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Images of older workers
Content, causes, and consequences
Kroon, A.C.
Publication date
2017
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Citation for published version (APA):
Kroon, A. C. (2017). Images of older workers: Content, causes, and consequences.
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Images of Older Workers
Images of Older Workers
Content, Causes, and Consequences Layout by Studio Doen! and Anne C. Kroon Printed by Studio Doen!
© 2017 Anne C. Kroon
Amsterdam School of Communication Research / ASCoR Department of Communication, University of Amsterdam Nieuwe Achtergracht 166
1018 WV Amsterdam The Netherlands a.c.kroon@uva.nl
Images of Older Workers
Content, Causes, and Consequences
ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor
aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus
prof. dr. ir. K.I.J. Maex
ten overstaan van een door het College van Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit
op woensdag 13 september 2017, te 11:00 uur door Anne Cornelia Kroon
Promotiecommissie
Promotor: Prof. dr. R. Vliegenthart, Universiteit van Amsterdam
Copromotor: Dr. M. Van Selm, Universiteit van Amsterdam Dr. C. L. Ter Hoeven, Universiteit van Amsterdam
Overige Leden: Prof. dr. M. N. C. Aarts, Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. dr. C. J. I. M. Henkens, Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. dr. B. I. J. M. Van der Heijden, Radboud Universiteit Dr. M. J. Van der Goot, Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. dr. J. Peter, Universiteit van Amsterdam
Contents
1 Dissertation overview 2
2 Framing workforce aging by organizations and the news
media 52
3 Stereotypes of older workers in organizational and news
media 84
4 Effects of media stereotypes of older workers
on the individual level 114
5 Effects of media stereotypes of older workers
on the aggregate level 152
6 Managerial communication with older workers 180
Summary 214
Nederlandse samenvatting 218
Author contribution 224
List of Tables
2.1 Descriptive statistics of frames and sources in news media, annual reports, and employee magazines 65 2.2 Diagnostic and prognostic framing by type of content 69 2.3 Multilevel models explaining frame variation of older
work-ers’ employability 72
2.4 Intercoder reliability per variable 82 3.1 Operationalization and theoretical origin of stereotype
el-ements 97
3.2 Negative and positive stereotype elements across annual re-ports, employee magazine articles, and news articles 100 3.3 Negative and positive stereotypes about older workers in
organizational and news media 101 3.4 Multilevel model explaining percentage of negative relative
to positive stereotypes 103 4.1 Correlations, means, and standard deviations for the
en-dogenous variables 129
4.2 Mean differences between groups 131 4.3 Unstandardized parameter estimates of the Structural
Equa-tion Model predicting intenEqua-tions to hire an older worker with implicit competence and warmth stereotypes 134 4.4 Mean differences between groups on explicit warmth and
competence stereotypes 149 4.5 Unstandardized parameter estimates of the Structural
Equa-tion Model predicting intenEqua-tions to hire an older worker with implicit competence and warmth stereotypes 150
5.1 Bivariate correlations 166 5.2 Explaining age discrimination claims with exogenous events,
public opinion data and media variables. 169 6.1 Sample information Study 1 190 6.2 Overview of the interaction between barriers located on
different levels of analysis and three key supportive domains of older workers’ employability 195 6.3 Correlations, means and standard deviations 199 6.4 Differences in barrier strength across younger and older
managers, and those who supervise low educated and highly educated older workers 203 6.5 Unstandardized parameter estimates of the probit
Struc-tural Equation Model predicting intentions to promote an older worker with managers’ communication barriers. 204
List of Figures
1.1 Dissertation overview 18 2.1 Attention for older workers’ employability in organizational
and news media and unemployment rates among workers
aged 45 – 65 67
3.1 Warmth and competence stereotypes of older workers in organizational and news media 102
4.1 Conceptual model 122
4.2 Theoretical model and results – Standardized parameter es-timates of structural equation model predicting intentions to hire older employees. 135 4.3 Stimulus material - Dutch part 1 145 4.4 Stimulus material - Dutch part 2 145 4.5 Theoretical model and results – Standardized parameter
es-timates of structural equation model predicting intentions to hire older employees with explicit warmth and
compe-tence stereotypes 149
5.1 News media attention for older workers 165 5.2 Negative (upper) and positive (lower) stereotypes about
older workers 165
6.1 Conceptual model and study overview 188 6.2 Standardized parameter estimates of the probit Structural
Equation Model predicting intentions to promote an older worker with managers’ communication barriers 205
List of Figures
6.3 Overview of first- and second order categories and
