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Seeing through the archival prism: A history of the representation of Muslims on
Dutch television
Meuzelaar, A.
Publication date 2014
Document Version Final published version
Link to publication
Citation for published version (APA):
Meuzelaar, A. (2014). Seeing through the archival prism: A history of the representation of Muslims on Dutch television.
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SEEING THROUGH THE ARCHIVAL PRISM
A History of the Representation of
Muslims on Dutch Television
ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT
Ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam
op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom
ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit
op vrijdag 17 oktober 2014, te 11:00 uur door Andrea Meuzelaar
geboren te Mvumi, Tanzania
PROMOTIECOMMISSIE:
Promotoren: Prof. dr. P. P. R. W. Pisters
Prof. dr. F. P. I. M. van Vree
Overige leden: Prof. dr. F.C.J. Ketelaar
Prof. dr. J. J. Noordegraaf Prof. dr. H. B. M. Wijfjes Prof. dr. J. S. de Leeuw Prof. dr. B. Meyer Dr. ir. F. Laroui Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen
To my dear friend Matthias Mooij
April 15, 1976 – Juli 24, 2014
Table of Contents
Introduction
11
Allah in the Low Lands
Objectives and Research Questions Mapping the Field
Some Key Concepts: Discourse, Cultural Identity and Stereotypes
Historical Bachground: A Short History of Islamic Immigration in the Netherlands Outline of the Dissertation
CHAPTER 1 39
The Archive is Alive. Seeing through the Archival Prism
1.1 From the Archive as a Mirror to the Archive as the Sliver of a Window 1.2 The Politics of the Archive
1.3 The Archive as Time Machine and Manufacturer of Memory 1.4 The Audiovisual Archive in Contemporary Digital Culture Concluding Remarks
CHAPTER 2 65
Setting the Scene: Muslims and Islam in the Archive of Sound and
Vision
2.1 A Short Biography of the Archive of Sound and Vision 2.2 Seeing with the Archive of Sound and Vision
2.3 The Sixties: The Arrival of Turkish and Moroccan Guest Workers and the Invisibility of their Islamic religion
2.4 The Seventies: Guest Workers and their Struggle for Emancipation
2.5 The Eighties: Ethnic Minorities and the Permanent Settlement of Muslims 2.6 The Nineties: Integration of Allochtonen and the Emergence of Hostility
towards Islam
2.7 2000-2010: Fixation on the Failure of Integration, Islamic Fundamentalism and Terrorism
Concluding Remarks
CHAPTER 3 141
Reporting on the Rituals of Islam
3.1 Religion, Rituals and Acts of Translation
3.2 Recurring Islamic Rituals in the Archive of Sound and Vision Part one: Tracing Television Coverage of Ramadan and Id al-Fitr
3.3 Ramadan: The Respectful Gaze and the Framework of Dutch Hospitality and Solidarity
3.4 Ramadan and the Christian Comparative Framework 3.5 Ramadan and the Framework of Multicultural Relations
3.6 Ramadan as Showcase of the Successful Integration of Muslims Part Two: Tracing Television Coverage of Id al-Adha and Ritual Slaughter 3.7 Id al-adha and the encounter between Dutch and Muslims
3.8 Ritual Slaughter and the Issue of Animal Welfare
3.9 The Disappearance of Id al-Adha and Ritual Slaughter from Television
3.10 Persistent Debates about the Place of Id al-Fitr and Ritual Slaughter in Dutch Society
Concluding Remarks
CHAPTER 4 203
The Single Male Guest Worker and the Angry Muslim Mob. An
Archaeology of Iterating Archival Images
4.1 A Constructivist Model of Cultural Memory
4.2 Television’s Complex Temporal Modulations, Media Templates and Audiovisual Lieux de Mémoire
Part One: The Transformation of Televizier Images into “Audiovisual Lieux de mémoire”
4.3 Guest Workers Waiting Eagerly For Recruitment
4.4 The Guest Worker as Victim of Exploitation and Economic Recession
4.5 The Guest Worker as Victim of the Lack of Integration Policy and as Having Brought Islam to the Netherlands
4.6 The Transformation of the Guest Worker into an Allochtoon and Muslim Whose Integration Has Ultimately Failed
Part Two: The Re-appropriation of the Rushdie Affair 4.7 Angry Muslims proclaiming “Death to Rushdie”
4.8 The Angry Muslim Mob as Fifth Column of Foreign Islamic Fundamentalism 4.9 The re-appropriation of the Rushdie affair after 9/11 and the murder of Theo
van Gogh Concluding Remarks
CODA 271
Compiling Islam
Land of Promise
Land of Promise and the logic of archival compilation Final recapitulation and limitations
