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«A sanguine bunch». Regional identification in Habsburg Bukovina, 1774-1919
van Drunen, H.F.
Publication date
2013
Link to publication
Citation for published version (APA):
van Drunen, H. F. (2013). «A sanguine bunch». Regional identification in Habsburg Bukovina,
1774-1919.
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Appendix I: Chronology of Habsburg Bukovina with paragraph
references
1774: The Habsburg Empire occupies the northern part of Ottoman Moldavia and
names it Bukovina.
1781: The Josephinist patents of 17 September 1781 grant immigrants religious
and other advantages.
1783: The ties it had with the Iaşi Metropoly in Ottoman Moldavia are severed, the
Bukovinian diocese is subordinated to the Karlowitz Metropoly by Imperial Resolution (Part II, 2.3: The Bukovinian Orthodox Church / Church Fund and Bukovinian Orthodox Church Autonomy).
1786: The Church Fund is established to administer the possessions of the
Orthodox Church in Bukovina (Part II, 2.3: The Bukovinian Orthodox Church / Church Fund and Bukovinian Orthodox Church Autonomy)
1820: Theophil Bendella publishes a ‘Topographical and statistical overview of
Bukovina’ (Topographisch-statistischen Übersicht der Bukowina).
1823: Emperor Franz I visits Bukovina
1842: ‘Wonder rabbi’ Friedman moves to Sadagora and establishes his Hasidic
Court (Part II, 3.5: The Jewish Presence in Bukovina/ The Social Position of Bukovinian Jews).
1848: Revolutionary Year, Autonomy request, Kobylytsia revolt (Part II, 2.1:
Historical Claims/ Hutsuls), first Bukovinian deputies sent to the Austrian parliament (Part II, 2.2: Popular Culture, Apathy, Indifference and National Ambiguity among Romanian and Ruthenian speakers/ Nationally Indifferent Parliamentary Deputies and Their Political Priorities)
1849: Autonomy granted (Part III, 4: ‘Bukovinian Diseases’: Images, Allegories and
Stereotypes/ 5.6: Galicia).
1851: Emperor Franz Joseph visits the autonomous crown land for the first time
(Part III, 3: The Empire, the Nation and the Region: Competing Identifications in Bukovina/ 3.2: Bukovinians and the Habsburg dynasty/ Bukovina’s Imperial Father Figure)
1853: The first Jewish school in Bukovina is established. (Part II, 3.5: The Jewish
1855: Emperor Franz Joseph visits Bukovina for the second time (Part III, 3: The
Empire, the Nation and the Region: Competing Identifications in Bukovina/ 3.2: Bukovinians and the Habsburg dynasty/ Bukovina’s Imperial Father Figure).
1861: Full crownland status, installation of the Bukovinian Regional Diet (Part III,
2: Key Institutions of Habsburg Bukovina – Landtag and Franz Joseph University/ 2.1:Landtag: Bukovinian Political Representation in Czernowitz and Vienna).
1867: Compromise between Austria and Hungary leading to the installation of the
Dual Monarchy, ending the Romanian nationalist lobby for a united Romanian Orthodox Church for Transylvania and Bukovina. (Part II, 2.3: The Bukovinian Orthodox Church / Church Fund and Bukovinian Orthodox Church Autonomy).
1873: Establishment of Orthodox Metropoly of Bukovina and Dalmatia (Part II, 2.3:
The Bukovinian Orthodox Church/ Church Fund and Bukovinian Orthodox Church Autonomy).
1875: Centennial of Austrian Bukovina (Part III, 6: Displaying Bukovinian Identity:
Parades, Exhibitions and Commemorations/ 6.1: Inverted Images of a Historical Event: Hundred years of Habsburg Bukovina), Inauguration of Franz Joseph University (Part III, 2: Key Institutions of Habsburg Bukovina – Landtag and Franz Joseph University/2.2: Franz Joseph University).
1876: Karl Emil Franzos’ trilogy ‘From Semi-Asia’ (Aus Halb-Asien) is published
(Part I, 3/ Literature Survey 3.3.2: Writings with an Ideological Agenda and Part III, 4: ‘Bukovinian Diseases’: Images, Allegories and Stereotypes/ 4.1: Semi-Asia, Penal Colony, Stepchild and Cinderella: Crownland Allegories).
1877: Romanian nationalist students form the ‘Arboroasa’ society are charged with
treason (Part III, 3: The Empire, the Nation and the Region: Competing Identifications in Bukovina/ 3.3: Cracks in the Layer of Loyalty).
1879: In Vienna, the centralist government falls and is succeeded by the
autonomist coalition (the ‘iron ring’) under Eduard von Taaffe.
1880: Emperor Franz Joseph visits Bukovina for the third time (Part III, 3: The
Empire, the Nation and the Region: Competing Identifications in Bukovina/ 3.2: Bukovinians and the Habsburg dynasty/ Bukovina’s Imperial Father Figure).
1886: Customs war breaks out between the Habsburg Empire and Romania with
grave economic consequences for Bukovina.
1887: Crown Prince Rudolf visits Bukovina (Part III, 3: The Empire, the Nation and
the Region: Competing Identifications in Bukovina/ 3.2: Bukovinians and the Habsburg dynasty/ Bukovinians and the Extended Habsburg Family).
1888: Orthodox Ruthenian-speaking peasants convert to the Uniate Church in the
villages of Rarancze, Ispas and Toporoutz because they felt mistreated by the local Romanian-language priests (Part II, 2.4: Romanian and Ruthenian Nationalists and the Bukovinian Orthodox Church/ Village Priests and Nationalism).
1889: Death of Crown Prince Rudolph; student riots in Czernowitz (Part III, 3: The
Empire, the Nation and the Region: Competing Identifications in Bukovina/3.2: Bukovinians and the Extended Habsburg Family), Death of Czernowitz University Rector and Bukovinian politician Constantin Tomasciuc (Part II, , 2.2: Popular Culture, Apathy, Indifference and National Ambiguity among Romanian and Ruthenian speakers/ Prominent Bukovinians with Ambiguous National Backgrounds)
1891: First time a church split is advocated in a twelve-point programme by
Young-Ruthenian political association ‘Ruska Rada’ (Part II, 2.4: Romanian and Young-Ruthenian Nationalists and the Bukovinian Orthodox Church).
1895 : Death of Metropolitan Silvestru Morariu-Andrievici (Part II, 2.2: Popular
Culture, Apathy, Indifference and National Ambiguity among Romanian and Ruthenian speakers/ Prominent Bukovinians with Ambiguous National Backgrounds)
1897: Anna Pawlitschek’s Bukovinian novel Ob ich dich liebe. Roman aus dem Kleinstadtleben der Bukowina, is published in Vienna; The Bukovinian Association
of Christian Germans’ (Verein der Christlichen Deutschen) as a dissociation from Jewish Bukovinians (Part II, 3.4: German Nationalism).
1898: King Carol I of Romania passes through Czernowitz and is greeted by a
delegation of Bukovinian dignitaries. Baron Mustatza insists to have enjoyed a ‘German upbringing’. (Part II, 2.1: Historical Claims/ Romanian Speakers in Bukovina).
1899: Bukovinian Orthodox Metropolitan Czuperkowicz is attacked by Romanian
nationalists at the Czernowitz railway station (Part II, 2.4: Romanian and Ruthenian Nationalists and the Bukovinian Orthodox Church). The fallout between Governor Bourguignon and the Orthodox clergy in 1899 had been a direct result of the doubts the governor was accused of expressing regarding the position of Bukovinian Romanian nationalists in this matter. (Part II, 2.4: Romanian and Ruthenian Nationalists and the Bukovinian Orthodox Church); Volume 20 of the ‘Kronprinzenwerk’ (Die Österreich-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild) appears, devoted to Bukovina.
1901: 200th Anniversary of the ‘Bukovinian’ 41st Infantry Regiment (Part III, 6:
Displaying Bukovinian Identity: Parades, Exhibitions and Commemorations/ 6.2: The 200th Anniversary of 41st Infantry Regiment in 1901)
1902: The first and only attempt to create Bukovinian cooperation in the Austrian
Parliament with a ‘Bukovinian Association’ (Bukowiner Vereinigung) quickly fails Part II, 2.1: Landtag: Bukovinian Political Representation in Czernowitz and Vienna/ The Illusion of a Bukovinian Parliamentary Club).
1904: The ‘Freethinking Alliance’ (Freisinniger Verband) wins local elections in
Bukovina (Part III, 2: Key Institutions of Habsburg Bukovina – Landtag and Franz Joseph University/ 2.1: Landtag: Bukovinian Political Representation in Czernowitz and Vienna/ The Freethinking Alliance); Karl Emil Franzos dies in Berlin (Part III, 5: ‘Bukovinian Diseases’: Images, Allegories and Stereotypes/ 5.1: Semi-Asia, Penal Colony, Stepchild and Cinderella: Crownland Allegories); Celebrations in Putna at the 400th Anniversary of the Death of Stephen the Great (Part III, 6: Displaying Bukovinian Identity: Parades, Exhibitions and
Commemorations/ 6.3: The 400th Anniversary of the Death of Stephen the Great in 1904).
1905: In an official letter to the Czernowitz University senate, Jewish students
insist on being registered as Jews for the 1905/1906 semester (Part II, 3.6: Jewish Nationalism in Bukovina); In Moravia, elections are held for the first time using an electoral register based on nationality; The ‘Freethinking Alliance’ majority in the Bukovinian Diet collapses (Part III, 2: Key Institutions of Habsburg Bukovina – Landtag and Franz Joseph University/ 2.1: Landtag: Bukovinian Political Representation in Czernowitz and Vienna/ The Freethinking Alliance); Michael Sawka’s novel ‘Autumn… a story from Bukovina’ (Herbst... Eine Geschichte aus der
Bukowina) appears (Part III, 5: ‘Bukovinian Diseases’: Images, Allegories and
Stereotypes/ 5.4: Bukovinians Abroad).
1906: Bucharest ‘Jubilee Exhibition’ (Part III, 6: Displaying Bukovinian Identity:
Parades, Exhibitions and Commemorations/ 6.4: Bukovina and the Bucharest ‘Jubilee Exhibition’ of 1906).
1908: The Bukovinian branch of the Christian Social Party is established (Part II,
3.4: German Nationalism); Czernowitz hosts the first-ever conference on the Yiddish language (Part II, 3.6: Jewish Nationalism in Bukovina); Old-Ruthenian association ‘Pravoslavna Chytalnya’ is disbanded after hosting Pan-Slavic leader Count Vladimir Bobrinsky (Part III, 3: The Empire, the Nation and the Region: Competing Identifications in Bukovina/ 3.3: Cracks in the Layer of Loyalty); 500th anniversary
of Czernowitz: Emperor Franz Joseph 60 years on the throne, Jubilee Parade in Vienna (Part III, 6: Displaying Bukovinian Identity: Parades, Exhibitions and Commemorations/ 6.5: Bukovina and the Emperor’s Jubilee Parade of 1908).
1909: In March the new communal law is approved with universal suffrage for all
males older that twenty-four (Part III, 2.1: Landtag: Bukovinian Political Representation in Czernowitz and Vienna/ The Bukovinian Compromise); Austrian authorities refuse entry into Austrian territory (and thus into Bukovina) to Romanian nationalist Nicolae Iorga (Part II, 3.7: Anti-Semitism and Bukovina: Attacks and Vindications/ Bukovinian National Movements and Anti-Semitism)
1911: Local elections according to the register system, Romanian and Ruthenian
nationalists as well as the Jews dominate the results (Part III, 2.1: Landtag: Bukovinian Political Representation in Czernowitz and Vienna/ The Bukovinian Compromise); Raimund Friedrich Kaindl coins the collective term ‘Carpathian Germans’ (Karpatendeutsche) for the German-language population of Galicia, Bukovina, Hungary, Slavonia, Transylvania and Romania (Part II, 3.4: German Nationalism).
1912: Large demonstrations of Romanian nationalists against the pending
appointment of a Ruthenian vicar-general of the Bukovinian Orthodox Church in Czernowitz, Suczawa, Radautz, Kimpolung, Gurahumora, Dornawatra and Storożynetz (Part II, 2.4: Romanian and Ruthenian Nationalists and the Bukovinian Orthodox Church).
1913: Appointment of Ruthenian Artemon Manastyrski as vicar-general of the
Bukovinian Orthodox Church (Part II, 2.4: Romanian and Ruthenian Nationalists and the Bukovinian Orthodox Church).
1914: 28 June: Murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive
to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo. Start of First World War; Russian troops occupy Bukovina from October to November and again from November 1914 to February 1915. In September, Archbishop Repta holds a mass for the Russian Czar’s well-being (Part III, 3: The Empire, the Nation and the Region: Competing Identifications in Bukovina/ 3.3: Cracks in the Layer of Loyalty/ Loyalty in Times of War).
1916: Death of Emperor Franz Joseph; Russian troops occupy Bukovina from June
1916 to August 1917 Bukovina (Part III, 3: The Empire, the Nation and the Region: Competing Identifications in Bukovina/ 3.3: Cracks in the Layer of Loyalty/ Loyalty in Times of War).
1917: On 27 August, Romanian troops attack Austrian Bukovina (Part III, 3: The
Empire, the Nation and the Region: Competing Identifications in Bukovina/ 3.3: Cracks in the Layer of Loyalty/ Nationalists, but good Austrians).
1918: In August, Emperor Karl relieves Bukovinian Archbishop Repta and his
deputy Manastyrski of their duties (Part III, 3: The Empire, the Nation and the Region: Competing Identifications in Bukovina/ 3.3: Cracks in the Layer of Loyalty/ Loyalty in Times of War); The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapses in November, Romanian troops occupy Czernowitz on 11 November and in December, a royal decree confirms Bukovina’s status as part of the Romanian Kingdom.
1919: 15 June: All university professors in Czernowitz are dismissed. (Part III, 2:
Key Institutions of Habsburg Bukovina - Landtag and Franz Joseph University/2.2: Franz Joseph University/ The Final Days).
