University of Groningen Subjective Well-Being in a Spatial Context Rijnks, Richard

University of Groningen

Subjective Well-Being in a Spatial Context Rijnks, Richard

DOI:

10.33612/diss.133465113

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Publication date: 2020

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Rijnks, R. (2020). Subjective Well-Being in a Spatial Context. University of Groningen. https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.133465113

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Subjective Well-Being in a Spatial Context

This research was funded by: UCF, RuG Campus Fryslân (Leeuwarden, The Nether-lands)

The Waddenacademy (Leeuwarden, The Netherlands). The research was conducted at

Faculty of Spatial Sciences University of Groningen P.O. Box 800 9700 AV Groningen the Netherlands English corrections: Rosemary Harrison Printed by:

Ipskamp Printing, Enschede

©Richard H. Rijnks - All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, by print, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the author.

Subjective Well-Being in a Spatial

Context

PhD thesis

to obtain the degree of PhD. at the

University of Groningen

on the authority of the

Rector Magnicus, Prof. dr. C. Wijmenga

and in accordance with

the decision by the College of Deans.

This thesis will be defended in public on

Thursday 8 October 2020 at 16.15 hours

by

Richard Henry Rijnks

Born on 24 July 1984

Supervisors Prof. P. McCann Prof. D. Strijker Co-supervisor Dr. S. Koster Assessment Committee Prof. E.S van Leeuwen Prof. T.D. Schmidt Prof. D. Ballas

Contents

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Spatial dimensions of subjective well-being . . . 1

1.2 Aims and contributions . . . 6

1.3 The Lifelines dataset . . . 10

1.4 Regional context . . . 11

2 Neighbourhood income and SWB 17 2.1 Introduction . . . 17

2.2 Income, well-being, and peer-eects . . . 19

2.3 Geographical aspects of the peer-eect . . . 20

2.4 Method and data . . . 21

2.5 Results . . . 29

2.6 Discussion and conclusions . . . 36

3 Accessibility and subjective well-being 39 3.1 Introduction . . . 39

3.2 Facilities and SWB . . . 42

3.3 Model specication and data . . . 48

3.4 Results . . . 60

3.5 Conclusion and discussion . . . 66

4 Do people follow jobs or Quality of Life? 71 4.1 Introduction . . . 72

4.2 Theory . . . 74

4.3 Data and Model Specication . . . 77

4.4 Results . . . 84

4.5 Conclusion . . . 93

5 Occupant well-being and house values 97 5.1 Introduction . . . 97

5.2 Hedonic analysis with unmeasured attributes . . . 100

5.3 Subjective well-being and unobserved amenities . . . 103

5.4 Data and empirical strategy . . . 106

5.5 Results . . . 121

5.6 Conclusion and Discussion . . . 133 v

vi CONTENTS

6 Conclusion and discussion 135

6.1 Introduction . . . 135

6.2 Spatial determinants of subjective well-being . . . 136

6.3 Subjective well-being and residential locations . . . 139

6.4 The spatial extent of processes related to subjective well-being . . . 143

6.5 Conceptual implications and discussion . . . 145

6.6 Policy implications . . . 148

6.7 Empirical considerations and further research . . . 149

6.8 Concluding remarks . . . 154

Nederlandse Samenvatting 177

List of Figures

1.1 Happiness research in Economics or Humanities . . . 3

1.2 Causes and consequences of subjective well-being . . . 6

1.3 Income inequality Northern provinces versus rest of the Netherlands . . 13

1.4 Residential quality: regions experiencing or expecting population decline 14 2.1 Distribution of SWB . . . 29

2.2 Adjusted distribution of SWB . . . 30

2.3 Disposable household income distribution Lifelines . . . 33

2.4 Distribution of disposable household income in clusters . . . 33

2.5 Model probabilities by neighbourhood bandwidth (concentric) . . . 36

3.1 The downward spiral of population decline and service provision decline 43 3.2 GW Summary statistics SWB and Health . . . 58

3.3 GW Summary statistics accessibility . . . 60

3.4 GWR Coecient surface hospitality . . . 66

4.1 AIC Model calibration . . . 82

4.2 Pairwise correlations . . . 84

4.3 Residual maps . . . 86

4.4 Coecient surface maps . . . 88

4.5 Positive and negative signicant coecients after correction . . . 90

4.6 Local condition numbers . . . 91

4.7 Local VIFs . . . 92

5.1 The north of the Netherlands . . . 107

5.2 Distribution of observations of time in residence (days) . . . 121

5.3 Residuals from instrument estimate of Ln(well-being) . . . 130

5.4 Residual maps for selected models . . . 131

5.5 Indices implied by model estimates compared with CBS repeat sales index for the north of the Netherlands . . . 132

6.1 Causes and consequences of subjective well-being . . . 136