Child maltreatment in Kenya, Zambia, and the Netherlands : a cross-cultural comparison of prevalence,
psychopathological sequelae, and mediation by PTSS
Mbagaya, C.V.
Citation
Mbagaya, C. V. (2010, December 1). Child maltreatment in Kenya, Zambia, and the Netherlands : a cross-cultural comparison of prevalence,
psychopathological sequelae, and mediation by PTSS. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/16193
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Child Maltreatment in Kenya, Zambia and The Netherlands:
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Prevalence, Psychopathological Sequelae, and Mediation by PTSS
Catherine V. Mbagaya
ISBN 978-94-90858-02-5
Printed by: drukkerij Mostert, Leiden Copyright 2010, Catherine V. Mbagaya
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopy, by recording, or otherwise, without prior permission from the author.
Child Maltreatment in Kenya, Zambia and The Netherlands:
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Prevalence, Psychopathological Sequelae, and Mediation by PTSS
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van
de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden
op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties
te verdedigen op woensdag 1 december 2010 klokke 15.00 uur
door
Catherine V. Mbagaya geboren te Kakamega, Kenya
in 1970
Promotiecommissie Promotores
Prof. dr. M.H. van IJzendoorn Prof. dr. M.J. Bakermans-Kranenburg Co-promotor
Prof. P.O. Oburu Overige leden Prof. dr. J. Mesman Prof. dr. R. van der Veer Prof. dr. F. Juffer Dr. L.R.A. Alink Dr. P.J. Prinzie
This study was supported by the Lolle Nauta Foundation in The Netherlands.
Child abuse casts a shadow, the length of a life-time Herbert Ward
Table of contents
CHAPTER 1
Trends in Child Maltreatment: A Review of the Global Situation 11
1.0. Introduction 13
1.1. Prevalence of Child Maltreatment 13
1.2 Prevalence of Child Maltreatment in Africa 16 CHAPTER 2
An overview of Child Maltreatment and associated Negative Sequelae 21
2.0. Introduction 23
2.1 Consequences of Childhood Physical Abuse 23
2.1.1 Childhood Physical Abuse and PTSD 24
2.1.2 Childhood Physical abuse and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) 25 2.1.3 Childhood Physical abuse and Dating Violence 25
2.2. Consequences of Childhood Sexual Abuse 26
2.2.1 Child Sexual Abuse and PTSD 26
2.2.2 Child Sexual Abuse and Depression 27
2.2.3 Child Sexual Abuse and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) 28
2.3 Consequences of Childhood Neglect 29
2.4 Consequences of Witnessing Interparental Violence 30 2.5 The Mediating Role of PTSD in the Association between
Child Maltreatment and Psychopathology 31
CHAPTER 3
The Basis for Cross-cultural Comparisons in Child Maltreatment 35 3.0. Towards cross-cultural research in child maltreatment 37
3.1. Hypotheses 40
CHAPTER 4
Convergence of Methods: Measuring Child Maltreatment and
Psychopathology Symptoms in Kenya, Zambia, and The Netherlands 43
4.0 Introduction 45
4.1. Procedure for the Study 45
4.2. Participants 45
4.2.1. The Kenyan sample 45
4.2.2. The Zambian sample 46
4.2.3. The Netherlands sample 46
4.3. Measurements 46
4.3.1. Background variables 46
4.3.2. Social desirability 47
4.3.3. Childhood Physical Abuse 47
4.3.4. Childhood Sexual Abuse 47
4.3.5. History of Neglect 48
4.3.6. Witnessing Interparental Violence 48
4.3.7. Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms 48
4.3.8. Antisocial Personality Symptoms 48
4.3.9. Criminal Tendencies 49
4.3.10. Dating Violence 49
4.3.11. Externalizing Behaviour Problems 49
4.3.12. Depressive Symptoms 49
4.3.13. Borderline Personality Symptoms 50
4.3.14. Internalizing Behaviour Problems 50
CHAPTER 5
Child Maltreatment in Kenya: Prevalence, associated Sequelae,
and Mediation by Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms 51
5.0. Introduction 53
5.1. Descriptives 53
5.2 Multivariate relations between child maltreatment variables
and psychopathological symptoms 56
5.3. Mediation of the association between child maltreatment and
psychopathological symptomatology by PTSS 60
5.4. Mediation of child maltreatment variables and psychopathology
outcomes by social desirability 71
CHAPTER 6
Child Maltreatment in Zambia: Prevalence, associated Sequelae, and
Mediation by Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms 73
6.0. Introduction 75
6.1. Descriptives 75
6.2. Multivariate relations between child maltreatment variables and
psychopathological symptoms 78
6.3. Mediation of the association between child maltreatment and
psychopathological symptomatology by PTSS 83
6.4. Mediation of the association between child maltreatment variables and psychopathology outcomes by social desirability 92 CHAPTER 7
Child Maltreatment in The Netherlands: Prevalence, associated Sequelae
and Mediation by Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms 93
7.0. Introduction 95
7.1. Descriptives 95
7.2 Multivariate relations between child maltreatment variables and
psychopathological symptomatology 97
7.3. Mediation of the association between child maltreatment variables
and psychopathological symptoms by PTSS 101
7.4. Mediation of child maltreatment variables and psychopathological
symptoms by social desirability 113
CHAPTER 8
Similarity in Diversity or Divergence in Diversity: Comparing results
of the Kenyan, Zambian and Dutch Studies 115
8.0. Introduction 117
8.1 Descriptives 117
8.2. Bivariate associations between child maltreatment variables,
covariates and PTSS 117
8.3 Multinomial logistic regression predicting child maltreatment in Kenya and Zambia with The Netherlands as the reference category 120
8.4. Cross-validation 122
CHAPTER 9
Child Maltreatment in Kenya, Zambia and The Netherlands:
Towards a Comparative Perspective 125
9.0. A synopsis of the results 127
9.1. Prevalence of child maltreatment 130
9.2 The psychopathological sequelae of child maltreatment 135
9.3 Mediation models 136
9.3.1 Neglect and Poverty 138
9.4. Limitations of the studies 143
9.5 Recommendations for future research 144
9.6. Practical and clinical implications 145
References 149
Abstract 161
Samenvatting 167
Appendix 175
Curriculum Vitae 197
Acknowledgements 199
