Poster Print Size:
This poster template is 36” high by
48” wide. It can be used to print any
poster with a 3:4 aspect raAo.
Placeholders
:
The various elements included in
this poster are ones we oCen see in
medical, research, and scienAfic
posters. Feel free to edit, move,
add, and delete items, or change
the layout to suit your needs.
Always check with your conference
organizer for specific requirements.
Image Quality:
You can place digital photos or logo
art in your poster file by selecAng
the Insert, Picture command, or by
using standard copy & paste. For
best results, all graphic elements
should be at least 150-200 pixels
per inch in their final printed size.
For instance, a 1600 x 1200 pixel
photo will usually look fine up to
8“-10” wide on your printed poster.
To preview the print quality of
images, select a magnificaAon of
100% when previewing your poster.
This will give you a good idea of
what it will look like in print. If you
are laying out a large poster and
using half-scale dimensions, be sure
to preview your graphics at 200% to
see them at their final printed size.
Please note that graphics from
websites (such as the logo on your
hospital's or university's home page)
will only be 72dpi and not suitable
for prinAng.
[This sidebar area does not print.]
Change Color Theme:
This template is designed to use the
built-in color themes in the newer
versions of PowerPoint.
To change the color theme, select
the Design tab, then select the
Colors drop-down list.
The default color theme for this
template is “Office”, so you can
always return to that aCer trying
some of the alternaAves.
PrinAng Your Poster:
Once your poster file is ready, visit
www.genigraphics.com to order a
high-quality, affordable poster
print. Every order receives a free
design review and we can deliver as
fast as next business day within the
US and Canada.
Genigraphics® has been producing
output from PowerPoint® longer
than anyone in the industry; daAng
back to when we helped MicrosoC®
design the PowerPoint® soCware.
US and Canada: 1-800-790-4001
Email: info@genigraphics.com
[This sidebar area does not print.]
The Socio-Geographical Effects of Exclusionary
Space on Street Performers in Victoria, B.C.
Dimitri P. Giannoulis
March 7, 2018
Department of Geography
This research was supported by the Jamie
Cassels Undergraduate Research Awards,
University of Victoria
Supervised by R. Rose-Redwood
Street performers are persons who will entertain in publicly accessible urban areas, receiving income solely by donation (Simpson, 2011). Street performers are valued for the spontaneity and conviviality they bring to public spaces, and are important for sense of place (Simpson, 2008; 2011). For a street performer, location is paramount. Important factors include foot traffic, sense of place, and the physical layout of space. The laws and regulations governing street performers, which differ between municipalities, effect these factors. Increasingly legalized since the 1980s (Smith, 1996), street performance is now mostly allowed in North America, but regulated by bylaws and permitting systems. The way these formal regulations attempt to control a street performer’s use of space is significant to their existence because street performers do not have fixed wages. The Lower Causeway is Victoria’s most illustrious place to perform, but permits are limited and must be auditioned for.
IntroducAon
Summarized in Table 1 are the key differences between the regulations of public streets and the Lower Causeway. Most notably, the permits for the Lower Causeway are substantially more expensive, and may only be acquired through an audition process. However, it is also significant that panhandlers are not allowed on the Lower Causeway, and that performance times are scheduled by the performers. Since the Greater Victoria Harbour Authority (GVHA) is a distinct entity from the municipality, they hire a contractor to organize the street performers and vendors, and private commissionaires to enforce regulations.
Regulatory Differences
Public Streets
The Lower
Causeway
Governing body
City of Victoria
Greater Victoria
Harbour Authority
Annual permit cost
$25
$200—musicians
$500—jugglers
ApplicaAon process
•
Complete a form
•
Have two pieces of
ID
•
AudiAons every
April
•
Limited spots
Panhandlers
Allowed
Prohibited
Timing
•
Two hours at a
locaAon
•
First come first
served
•
Schedule made
weekly
•
Guaranteed Ame
every day
Since the GVHA implemented these regulations in 2003, the street performer community has been divided spatially and socially. Those who are unable to afford a permit, win at the audition, or wish to travel, are excluded from the space. Also excluded are the panhandlers, who are then concentrated on other public streets. By these exclusions, the Lower Causeway becomes a structured experience for the tourists to enjoy, and the Lower Causeway is important to their impression of the city. By granting selectivity, the audition process shapes the space to be diverse, but demands quality and image standards. Street performing has historically been dominated by men (Harrison-Pepper, 1990), but the audition process allows women to be preferentially selected. However, seniority means an equal gender split will take time to achieve. Additionally, certain types of acts do not work well with the regulatory structure. For example, clowns, chalk artists and bag pipers are not accepted. By dividing performers geographically, the places themselves are altered in the perceptions of the pedestrians that visit them.
The SpaAal Effects of RegulaAon
Every exclusive space is simultaneously an inclusive space also. There is no evidence that the GVHA or the City of Victoria have exploitive intentions, and street performers spoke well of the bylaw officers, security guards, and organizers of the Lower Causeway. However, the Lower Causeway is a valuable resource for performers —and deciding who may use it is a geographical and political affair. The Lower Causeway offers a controlled environment for developed street performers to benefit from. Although excluded street performers are left with more flexibility, they must compete with other individuals for resources and space on the street.
Conclusion
References
• Google Earth Pro. (August 18, 2016). V 7.3.1.4507. [Victoria BC Map]. lat 48.422111°, lon -123.369325°, eye alt 427m. Google 2018.
• Harrison-Pepper, S. (1990). Drawing a circle in the square: Street performing in New York’s Washington Square
Park. University Press of Mississippi.
• Simpson, P. (2008). Chronic everyday life: Rhythmanalysing street performance. Social & Cultural Geography,
9(7), 807-829. doi:10.1080/14649360802382578
• Simpson, P. (2011). Street performance and the city: Public space, sociality, and intervening in the everyday.
Space and Culture, 14(4), 415-430. doi:10.1177/1206331211412270
• Smith, M. (1996). Traditions, stereotypes, and tactics: A history of musical buskers in Toronto. Musicultures, 24. Retrieved from https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/MC/article/view/21667
Acknowledgements
Thank you to my supervisor Reuben Rose-Redwood and my second reader Jennifer Mateer for their dedicated support. I also appreciate the assistance of the University of Victoria
Learning and Teaching Centre, and the support of the Jamie Cassels Undergraduate
Research Awards. A special thank you is also owed to my interviewees for donating their time, knowledge and experiences: without you this work would have been impossible. Table 1. Comparing regulations of street performers between public streets and the Lower
Causeway of Victoria, B.C.
Figure 1. Area regulated by the Greater Victoria Harbour Authority and designated locations for musicians and jugglers. Victoria, BC. Imagery from Google Earth Pro, August 18, 2016.
• Explore the socio-spatial consequences of formal regulation on street performers
• Identify individuals who this exclusionary space benefits or harms • Seek solutions for those who do not benefit
Research Goals
• Semi-structured interviews • ParAcipant observaAon
• Textual analysis of online videos • Transect walks
Methods
Figure 2. Street performers in Victoria, BC. Left: a Darth Vader costumed musician plays on Government Street. Right: a human statue poses on the Lower Causeway.
Notes:
1. Background image of the Inner Harbour, Victoria, B.C., was captured by the author on Feb. 1st, 2018.
