. (li),. the. of . the. which. itsdecree. we. in. according. in. treat. heaven,. single. and. by. which. of. along. (t fien),. principles. state. achievement. primal. universe. controls. raw good. great. create. of. which. the. Mencius. to. path. heaven. which. or. the. of. in Even whom. philosophical Chung-yen. indifferent. to. in. the. first. two. itself. to. the classics the those. polemical who. revival. (989 -1052), theorising.. were for.

(17) 5 During. the. same. Shao. Yung. were. speculating. a. orimal. will. he. seen. in. with. said. the. with. have. The. and. (1032 -1085) will. be. Ohang. Tsai. brothers necessary. to. the that. thinker we. founder. shall of. ttwxxasxgjyyg Buddhism 0. the. for. by. Yi. in of. were and. not the. give. more. worked. characterises. brothers. posthumous. names. C h ’eng Loyang -M-ing-. f a t h e r ’s cousin. concerned. the. under. regarded,. C h ’eng. it. a brief outline. studied. find. with. of their ideas,. is generally. is. of. Ohou. on. _. After. hundred. this. schools*,. not. their Tun-yi,. grounds. reason to question,. Weo-Confucianism.. classics. C h ’en. ortho. of. their. than. they. ten. the. charts. Taoist. which. as. Kuanchung (Shensi).. sake. C o nfucian. these. (IO33-. 1107). their. the. 1046-7. in. from. (T ’ai-o h i ). But,. from the. for. "nearly. cosmos. derived. are. 'the. the. orthodoxy,. seen. and. later. (fl.I040),. (1017- 1073). which they. we. who. Mu. with. Since. In. of. speculation. (1020 “ 1077). lives.(2^. of. C h ’eng. called. only. Tun-yi. chapter,. first. and Y i - c h ’uan),. Liu. combination of militant. philosophical. Hao. as. Ultimate. next. been. is. tao. Supreme. defence. Neo-Confucianism. (who. Chou. calculations. to. men. evolution. the. T fuan (died 989). doxy. and. onthe the. numerical. were. such. (IOII -1077),. unit,. concerned and. period. as. Hin«-tao. '. Taoism. the studied. and. v p p t .qii. (^) UJ.. 1 e*^cntually re tur nin g u-? F ib brother attended.

(18) the. academy. the. attention. leaders the. of. Chia. taking met. of. the Yu. due ed scholar. Han. Ming-tao ation. Chang. and. MxnrE. Tsai on. some. the. Emperor.. out. his. bitter and. radical. Tsai. formed after offices. the. of. The. first. continuing under. they. had. been. intro-. the. orthodox. by. Ming-tao). after. Wang. had. sowing. his. Buddhism.. In 1057 ±r chin— shih examin. the. Ming-tao. rose. steadily. magistrate. careers ;. to. have. time. the. of. resisted. the. returned. some An-shih,. time. in. which. was. carrying. against. scholars. new. the Ming-tao. measures. to. Kuanchung. school ;. Ming-tao,. to. .joined. serve his. at. impressed. An-shih. orthodox. records. 70),. reform. Yi-. C h i n - c h ’eng,. favourably. Wang. latter. of. at. capital (1069-. Heo-Confucian for. first. years. programme. both. dismissed.. that. obscurity.^ ^. the. this. opposition. Chang. were. At. capital. then. hierarchy ------- keeper. said. the. into. then' atShang-yuan,. is. in. of. withdrew. and. he. the. and. Hu. position. of. official. official. at. won. beginning. were. (like. and. one. he. their. unsuccessful. censor. who. where. the. Mean. passed. the. last. At. who. the. and. in. at. Yuan,. Confucianism. out. Bor. Hu. was. Tsai,. Taoism. Cnang. set. was. to. ),. both. It. of. Chung-yen,. jlai,. school.. (1056" 63). Hoctr ine. in. and. c h 1uan. orthodox. returned. oats. principal. examinations.. the. recently. the. kinsman. to. chien ^. period. their. their. wild. (kuo-tzu. in. and and. minor. brother. at.

(19) Loyang,. where. taught. they. together. Ming-tao's. for. the. no. among the. who,. the. revived. in. a. hut. Emperor at. of. disciples. years*. him. had. and. (5). until. was. repudiated. the. victim. During. 1097-. he. disbanded. the he. made. previously reputation. tutor. returned. of. to. his. having. served. merely. reform. policy. was. was exiled. again. his. had. great. soon. honour. when. 1103,. a was. He. 1100. Tsung(I085 -*1100).. candidate,. faction,. a. Che. acquired. (1086-7).. in. An-shih. Emperor. failed. Loyang,. Szechuan ;. danger,. ten. Wang. the. conservative. young. make. of as. office. disciples to. circle. ’nearly. policy of. accession. Y i - c h ’uan, held. a. death. The. on. formed. feeling. disciples. to. Eu-chou. himself. and. in. soon. after. died. Chang same. basic. ether is. of. something. I j ),. recently which Tsai ciples. it. is was. of. the the. present. in. them. C h ’engs.. "Chang. T s a i ’s. share. behind. universe. is. composed. Chang. Tsai. by. by man. the. the. ch engs. as his nature,. assumed. that. were. borrowed. This. latter such. C h 1engs. that. and. generally with. two. (called. t 1ai—h s u ,. he shared from. the. which the. permanent. Yoid,. which. and. conception - - - - - -. (c h 1i ). Sunrerne. Tsai. as. view goes Yang. learning. changing. Principle, ttntil. by. back and. originally. there the. any. Shih. the. ideas Chang to Yu came. dis Tso.

(20) from use. the. C h ’engs,. his. hu.t. writings. themselves. as. as. a. away. old. his. learning. ord_er. Ghang. consequently. there. of. among. the. Loyang.. they. If. soon. O h 1eng. school,. later the Lo. as. is. the. after. disciple Tûng-yen, Yang. claims.. point. of. vailed scholars direct the. and. death, thus. several. had. visited. It. is. therefore. Loyang. whether. it. was. justified. reason. statement acts. of. on. to the. Ghang. schools. the. or. point 'is written. is dis. the of. all. 'disciple. and. natural. school. question. T sai. of. H s i (1130-1200). Yi-ch'uan. the. men. 7). ancestor. Chu. to. source,. degree. himself. of. the. joining. the. great. 'JVung,. and. T s a i ’s disciples. became. (The. words,. the. Loyang. Chang. Way.. according. to. some. his. the. among. ideas. view. find. to. live as. that. m. Li. Shih). their. clear. his. who. scholars. Kuanchung. which. of. himself. who. he. abandoned. Ming-ta.o’s. many. regard. discussions,. M i n g-tao.11 (YS 367/If,. Neo-Confucianism.. under. of. it. these. persed. devote. trace. with. between in. are. to. 16 ). completely. Tsai accepted,. you. But. reflected. to. Kuanchung. originated. rivalry. and. Kuanchung. wish. M i n g - t a o ’s. disciples in. in. and. school.u. hearing. “—. them. disciples. authorities. separate. ‘’Then, sent. his. not.. found. in. hy. his. the. have. Many. i t (7 ). The. of. studied that. should. wa. pre-. mod, ern earliest. the. report. disciple.

(21) Lu. Ta-lin,. 1079. who. went. Buddhist. years But. that. the. C h ’eng. of. discussed. Loyang. the. school. in. in in. in. it.’. He. learned. from. them* H (9). by. Y i - c h ’uan "Xu. acts. ofChang. C h ’engs Yin. he. T ’un. Ta-lin,. Tsai,. his. say. he. had. C h ’eng they. became. said : ’Our need. to. way. seek. learned. was. that. but. it. from. I recently and. writing. all. life-long. statement,. all. on he. and. directly. there. were and. untrue charged. had. no. to Lu. idea. report meeting. had. Yi-ch'uan. opinions. is. the. that that. this,. and myself ; us.. no. the. together He. and. he. At. the. and. is. says. mentioned to. met. philosophy.. statement. doctrines.. repudi. himself. abandoned. reasonable between. this. several. progress,. there. abandoned. But. he. truth. their. classics.. capital,. of. itself ;. of. six. the. spent. no. convictions. outside. ated. the. the. his. for. and. making. (10.56 -63). essentials. settled. complete. in. Yu. look. knowledge. was. it. to. writings,. he. Chia. of. on. thorough. to seek. brothers. fully. went. Taoist. a. realising. beginning. is. he. and. gaining. returned. the. to. 18 J ;“Then. in. over. the. the. two. learned.. said. 'It. points those say. Ta-lin that. of. it. When. is. in. common. of. my. brother. that. he. learned. to. cut. is. out. still.

(22) 10 included.. This. is. little. short. of. unscrupulous, M (WS 11/4A/7-9). The emended. under. text (9). it. doctrines even. this. says.. In. Ghang. Tsai. sentence. Yi-ch'uan's. reads. became. a. is. .hardly. consistent. any. case. pure. Lu. heresies. before. he. met. Ming-tao. was. himself. leaving was. Ghou very. in the. far. in. in. all. with. the. his. what. account. process. extant. heteradox. in. advance. 1057 ;. fnearly. 1047,. it. of. that. abandoning. in. for. Yi-ch Tuen. admits. of. O h 1engs. a heretic. Tun-yi. evidently. (Confucian)But. Ta-lin *s. least. was. for. abandoned. and. at. neither. influence,. 'Then he. was. after. criticised. his. and. ten. years1. woulA* seem. the. if. other. that. in. this. matter, Ghang elder. of. Loyang. the. until. and. very. are. earlier. mention him.. If. Ghang. influence when. about of. we. the. this. while. was. time. of. date ;. but. it As. older. not his. death. sayings. his. is we. much. examinations,. at. a. writings ever. to. one-sided the. priority. likely. seen,. in. 1077,. scarcely. by. more. have. in. refer. giving. the. teaching. and. works. relationship avoid. than. begin. constantly. hardly. mutual. their. did. the. can. Tsai ;. they. theirs. explain we. years. their surviving. than. them.,. taking. was twelve. C h fengs ,*. few. dependence, to. Tsai. they. time. that first. when. two. met.

(23) II. of. them. had. only. their. ideas. both. Ming-tao. capital, ing. were. visited. osophy, of. Ming-tao second. about dating. sophical versy.. but. Chang. held. former. sent. in. expressing. Inscription. (14). at. they but. recorded. offices. at. the. a. and. (I&).. of. a. criticising unlimited. Chang. their. touched. con on. phil. periods. Chang. T s a i ’s. letters. one of. of. C h ’engs many. 1077. their. These. tone. the. and. In. protest. During. two. 1069 (13). in. memorial. seldom. remain. 1060 (12) from. 1069. Loyang,. (II).. and. In. corresponded. ; there. Confucianism,. unformed.. dismissal. unfortunately. sayings Tsai,. still. Tsai. differences The. to. Chang. fully. perished,. doubt. C h ’engs. which. were. returned. l a t t e r ’s. the. separation. have. to. the the. versations,. no. and. and. against. Tsai. just. of. admiration. written. by. Y i - c h ’u a n ’s, discuss friendly frequently his for. philocontro refer. opinions his. the. West.

(24) HOTES I.. Of. the. doms,. independent the. influence they not of. only on. repeat he. the. about. conception one. hut seem. T z u ’s on. Heading. Mo. in. which. he. claimed. that. between. the. thought that. ideas. that the. it. was a. errors.. of. b r o t h e r ’s. But. son no. Mo. Tzfa say. Mencius. s o u r c e 1, would. was. knowing. certainly Chang. versal. (Han. the. been. a. of too. Han. Yu. no. and. the. little. that. very. tolerant. sms:. had. we. written. chi 5/74).. contradict ion. was of. own. different. Confucius,. essay. should. degrees. their. so. is. Although. that love. Ch'ang-li. there Tzu. certain. Y i - c h ‘uan. good. but. Mo Tzft's. He observed “Mencius. does. .not. King. Tzu.. observe. l o v e T.. Mo. little. a. Mo. awareness. is. Tzu. point. was. have. as. ’universal. l^say.. had. ifesxisxxisxxHE. things. arl. Warring. objection. to. fact that. all. the. have. should. of benevolence with. Mo. may. traditional. they. the. who. of. Ueo-Confucians. indiscriminate. touchy. from. thinkers. one. the. relationship,. are. 1*1. love'. iMcriEtion. more. that. than. anything ’pulling that be. of up. as. Tz6. the. kind roots. degenerated to. this. uses. ai £. Mo. Yang. his. elder. son.. Where. in his and. book V. stopping. the. the. doctrine. extreme.M (YS254/9-14) T z u ’s. CTCS 41/5), by. loves. neighbour's. the. it. once. attacked. Mo. his. carried. Tsai. (chien was. says. Shih. and as. term his. ’uni™ West. tending.

(25) towards their 2.. Moism.. Yi-ch'uan. correspondence. The. primary. brothers Report. is. printed. sources. 13 it (YCWC 5/I2B/I-7) ;. defended. for. together. the. lives. of. the. of_. Acts. by. Yi-ch'uan. in. of. C h 'eng. (Yuan yen. chi. 'veritable Sung. Zen. how these. Lin that. Chu. the. Yi. are. Hsi, who shu. Yi-ch' uan. also. in. their. both his. Ch 'an-lin (39-41) Yi-ch'uan before periods. Yi. from. the. biographies. his. "had youth,. learning was. preserved in. Ch'eng. Ch'eng. in. the. based.. Yi-ch'uan. the. of. documents. which the. certain. K'o-t'ang. of. The. (YS 68/4). are. Buddhism. Biography. inquiries.". toa. and. and. on. Buddhists. profound. ressed. one. records'. History. with. Hao. 3/53B-55B).. YCWC 7/6A/I2.. 3-5,. by. 1168.. Biography. Yuan. Ch'eng. 1085.. of Yi-ch'uan (YS 370-377) •it published A in the supplement to. up. the. Ming-tao (YCWC 7/1 A/ -7A),. Year-table. 3.. of. 9-IOn.. are :-. written. in. in CTCS. by. wishing. and. the. hsun. I023./BI4-26.. after. incredible. greatest. his. exile. gave add. ling pi-yii. "From. these. conclusion. instruction. activity. Confucian. he. Zen monk. pao. receiving. observe. sayings. Yuan ho-shang. the. to. afterwards. Ling. was. of. Letters. conversations. the. draws. and. ;. many. to as. teacher.. in Thi-chou,. a.

(26) ^. But. is. the. Y i - c h fuan. mentioned by. confused fact. a.. by. Chu some. who. corresponded. Hsi,. who says. with. that,. with O h 1engY i - c h ’uan,. certain. P !an. Ling. "Yuan. although. he. was. in. Gh'un (YL I26/33B/8 -. 34A/8) 4,. ITWC I/IA/I3.. 5.. YS 365/2,. 6*. Y ang. 7.. Watanabe. 8.. YS ch.2A Heading,. 9.. GTCS 312/8“ 10, the. CTOS 312/2. 366/4. Kuei- shan. chi S 7/ 6. 458-9,. last. Horlte 57,. restoring. sentence. as. Lin. the. ll'o-t'ang 4f. original. given. by. Ohu. reading. of. Hsi (WS.Il/4A/9n). 10. MTWC 2/2A, 11. YS ch.10 12. MTWC. 3/XAB,. was. written. his. first. in. theLetter at. it. was. not. says. it. was. written. at the clearly 13.. age. (IB/7),. long. Chu. Tsai. Nature .This. which. took. was. up. at. Hu. Yu. Tso. implies. (YS 367/2),. and. Chu. Hsi. ch !uan. sbu. 45/I0A/$. Hu (Chu. of twenty-two. Tzu. Hsi,. that. or twenty-three. he. wrote. it. (1053-4),. is. (YL 93/9A/I0). YCWC 5/4A -5A.. not. of. the. Ming-tao. disciple. after at. assertion. mistaken. Chang. after. office. ICD58 (MTWC I/I.B/I,4)# His. Another. Composing. some time. that. 9).. on. The second. were. in. the. l4B/5f), which seems. implies capital to'. have. that. liing-tao. but . Yi-c h -uan been. the. case. and was.

(27) only. in. 1069,. 14.. The. West. gave. it. Learning thing. their. since. than. discussed yen. in. thought. (YS 39/4-6,. writings. are. with. and. otherwise.. than. CTCS ch.I.. disciples. Mencius. other. critical. Ts /ui. is. (WS I2/I3B/I0},. Towards. passages the. to. written. 218/2). often. Inscription. sometimes the. Yi. YS 22/9-II. of. his. See,. for. given. The. the it 41/9, they. Cb/engs. Oreat the. 217/14 are. example more. (the in. shu) :on. CTCS 44/6 22/4,etc. 133/13. (TY 2/24A/I0 -12). 143/6. -----. 225/6-9. (TY 2/22B/5). 24/3. ------. 45/13 80/JL5f. (TY 2/ 3 IB/I - 3 ). 52/6. IS X2/I7B/4 YCWC 5/ Aa / 9. more. fully. 71/If. 290/7. best. 39/8 ----. — —. 24/1.

(28) II. CHOU. TUN-YI OF. AND. THE. BEGIIJNIYGS. NEO-C ONEUCIANISM. 'It. has. been. generally. accepted. hundred. years that theNeo-Confucian. by. Tun-yi. Chou. (IOI7 -1073) ;. handed. onto. him. 1046-7 ;. in. Ts.ai,. who. Shao. met. and. adulterated finally This. that them. at. forms. traditional. Lo. of. yuan. certain. Tun-yi. was. development. through writer. the as. central (I).. be. spread. with. over. Chu. Hsi. is. derived. biographies Modern. a. to. Sung. to. the. greatest write. his. predecessors. to. himself,. and. to. assume. ideas. its. show Chou. thinker. in. are related. to are. in his. that. him. recent. a. Chu H s i ’s. Tu n-y i’s. history ;. they. Chou. from. so. the quest. and. that. according that. was. H s i ’s. that. school. even. implicit in. it. although. line. at in. predecessors,. assume. straight. tries. all. to. the. them. (1130 -1200). Chu. scholars,. Chu Hsi ;. Yu-Ian. trusted. his. continue to. followed. C h ’engs. of. from. to. China. by. of. their. acquainted. and. completed. estimate. as. in 1057,. Chang. and. to. related. to. C h ’engs,. Nevertheless,. cannot. was. being. founder. ideas are. them. was. under. the. points,. Eeng. rrom. studied. of. lu .. the. philosopny. who. the capital. founded. disciples. the. ioning. his. eight. was. by. picture. yuan. that. passed. who. nearly. school. brothers,. it. that after. restored. collection. its. C h ’eng. Yung (IOII -1077),. Loyang ;. Yi. the. for. a he. works.. movement is. their. likely utility. historically own. mind..

(29) Chu. H s i ’s. movement long. presentation deserves. been. the. given. to. The begin. is. the. traditional edge. of kind. his. most. of. is. Neo-Confucian. consider. him. worthy. sayings. Chin. ssu. lu .. yuan. yuan. C h ’engs, fact. in. Y u n g ’s ical. a was of. the. bhao who. a. was. work. that. the Y u n g ’s was. importance ;. and from. a. school. transmitted. Hsi. from. long. way. that C h ’en. numer to attach. never. by. JLi. which. Ming-tao,. C h i h - t s ‘ai, to. its. b a c k . ” (2 ).. the. been. independent. Hsiu ; ”v/hen traced. stated. Shao. and. school. and. from. Po-wen. Hut. has. derived. son. valuable. Chu. it. the. Tun-yi. of Changes.. was. a. of. Book. learning. goes. the. charts. and. the Lo. of. them.#. written. tradition. Yi. Chou. epitaph. Mu. not. spite. the. from. did. those. to. it. the. with. them. C h ’eng. the. on. everything. from. the. derived. in. to. anthology. than. indifferent. thanthe. According. derived. numbers. were. which. that, in. that. on. at. in the. after. concerned. based. classics.. his predecessors,. older. derived. was. he. older. years. the. his. the has. of. Hsi. included. considered. limited. Y u n g ’s. source Shao. Hsi. C h ’engs. much it.. is. impression six. in. of. the. main. secret. writings life. was. which. who. Chu. inclusion. giving. teaching. only. school.. immediately. calculations. which ed. and His. Yung,. of. precariously. but. Chu. his. of. point. Shao. lu ,. that he. himself,. criticism. balanced. the. the. of. history. interpretation. of. of. early. convenient. position. scheme. the. science. T ’uan [a. of. Taoist.

(30) who Li. died. in. 989;. C hih-ts’ai. to. poems. of. C h ’en. T ’uan (4),. his to. Taoist the. by. Yung. After. which. so. that. reflect. There his. no. doubt. orthodoxy. Po-wen. from. Mi n g - t a o ‘s. Y u n g ’s. the. and. reveal. is. whose. Shao. son. Hsiu,. father (3).. predecessor. his. often. Mu. his. deceased,. stress. on. Shao. to. and. rivalry. between. several for. failure. to. due. politeness. to. is. his. grandson. are. through. admiration. he. death. him. careful. work Po,. the. mention. to. was. carried. whose Shao. waitings. and. C h ’eng. schools.(5) There was. ever see,. their. basic. ury. a. unconnected only. reason. the. rest. as. was Book. the. based of. of. with. the. wdiy. these. influenced. Chu. on. charts apassage. that. Changes. of. Shao as. we. other. in. them. ceases. to. during. to. be. sur. the. for. Ilth. that. two. w?ere. distinguished. is. that. they. cosmology. circulating the. during. Great. the. most. and. were. cent. in. the. revival,. Yung. are. interested. but. Confucian. Hsi.The. in. but,. each. thinkers. ‘Neo-Confucians *. various. This. realised. Book. to. either. Tsai.. of. ShBHxx5nx. Tun-yi,. closer than. school. the. the. in. is. that. Chou. are. Chang. it. of. who. with. two. and. therewas. ones. evidence. assumptions. w'hen. cosmology part. these. C h ’engs. prising. no. acquainted. shall. the. is. from. the. illustrated this. Appendix. period of. the. Changes :"Therefore. in. the. Changes. there. is. the Sup reme.

(31) 15 Ultimate It ’ai-chi ^ ), types.. The. these. two. produce. types the. This struction types to. make. and. in. which (. —. ,. predict. the. to. principles. the. since. indivination. fixed. by lie. at the. ion. wfex. similar tonave. intervals. fore. from. ponding the earth such. The. assumed. verse. the. sixty-four. diagrams. by. of. five. to. the. drawn. Yin. the. the. and Yang had the. long elements. us. to. correspond earth ;. must. in. some conclus. been to. of. types. four the. was. tne. two. the. are. musical. Appendix. the. and. are. a. study of. and. , etc.). hexagrams. evolution. Ultimate,. —. Pythagoreans. Grea t. the. ). hexagrams. universe the. ways. uni corres. images. custom. schemes. there. of. to. to four. seasons). Shao "When. in. Supreme. relating. the. from. (. and. number. which. describe. elements.(It. w/hen. the. that. four. two. —. must. the. con. The. enable. Heaven. the lines. of. the. in. trigrams. construction. followed. to. and. divination.. eight. the. their. passage. the. to. as. if. to. - ----- ---. make. basis. images,. together. counting yarrow-stalks,. way. supposed. to. future,. put. the. But. four. in. (* ~. make. etc.).. two. primarily. used. — ) are. combined. the. refers. images. to. the. trigrams.11 (6). diagrams. the four. are. ==. eight. and. eight. produces. produce. passage. of the. I ---. which. 'V. Yung the. says Supreme. •Ultimate. divides,. the. two. omit.

(32) 16 types Yang. are. in. position*. descending. and. produced.. The. the. four. images. and. soft. produces. eight are from. of. shen mg. earth ;. After. the. eight. 4. into. 8,. 8. into. 16,. 16. into. 33,. 32. into. 64." (?). divides. Supreme and. Ultimate. as. Sung. things. produces. of. of. tnings. are. produces. images. innumeraoie. the images. interaction. 4,. in. (concrete. Yang. into. the. his. power. "which The. not. is. hard then. the. trigrams. are. produced. in. the. a. man. unmoving. but. personal which. soace.. Shen. pre-existent. assume. within. ’s p i r i t 1,. intelligence. movement. images. present It. translated. and. produces. is. nature. thinkers. without. things.. the. complete. the. and. of. four. 2. impersonal. of. Yin. the. 2,. an. number,. of. four. (8), generally. ror. ascending,. into. mind. ^. interaction. Therefore. The his. tbe. together,. them.. the. heaven,. are. I. as. Yin. interaction. trigrams mixed. By. 2- °. form. as. but. imply-. spirit is. but. active. produces. images. (hsiang)-. instruments. things) "The. mind. "The. Supreme. two ; "Shen. when. is. the. Supreme. Ultimate. there. produces. is. is two. number,. Ultimate." one, there. number. unmoving. is. It. shen.". im a g e s ,. images.

(33) instruments.H "The When. it. number. Supreme. emits. Ultimate,. there. images,. is. when. shen.. images. mind ;. from. the. therefore centre.. activities. sophical. when. are. tne. The. born. charts. Even. during. writings. of. the. shen. is. nature.. number,. the. when. Sung. all. of. developed ana. (9). there. undisputed. training. transformations. mind.". the. a. are. innumerable in. is. instruments." learning. "The. the. unmoving,. were. no. authenticity. pmlo. ascribed. Yc4. to. the. chih,. three a. predecessors. late. member. 1107. that. before. none. had. ever. ever,. a. Record. JG which. which. disinterested, later Its. than charts. Appendix heaven the. by. first. the. Its ao. the. not in. fix. the was. the. have. case. it. middle on. oaa. even. to. to. of the. up. earth. (12),. hxaxBrixxMiixxKacxih. interaction entitled. There. "The. was,. numbers. t ’u. questioned, been was. howr'. chi. not. to. century of. and. (II).. the. Great. belong. to. illustrated ’innumerable. and of. from. written. ten. the. of. entirely. Ilth. of heaven. down. fragments. the statement. numbers. in. T ’uan. T ’uan,. was. Shua-. wrote. Chart (Lung. C h ’en. any. C h ’ao. C h ’en. (*0). Dragon. seem. Yung. school,. "from. genuineness. but. of. Shao. book.". to. were based. evolution. things* the. the. that and. a. ascribed. ). Shao. the Yung. written. survive.. motives. of. Shao. of. of. earth. the. Since. Dragon.

(34) Chart. before. heaven. work. evidently. from. the. numbers. to. (I04I-8).. (14). the. Fan. Book. Changes,. been. T *uan (15).. Yin. eight able. in. i. the. and. Yang. four. things. doubled A to. provided images ly. forms. the. C h ’ing-li. to. tradition. a. school,. which. he. wrote. from. on the. the. was. T ’ien-hsi. also the. period.. the. work. in. was. appar. was. a. extant,. wTork. supposed Taoist. C h ’en. make. is. meant. Until. are. the. not. from. the. the. in. responses produced. Yang. could. the. the. and. two the. trigrams.. of inter the. innumer types. four. When. in. images. these. are. Aia. sixty-four. sages. and. position ; before. wlience. eight. interaction. Yin. Therefore. "tyu. are. the. the. four images,. Jim**. world the. are. says :-. produced ?. t&noto. by are. in. learning. ethers.. produce. the. Mu. divide,. JUm,. of. types. and. early. ultimately. images. be. mutation. ities. charts whose. who. Changes. produce. (ft ,. exponent of. Shao. whose. Liu. trigrams. mutation. two. X^p^^XKjpcxifixxLiBtxxMDtixxAjuutf. "By. the. the. Mu,. longer. derived. xKXxxxxRgxxraxiex. act,. no. of. the. Liu. O - c h ’ang,. (1017-21),and. have. the. the. joined",. production. was. According. of. to. Yung. in. nave. (13). Emperor. disciple. period. the. important. Shao. originated. of. eartn. Ultimate.. most. before. presented. ently. ignored. Supreme The. ana. hexagrams,. completed. to. observe. above from. the. The the. level. images,. the. possibil. diagrams images. of. images. form. are. w’ere. The ultimate.

(35) 19 provided there. from. is. four. numbers.. no. means. the. original. number ether I. the. numbers. of. seeing. the. to. Liu. Mu, the. are. ignored,. origin. of. the. images.H (16) According. is. If. or. undivided. diagram.. It. and. 3). numbers heaven. and. heavy,. impure,. earth,. 2. and. earth,. still. with. into. and. 5, the. These. above. of. no. pure,. round. of heaven, ether. are. the level. ’ether. has. light,. square. 4).. Ultimate. and. the odd numbers. of. combining. ether (c h 1i ). divides. (corresponding- . to. Supreme. ( the. the. even. images. of. of. form. But. equilibrium. and. har. mony ’, 1. produces. 2. while. ". 8 > wood. 4. H. n. 9, metal,. doubles of. comes. itself the five. into. was. not. In. 1134,. in. circulation. Mu. known. Hsiu,. who. become. elements,. a as. Shao. Yung. 10, the. the. received got it. and. philosopher soon. as. by disciples. into he. to. earth.. With. world of. the. concrete. existence.. as. almost. him. that. fire. H. Unlike. ing. 7,. w. appearance. fitted. water. 3. 5. forms. 6,. pedigree his from. in. his of. of. Mu,. the. Chou. Ilth. writings. the. Sucreme a. Liu. Shao. Yung. Ultimate. disciple. of. century.. had. C h ’engs,. Tun-yi. been. Chu by Chart. C h ’en. put. Chen assert from T ’uan (17)..

(36) SjaBaxx3bui3QC±xxrax Tun-yi. was. which. is. only at. he. studied. both. in. the. just. credible can. Tun-yi Shao. rate. (18). no. Yung. sophers.. His. Liu. Mu. the. Chu. it. is. since. although. assumptions. were. claim or. none. with. Y i - c h ’uan. they. C h e n ’s. is. not,. of. his. numbers, which. from. the. later. of. the. Supreme. Sxolanat ion. of. accepted. concerned. when Ohou. reckoning -----. age. Tun-yi ;. that,. general. 1032,. Chinese. I03I-2. are. 3U. than. Chou. doubt. the. and. more. in. in. the. Whether. writings. shares. by. under. capital. be. surviving. sixteen. any. when. there. Mu Hsiu died. few. Chou. distinguish. Sung. philo. Ultimate. Chart. begins :"It the. is. Supreme. duces. the. Yang,. still.. and. the. ment. and. other. types. and. and at Becoming. ultimate. stillness. With are. according. the in. the. teaching. inated. with. the. of. Ultimate. ultimate it. The. produce. Yin. Yang water,. at. the. changing. Move. root. Yang,. fire,. pro. Yin,. moves. the. and. is. movement. again. each. of. moving. produces. stillness. alternate,. of. which. and. wood,. of. the. the two. the. Yin. metal. (20) What. Tsai. nothing (19). Supreme. separation. it. of. still,. position.. with. earth.". Chang. ultimate. Ultimate. The. becomes at. the. to. is the. these of. Chou. the. relation. earlier Loyang. Tun-yi. is. of. the. thinkers ?. C h ’engs The. and. Kuanchung. not. found. view. schools. until. the. £nd that orig middle.

(37) of. the. I2th. century ;. that. it. went. back. that. it. began. with. view. is. found. in. earlier. to. Ch'en. the the. writers T ’uan. C h ’engs. or,. memorial. in. which. on the. its. completion. After saying. Wei. dynasty. Confucians. speculative Taoist Chen. 1134.. approach. were. to. interpretations. the of. Book of. Book. Wang. commonly, The. Chu. of. Chen after. after the. against Changes. Pi and. former. Changes. that. prejudiced. either. more. themselves.. presented his commentary in. assumed. the by. Chung. the. Hui,. Chu. continues :"From this. way. of. for. over. man. were. time. rent. of. the. from. time. present. to. time.. veay. apart. seven hundred. rise. the. and. years.. But. dynasty, The. of. heaven. wrere. not. after. exceptional. F armer. and. the. reunited. the. glorious. people. Heaven Chart. appeared. was. trans. mitted from. C h ’en. from. Fang. to Mu. Hsiu,. from. Hsiu. to Li. C hi h - t s ’ai,. from The. from. The. of. P ’u-shang to. Ch i h - t s ’ai. River from. T ’uan. Chart. C h ’ung. to Shao and the. Lo. Wri ting. Ch$ung Fang Fai. Yung.. were to Li. Fang,. transmitted Fai,. to Hsu. Chien,. from. Chien. to Fan. O - c h ’ang,. from. O - c h ’ang. to Liu. Mu.. Supreme. Ultimate. Chart. was. transmitted.

(38) At. from. Mu. from. Tun-yi. this. with. time. the Shao Liu. Hsiu to. C h ’eng. Chang. Tsai. two. C h ’engs. Yung. wrote. Mu. Chou. Tun-yi. the. and. unang. rsai. mony A. similar. K u a n g - t ’in g *s a. little. "In C h ’en. T ’uan. Their. high. known. to. Y i ’s. worth. that. some. and. and. of. association. In. consequence,. ching. shih,. numbers. of. heaven. sh u, as. ê. and. to. Supreme. the. be. Har. Two#” (21). implied. Y i - c h ’uan. to. Imperial. were. in. the. Chu Emperor. but. necessarily teaching. I. of. in. appointments. life. consider. less. is. ancestors. offered. simplicity. world ;. not his. the. and. than. were that. C h ’eng. theirs,. advance. of. and. T ’uan. Hang. '* (22). the. the. other. hand. of. a. memorial. presented. by. Hu. this. he. requests. Yung. and. age. seems. Hang. founders. be. chi. Three. of. C h ’ung. whole. of. On were. time. reputation. is. Yung.. essays. The. view. in. Hao.. 1086 :-. the. the. teaching. T ’ung. recommendation. before. C h ’eng. earth,. sucn. and. Tun-yi,. fifty-five. the. wrote. and. Huang. the. wrote. V/. Yi. Shao. and —0v. Chou. was. and. expounded. to. Chang. rewarded of. their. by. that Tsai. new. movement soon. services to. view. An-kuo. the. posthumous works.. the. There. of. the. Confucian. titles is. no. and. that is. the. found. after. in. 1132.. C h ’engs, revival official. reference. C h ’engs. to. a In. Shao should patron.

(39) C h ’en. T'uan,. contrary. Liu. he. is long. ceased. brothers. for. it. has. been. to. it.". (23). to. the. to. late. II5I. as. studied. to. his. salary,. and. graduates. thing than the. a. of. century. C h ’eng. Chang. high. their. hunting. after. to. regarded. wrote. in. the. the. thesages. the was. of. to learn. any. the. Sung. Y i - c h ’uan,. looked. into. and. fought. against thousand. the. themselves. "After. ambition. of. their. epitaph. only. rise. for. on death not. way. and. were. profit. sages.. the sages. in. in. the. past. his. scholars. These. also. wrote. of. the. attain. father. way. of. is. and. Changes :-. expect. and. and. light,. whose. the. only *. way. onwards. cannot. the. predecessors. aHdx. of. the. C h ’eng. to. C h ’engs,. on. dynasty. the. it. Yung, the. Ming-tao. derived.. This. way. about. scholarship. directly. under. one. brothers. Tsai. on. Confucius. Since. their. &uo. was. of. brought. learn. office. them. down.. interested. Certainly. from. Tun-yi ;. way. commentary. Han. most part. the. time. possible. had. preface. the. Chou. handed. first. "From the for. even. since. he. the. As Chung-hsiao. or. says :-. "It Mencius. Mu. the. and. More appeared. from. whom. corruption the. profit-. years,. going. teachers." (24) in. v/hich. Chang. the. C h ’engs. Tsai. Y i - c h ’uan. Ming-tao :of. the. Duke. applied ;. of. after. Chou the. the death.

(40) 24 of. Mencius. mitted.. the. Since. generations learning there. the. was no. object. to. true. the. was. not. sages applied,. for. a. Confucian ...... afterwards,. this. was. not. for. no good government ;. remaining. use. the. transmitted,. years. in. of. was. not. hundred. learning. way. there. was. teen. learning. classics,. way. to awaken. hundred. since. the. Ming-tao, the and. trans. a. thousand. f ound. 2-*. years born. four. untransmitted made. it. his. this people.”. (YCWC 7/7B/6-9) The were. the. lost. since. by. the. first the. from. ics,. but. as. a. the. all. cessors. these or. had. no. of. the. repeatedly. most as. Hu. is. applied. is. their. of. the. can. be. scnool. a. Kingdoms. respect.. Tung. scholars, Han. Yu,. immediate prede. favourable Yuan. in panegyr. scarcely. barring. least. made. formula. mostly. there. sages,. This. onwards. Wei-Chin Of. the. (26). philosophical. mention and. ideas. Sun to. be. rejected. There. influence. the. receive such. is. used. than the. freely.. Confucians. but. accepted. who. teaching. Hsi. fact. have. Hsiung,. criticised. militant (27);. C h ’engs. Yang. those. of. later. Chang Tsai. disciples (25).. and Chu. matter. for. are. their. admittedly. Confucian. uhung-shu,. the. of Mencius,. Hung is. Ch'engs and. restore. and. prominent whom. the. death. Hu. Chou Tun-yi). that. to. C h ’engs. (which to. claim. no doubt. that it. was. the. of charts. and. numbers. ( in. are Ku.

(41) particular, that. the. first. personal. influence. awakened the. speculation ;. but. they. C h ’engs were. that. their. own approach. the. first. place. Liu. were. not. thought Han. is. of. against. have. which. seen,. C h ’en Lao. the. T ’uan Tzd. (28).. and. Chu. poetry ;. ity. of. poetry. Shao. Yung. the. two. Taoist. Ilthcentury. separate work. of. is. out. of. the. The. -writers,. are. completely. and. Chang. (30).. the. Tsai.. and absent They. -which. w^hich from are. Liu. middle. in of. the. were. Book. that. so. revived. the. development. in. Tsai.. the ôrks equally. one. of. Changes. from. were. superior. works. the. to. are. in. run together. Chang. different. approval. surprise. the. of. attitude. Taoist. all included. which only. their. charts. The. we. quotes. the. also. end. Book. C h ’engs and. the. sentiments and. In. revival. As. often. Taoist. (29).. the. revolt.. Yung. Tun-yi were. movements,. essentially. predecessors. earlier. Chou. Confucian. "Further, Changes. Tun-yi. their. since. regarded. alchemy. In. contrary. in. intelligence. Chou. suppos. Tun-yi. always with. the. collections. philosophy. still. over. and. the. nearly. themes as. of. Shao. the. founder.. foolishness. the. a. its. on. the. were. openly. remarked. Mu,. of. prevalent. C h ’engs. in. Chou. hybrid. school. such. and. on. the. in. quite different.. Yung. kind. Tun-yi). an interest. Confucians ;. Chuang Tzu,. Hsi. was. Mu, Shao. Chou. justified. Shao. as. his. in. the. to. quite. ing. polemical. of. of. of. their. prominent by of the. indifferent. Chu. in Hsi,. C h ’engs to.

(42) numerical. speculation,. pre-existent. ’images1. diagrams. of. ing. an. to. the. the. But. before. there. understand images. the. that. is. If. the. of. a. depend. you. object. the. stream of. Confucian.". moral. of. the. (YCWC. admonitions,. osophy. is. Changes. .. not of. to The. covered his. be. ideas,. learning ,. not. and found. and. his. there. the. images to. also we. are. from. the. grasp the. numbers. can be. out. of. way. the. your. and. explore the. numbers, way to and. to. that. its not. is to e n d ’,. the. which. concern. 5/ I 6A / 4 - 7 ). appendices by. principles. and. the. all. on. meaning. numbers*.. before. if. fortune-tellers. universe,. number. Writ. from. is. images. Y i - c h ’uan expounds of. it. go. implications of the. the. the. ’th e. are. images. images. secrets of. ’investigate is. and. numbers.. granted.. minute. that. There. know the. taken. most. wrong.. and. the. the. letter. Changes we. meaning,. exhaust. by. from. ultimately derived. pzxxRXRiBX for. that. represented. principles,. we. claim. derived. your. images,. the. the. Y i - c h ’uan says :-. is. are. In. things. sa y in. statement. numbers.. of. enquirer,. Changes. this. reject. Changes are. "Y ou of. and. in. the. as. symbols. fact very. in (the. his. but. no. more. so. the. D octrine. of. of. the. are. of. little. commentary. last. commentary). as a. hexagrams. five an. on. of. evolution his. important. the Mean.. phil. the. which. than M e n c iu s .. series. the. are source Great.

(43) The Shao. central. Yung and. Ultimate, This. much. refer. call. it. the. Chou Tun-yi. is. occupied. ision. of. a. a. by. which. a. one The new. and. rational. one. the. conscious. C h ’engs.. The. atically,. older. except. in. and. answer. assembled. they. to. with. with who. deal any. of. alwrays. esoteric. are to form. of. seldom. a. the. circle.. The. them, the. attention of. Tun-yi. of. and. charts less The. sayings,. by. which. to. more. doubting. they. high-sounding. is expounded. justified. the. system numer. reason. ideas. of. the. commentaries,. by. arguments. disciple ;. but. when. coherent world-picture designed .Nor. mystifications. have. Chou. their. div. to. calls. symmetry.. over. some. the. through. climate. persuades. real problems. the. from. things. , that. less. old, and. to. all by. running. both. series it. scattered. 2J,. intellectual. the fascination. letters,. thus. philosophy. by. that. it. Both. but. from the known. passing. than. ;. produced. call. the. of. calculations ; but. a,nd. to. than. in. implies. principle. in consecutive. are. the ’m a n y ’. being. is. ical. C h ’engs. terminology.. infer. sudden change. is. in. unit ;. term. Supreme. change. Ultimate. can. the. Mu,. i t (principle).. behind. single. by. Liu. by. a. ’o n e ’. of. C h ’engs. same source,. unknown.. to. the. more than. primal. united. more. of. Supreme. from the. from. the systems. to. come. are. in. in that. is. words. place. air. of. do. they. oftheir. expounding. difficulty of. tantalise. us. predecessors, secrets. understanding. to. an. them. i.

(44) simply ways. the of. years. inevitable. thought. of. Mu (31)* also. They. lived. Confucian,. when. at. his. but were. civilization. nine. the hundred. completely. Y i - c h ’uan. refused "I. some. word. we. detailed. not. numbers.". same. examination. him. in. left. him. the. to. There. is. elder. of. between. them. after. 1049 (34);. leaving. Chou. Tun-yi. that. and. Taoism. for. and. system ot. true. but. replied. Asked. by. C h ’ao. philosophy,. the. is. no. a. w'ith. but. Shao. else. wê. Yung. in. never. Tun-yi. no. 1046-7 (33*) •. is. Tun-yi. it. nothing. Chou. there. own. a. the. spoke. (WS I2/I8B/If). and. whose. was. discuss ;. sixteen,. Buddhism. who. system,. Y u n g ’s. street. There. attitude. under. they. the. years.. Their. Yung,. as. his about. Shao. Liu. cosmological. it." (32).. in. of. saying :-. did. about. him. Shao. him. his. examined. forgotten. livedin. that. to. asked. instruction. thirty. of. recognised. once. later. critical. friends. indifferent. Ming-tao. for. world. personal. brother. have. ied. understanding. extremely. Loyang, and. Shtto-chih. a. remote. C h ’engs were were. speculations.. for. a. of. ago. The. "I. difficulty. doubt. But. the. at. of. moreover. Ming-tao. the. a. stud. time when was. only. any contact it. was. years. of those. naturally. more. they. experimented. ten. combination. C h ’engs,. that. brothers. evidence. nearly. needs. Chu of. attached. after with Hsi, Chou great.

(45) importance. to. suppose. that. former.. The. oped. stage. a. a the. school,. remains. ism. in. letter. time.. plausible. their. ideas. to from. C h ’engs. merely. they. learned. from. of. the. in. C h ’en. claim was. own. it. the. founder. M. H s i ’s. Wang. devel Chou. Ueo-Confucian. the. standard. Chung-fan,. not. the. works. Bruce. received. and. without. Y i n g- c h’en. of "Forke.. critic. wrote. in. a. to him :"I. say. that. unquestioned. and. his. made. derived. what. supposed. Yu-la.n Chu. latter. further. the. But. which. assumption. Tun-yi,. Feng. fact. that. Tun-yi.. am. the C h ’eng "Fan. highly. afraid. Mean ;but. one. it. brothers. Chung-yen. of him,. that. once. is. were saw. and. gave. him. would. not. say. going. too. disciples. Chang the. of. Tsai,. Chang. to. Chou. thought. Doctrine. that. far. of. the. Tsai. was. his. disciple.” (35) More. concrete. Wang. Tao (1487-1547),. ow'n. time by. there. is some. implied. by. ’requested f r o m 1^hou and him. as. Chu. (36).. These. question. what. sort. theearly. statements. instruction Tun-yi,. formally to Hu. hsien-sheng. from*. or they their. Yuan,. his. were. raised. Yi-tsun (1629-1709). Mu. that certainly. refers Hu. C h ’ien. objections. or. him not. teacher. and. out. in. the. two. C h ’engs. theW a y ’(33);. to have regarded. Whereas. Yi-ch'uan. at. academy,. both. the of. is. instruction. discuss seem. our. that. relationship. ’received. teacher.. (37),. of. that. ’heard do. point. by. them. call. always as Chou.

(46) Tun-yi last Yi. by. his. style,. syllables happen. The. to. former. 1063,. to. hardly. in. he. had,. to. change. an. it. his. Chou. Tun-yi. One. fragment a. Zen. this. possible. a. but. to not. of the. only. the. collected. about. duty. in. Tun-yi. disciple, of. fourteen works. unless. would. and. the. if. disciple. the. that. of. the. loss. "Chou. references. occasion,. problem. argue. the. of. its. Tun-yi. he. all as. references. after. context. was. had. raised,. my. life. well. as. systematically. a. only. this. Shao. Yung said :-. person. was. With. compli. Y i - c h ’uan. the. as. are. hearing. to. C h ’eng s(38).. (39).. exception, one. as. C h ’eng. Tun-shih. Chou. a. the. character.. Chou. taboo ;. are. impression,. "In known. same. from. been. and. Buddhist. On. discuss. Tun-yi. tne. name. have. declares,. false. mentary.. the. Again,. own.. in. poor. with. Imperial. would. Chou. altered. assumed. There. gives. was. M ao -s h u’ (38).. names. written. name. have. the. be. avoid. 'Chou. Chou. I. have. Tun-yi,. yourself. " (WC Supplement 5A/5). "Yi-ch’uan men. of. old-'To. good. as. ten. make. a. real. years’ yi. study.. what to. said : 'You. do are. talk. years* gain, I. said : There with. stud y.’ it. for. But. is worth. once saw Li. about too. you. for. a. one. if much. in. it.. to It. saying. of. night one. more. C h ’u-p'ing. his desire old. is. would. is day. you. than. ten. ask. study.. the. Chou Chou. be. as. TunTun-yi. better.

(47) for. me. to talk. his. talk,. and. to. you.'. after. two. C h ’u-p'ing. then. years. enlightened.H (YS. was. listened. to. 303/I0f) A Chou. Tun-yi. Yung. and. his. that,. unlike. Chang. Tsai,. they. ideas.One. they. did. ered,. faith. Chang. wnose Yung. value. Inquiry erroneous the. and. viewrs. ?:ere. in. any. case. more. striking. is. that. few*. contemporaries. is. whose. still the. "The. men. of. only Way was. of. have. Ssu-ma. except the. idea. rev. he. wdiom. of. age. whose. were. not. Loyang. and. deluded. people,. Mencius. Way.. but. only. Chang. three. Tsai,. Shao. (YS 21/6). single. is. Yung. wrho. uncorrupted. since. statements,. present. and. many. Euang.". a. they. (YS 76/8). met. were. the. Shao. whom. Confucians :-. genuine. Ch'in.". man. because. to. doctrines were. general. perhaps. introduction. true. into. them,. C h ’engs. first. "But of. the. with. them their. doctrines and. Shao. concerned. that. a. Mu,. given. as. "I. never. to. recognised. Tsai. Liu. to. criticise. What. the. false. are. references. to. impression. mentioned among. in. the. those. alluding. problems,. theC h ’engs. of. wish to. had. known.. never. the. avoided. speculative. by. has. not. who. little. feature. is. deliberately. is. curious. In. but more. there. essay it the or. has. been. nothing. (of. Han. Yii*),. there. are. certainly. essential less. point. right.. As. the. is for. many that the.

(48) 32 West. Inscription (of. doctrine. on. SmfcxAfchs. The. the. which. of. its. alone. is. the. Inquiry. thought. beyond. Chang. Inquiry only. the. scope.. Tsai),. No. the.. with. the. worxs. such. writing. is. whole based.. Way,. is of. the. Way.. the. Inscription. Among. flawless.. contains. into. deals. West. it. ?fc. and. the. altogether. Chang. has. Tsai,. been. seen. this since. Ifencius." (YS 39/4-6) "There ing. in. the. all. gone. not. to. have. been. present age,. over be. to. Zen.. but in. the. Among those. deluded, the I. many scholars. Yung ;. but. am. afraid. ised. their. opinions have. end. wide they. Chang. that. in. not escaped. enough. Tsai. and. becoming this. learn have. independent. best were. Shao. of. popular. corruption.". (YS 108/14) The opment quite. of. philosophy. that. of. different. Supreme. these. produce. action. ofall. the. According. ether. -------. "The. ciple." (41),. and. combines. Ultimate. follow. with. to. Chu the. the 'two five. Hsi, two. principle.. *s. based Chou. elements ;. produces Ch'engs,. principles. following systems, Since it. not. and. amount. and the. are all to. his teacher identifying has. the. inter. innumerable. things are. devel. on. Yin. the. a. Tun-yi,. ethers',. principles w/hich. innumerable. (40).. -According. preceding the. Uh'engs it is. the. to. the. Tun-yi ;. produces. Yang ;. of. Chou. premises.. Ultimate. things.. of. been. composed related one. prin-. Li. T'ung. the tne. Supreme.

(49) practice ation. for. of. the. commentary, fication. first. place, and. there. has. involves. the. Yang. suggest the. Supreme. the. Yin. Before. heaven. chaotic. divided. and. the. ether,. erts. that. The. problem,. the. ation. of. duces. the. the Yin. and. the. that. the. identi. combination. of. Chu. Hsi. the. are. in. two. implies Chu. is the. one. between that. the. to. between. Yang. and The. original of. ether one. was. ether. of. the. principle. himself. produced. generally. To deal a. Supreme. with. forced Supreme. ass. this. interpret Ultimate. Yang. Supreme still. are. Ultimate ether,. Yu. Liu. ether.. primal the. but. (42).. that. co-existent.. the. Chart. the view'. -which. Hsi. and. the. types.". that. kind. be. the. into. the. elements.. to. fact. the. in. Yin. In. ether ;. of. five. divided,. statement. agree. difference the. incompatible. apparent.. elements. Ultimate. wavers. and. still. identification. hK. are. Hsi. "The moving. the. although. Chu. realised. parts. principle. they. H s i ’s. analogy. was. earth. called. with. Chu. Explanation. by. Supreme. further, Ultimate. with. producing. unity.. are. Chart. producing. This. "The. Explan. and. any. ought. ether.. the. are. the is. Yang. study. five. Ultimate. Ultimate. undivided. a. in. there. and. Supreme. the. nothing that. which Tun-yi. and. to. been. forced. in. Chou. years. Ultimate. not a. flaws. is. hundred. Supreme. it. ideas. Yin. seven. is ^tfhen. principle ; the ether. the. pro.

(50) 34 forward,. principle. mutually may. be. still is. dependent. a. carried. Then. the. it ;. man. the. the. of. the. being. Supreme. moving horse. that. the. two. The. the. out and in. mystery. and. is by. comes. with. the. man. It. by. it j. inseparable.. a. horse.. horse. goes. still,. to. and. the. and. are. compared to. goes with. the. goes. Supreme. of. man. is ridden.. the. alternation. the the. horse in,. Ultimate. and. that. always. man. comes. moving. Ultimate. is. and. always. present," and are. a. retraction. mutually. Supreme. principle. Ultimate. except. in. Changes. was. to. Lu. C h ’engs disciples. from. produces. a. single. collected the. will be. have. two. works. shown. in by. of. the. I, is. Y i - c h ’uan. Chu. and. by. Chiu-yuan (44).. He could. only. say. that. did. of it. not. was. speak to. also. that. when. on. Chou. Tun-yi,. sayings. and. be. this. because. worthy. taught. commentaries. Hsi he. fact,. none. such. Chu. C h ’engs,. Appendix. Shih,. friend. a. of. offers. the. Hsi by. his. his oppons. the their. mystery.. produces of. the. to the. ^hang. his. and. Preface. for. by. to. the Y i n. reference to. anonymous. been written. asked. dependence the. the. ether.” (43). not. the. as. interesting. their. that. account. disciples,. is. in. which,. repeatedly. ent. is. MxxanjajnyamM. unlikely. view. Ultimate. producing. There Supreme. his. dependent:-. ”The. Yang. of. proof. It of. nothing. C h ’engs,. but.

(51) only by. the. elegies. Ming-tao,. The. last. and. of. Learning. echoes. Chou. Tun-yi.. at. a. Buddhism traces of. and. the. whole. If. the. li., ’principle'. of. ’propriety', (47).. But. been a,fter. all. by. his. met. not. interested Tsai.. explain. the. shows. any. trace. the. word its. already in as. in. It. anticipate. to. Yu-lan. of. twenties,. mention. uses. reference. con. him se l f(46).. He. principle. early. scarcely. Tun-yi. done. does. writings. Chang but. do. Y u a n ’s. academy,. still. ideas,. Chou. Peng. identify. wâs. Sort. Hu. the. in. yet. been. third. the. from. it. are. had. the. produced. does. which. as. at. Ch'engs. views. two. attracted. Yi-ch'uan. neither. times,. What. was. Ultimate, on. of. which. of. epitaphs. Discuss ion. had. ideas. of. Y i - c h fuan 145).. Tun-yi's. mature. couple by. brother. neither. a. essay. wrote. his. Chou. of. phrases. he. when. of. the. Loved. But. end. youthful. Yi-ch'uan. of. time. a. Tzu. when. tain. the. these,. Yen. attention. at. the. li. the. T'ung. evidence. with. their three. homophone. in. his. Supreme. li. shu. that. Supreme. li ^ chi has. he. did. Ultimate. (48) :HPr inciple.. -Na ture ,. Whether igence. can. is. true. of. the The. the. manifest. illuminate The. innumerable. hard. the. or. De cree.. hidden,. only. the. intell. them. may. soft. twro. and. be. Stop. ethers. things.. good at and. The. or the. the. five. bad ;. the. same. mean. five. elements. dissimilars. are. evolve two.

(52) realities, Thus. at. the. innumerable. one. are. each. allotted. ently. correct,. the the. But,. as. three. 'one. heading Chu. parts. of. ions. which. in shows. tion. in. this. says. a. their. reality. and. will. the. have. their. is. evid. only. have. is. intelligence. refers. to. other. sect. the. head. wTith. there. is All. success. no. presump. that. “whether. can. the. three. in. dealt. that. the. the. subjects. identified(50).. principles the. parallel. proper. wdth. that. principle.. commentary,. comparison. also. infers. with. to. frequently. are. Yu-la.n. correspond. are. about. decree,. his. they. and. part. identified in. a. last. Peng. several. three. The. the. are. manifest. illuminate. nature,. as. Chou. them. *'. is. clear. passage :nature. that matters. the. one.. the one. great. there. "The All. is. section. way,. the. it. heading,. next sentence. from. is. innumerable. and. and. recognised. the. hidden,. His. there one,. the. of. Ultimate,. the. that. that. Tun-yi. If. small. that. Hsi. in. ively. become. reality'. Supreme. subjects. ing. two. places.11 149). from. will. the. divisions.. The. to. of. the innumerable things. has. or. root. is. is the last and. the. place. There. are. means to. refers that the. 'decreed' a. and. soft,. good. and. bad.. mean."(5l). part. relation. hard. couple. not if. all. Supreme or of. to. principle things. preserve. Ultimate,. 'allotted' questions. each. for on. but. it.. which. the.

(53) Ch'engs. directly. without. however. Tun-yi. mentioning him. do. the. what. should. propriety,. one's. obligations On. by. name.. the. is. Chou. Thus. called. duty,. faith.". first. benevolence ; with. do. good. the. of. to. Tun-yi,. Chou. to. his. only. nature.. these. accord. How. the. with. to. prin. fulfil. says :-. feeling. of. consequently. Certainly. sympathy. the passions can. and. Yi-ch'uan. successors. to. benevolence,. (52). Mencius,. benevolence.. lovebelongs to. held. understanding wisdom,. “According. love. by. virtues, love. one. ciple. is. view. says :"Of. to. repudiate the. and. love alone. sympathy. identified. is. love ;. benevolence. be. regarded. but only. as. benevolence ?" (YS 203/If) This Ch'engs. and. Since. nature. ified. principle,. ion. of. which from. it. Chart. mean,correctness, ruling. the. belongs. passions ; the. Again, we. one to. it it. the. the. nature,. cannot is. emotion. are. for. told. be. the. of in. ident. altruistic. love tne. but. is. Explanat. that settling. affairs. benevolence. and. according duty,. to. makes. the. stillness. consideration.H (53) But. suggestion motions. (.ien). underlies. "Thesage,. the. a fundamental. unchanging principle, oneof. the. is. benevolence. is. with. distinct. point. of. the. thatman his. Ch'engs strongly. objected. is. state. mind. in. his. best. are ’stilled'. (ching A,. to. when. any all ),. the which.

(54) implies When. the. superiority. Chang. was. still. ming-tao. Tsai. wrote. unable. to. of. meditation. that. in. prevent. over. composing. his. action. himself. thoughts. from. he. moving,. replied :”In. composed. in. what. is. movement. called as. ’composure,*. well. as. in. one. can. be. stillness.. (MTWC 3/IA/5) To which. they. design, same,. the. sort. advocated,. the. C h ’engs,. by. which. is now. chose. a. rhyme-word. although. different. assumed. in. their. initial (54).. translated. The. describe. ’r e sp e ct ’. when. used. self-possession. which. of. well. which. as. seems. ’making. to. in. doubt. chin/? B.. had a. attitude. or. serving. state. maintained. Tun -yi’s. still. the. ) . generally. the. a. or. pronounced. of in. contemplation.. ruling. Yi-ch *uan. a. ruler.. perfect the. conduct. a. sentence. In. reference. to. consideration Ichu. ching A,. says. gentleman. consideration (chu. be. discipline. accident. no. spirits. describe. Chou. the. "The. to. must as. was. mental. ’reverence*,. to. echo. stillness ),. or. it. it. This. sacrificing. C h ’engs. affairs. time. or. ching BJ. makes in. reverence. order. to. the. correct. ruling himself. inwardly.” (YC I/I2A/II) He ify. the. strongly. repudiated. any. attempt. to. ident. two :~ "r ^. Is A. To. not speak. reverence of. the. stillness. same is. as to. stillness ? pass. immediately.

(55) into. Buddhism.. the. word. Bo. not. ’reverence.* It. would. seem. introduced. they. were EW through. off. ever,. there. Supreme. Ult imate. century. originated. Chou. Tun-yi. Chu. Hsi. two. C h ’engs. influence. Chart in. and the. was. of. were. worthy. does. not. justify. they. are. mentioned. P ’an. Hsing-ssu ;. the. known. to. T ’un?. in. Chou. shu. Tun-yi, age. How. in. works. father. the. epitaph. C h ’i. K ’uan. found. had. lived. of. genius,. of. only. This. genuineness, on uhou. the. and. teaching (56),. of their. I2th. century ; as. the. his. the. the. The. the Ilth. only. of. in. school.. his. suspicion. by. the. circulation. recognise. to receive. onl>. although. an early. the. observing,. able. they. at. C h ’eng. little. fond. that. philosophy. doubt that. were. was. to. ’stillness’, (55). therefore. his. no. the word. " (YS 2I0/I0f). C h ’engs. is. use. for. Tun-yi. by. j. where. Chou. mere. Tun-yi. fact. that. they. at. conflict. is. proof. that. their. (57). It. would. seem. likely that. of. the. disciples. after. ing. to. C h ’i. K ’uan. the gave to. the. C h ’eng it Chu. the. Chiu-chiang ;. and. the. the. works which. became. the. of Y i - c h ’uan. death to. in. 1144, it. v/as. school. by. Chen.. copy. school did. postscript. to. in. with. C h ’engs. copies. a. someone. the with. shu. made. disciple Hou the style. C h ’i K ’uanreceived. the. forge. C h ’engs. in. the. of. not. available. the T ’ung first. ideas. house. them.. possessed. to. their. 1107.. Accord. written known. by. outside. Chung-liang,. Kao Yuan-chu,. manuscripts. from. who and. these.

(56) two. and. from. his. teacher. ciple,. who. C h ’eng.". (58).. in. commentary. on. the. from. to. 1134. his. wrorking the. T 1ung. under. Hou. itely. Chu. III6. in. after owed. as the. preface the. to. death "After. there two. and was. wise. in. What emerges. view ?. Any. from. arbitrary ;. the. of. but. distinguish. rise. in. O h ’in. Chang. picture. of. these. a for three. were. two (I). militant. spirit. locate the movement present. had. new^. is. to. studied at. defin. movement; and of. Delus ions.. which. foll. says :dynasty. In C h ’ung-ling. Shao. Yung. and. the. (6I). beginning of. ideas. purposes. is it. or. end. to is. or. some. extent. convenient. phases :-. distinct. of. preface. the. Until. The. was. origins of Neo-Confucian/ criticisms of the traditional. (A) there. Tun-yi. again.. Tsai.". dis. Chart. arrival. present. Loyang. he. who. decline. Hung. of the. Tun-yi,. undated. Correction. the. appeared. -which. Chou. T s a i ’s. Hu. Ultimate. Hung,. the. C h ’eng Mister. latter*s. this. ofMencius,. attempt to. turning-point. to. the. founder of. Chang. men. Chou. C h ’engs,. ism. In. An. Hu. customary lament over. tne. worthy. (60).. on. (59).. after. from. Sunreme. Ohanges,. by. another. it. the. was written. 1126. T ’un,. had got. used. Chung-liang. treated. his. he. Chen. shu. Chingchou. in. "also said. Yin. middle. of. the. Hth. Confucians, maintaining. the. movements,. orthodox Han. the. Yu. and. indifferent. to. &T>eeul-. centur.

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