• No results found

Vergelijkende PM10-metingen in Nederland. deel A: laboratoriumexperimenten | RIVM

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Vergelijkende PM10-metingen in Nederland. deel A: laboratoriumexperimenten | RIVM"

Copied!
17
0
0

Bezig met laden.... (Bekijk nu de volledige tekst)

Hele tekst

(1)5,905DSSRUW 9HUJHOLMNHQGH30PHWLQJHQLQ1HGHUODQG GHHO$/DERUDWRULXPH[SHULPHQWHQ )7KYDQ$UNHO(0YDQ3XWWHQ+-7K %ORHPHQ$YDQGHU0HXOHQ. 5,903RVWEXV%$%LOWKRYHQWHOHIRRQID[ %XUR%ODXZ%99DGDULQJ(%:DJHQLQJHQWHOHIRRQID[.

(2) %XUR%ODXZ±5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. $EVWUDFW $XWRPDWLF)$*,1 GXVWPRQLWRUVKDYHEHHQXVHGLQWKH1DWLRQDO$LU4XDOLW\ 0RQLWRULQJ1HWZRUNWRPHDVXUH30  SDUWLFOHVVPDOOHUWKDQ—PDHURG\QDPLFGLDPHWHU

(3) LQWKH1HWKHUODQGV,QFRPSDULQJWKH PHWKRGZLWKWKH(XURSHDQUHIHUHQFHPHWKRG (1

(4) IRU30 WKLVDXWRPDWLF PHWKRGZDVIRXQGWRXQGHUHVWLPDWHWKH30 OHYHOV REVHUYHGXVLQJWKHUHIHUHQFHPHWKRGE\DERXW/DERUDWRU\UHVHDUFKZDVWKHQFDUULHGRXW WRH[SORUHWKHFDXVHV7KHVHODERUDWRU\H[SHULPHQWVIRFXVVHGRQWKHLQIOXHQFHRIPRLVWXUHRQ WKHUHVSRQVHRIWKHPRQLWRUDQGRQWKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHLQOHWKHDWLQJRQERWKWKHYRODWLOH DPPRQLXPQLWUDWHDHURVRODQGWKHOHVVYRODWLOHDPPRQLXPVXOSKDWHDHURVRO . . . +XPLGLW\ZLOORQO\VOLJKWO\LQFUHDVHWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVPHDVXUHGE\WKH GXVWPRQLWRU$W YHU\KLJKKXPLGLWLHV 5+RYHU

(5) SRVLWLYHRIIVHWWLQJ RYHUHVWLPDWLRQ

(6) RIWKHGXVW FRQFHQWUDWLRQRIXSWRDERXW—JP ZDVREVHUYHGZKHQFRPSDUHGWRWKHUHIHUHQFH PHWKRG7KXVKXPLGLW\FDQQRWH[SODLQWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGGLIIHUHQFHRIDWFRPPRQO\ HQFRXQWHUHG30 OHYHOV . . 7KHLQOHWKHDWLQJRIWKH GXVWPRQLWRUGHILQLWLYHO\GRHVHYDSRUDWHYRODWLOHDPPRQLXPQLWUDWH DHURVRO$WWKHPD[LPXPVHWWHPSHUDWXUH ƒ&

(7) RIWKHLQOHWKHDWLQJHOHPHQWRIWKH)$*, 1 GXVWPRQLWRUDPPRQLXPQLWUDWHZLOOEHFRPSOHWHO\HYDSRUDWHGDQGVRQRDPPRQLXP QLWUDWHLVPHDVXUHG$WWKHVWDQGDUGVHWWLQJRIƒ&WKHDPPRQLXPQLWUDWHZLOOSDUWO\ HYDSRUDWHLHRQO\SDUWRIWKHDPPRQLXPQLWUDWHLVPHDVXUHG ,QFRQWUDVWWKH7(20 7DSHUHG(OHPHQW2VFLOODWLRQ0LFUREDODQFH

(8) HYDSRUDWHVDOOWKH DPPRQLXPQLWUDWH7KHKHDWLQJHIILFLHQFLHVRIWKHPRQLWRUVDUHFOHDUO\GLIIHUHQW)RUWKLV UHDVRQWKH\FDQQRWEHFRPSDUHGZKHQYRODWLOHDHURVROLVSUHVHQW7KHOHVVYRODWLOH DPPRQLXPVXOSKDWHDHURVROGRHVQRWH[SHULHQFHDQ\LQIOXHQFHRILQOHWKHDWLQJVRWKH PHWKRGVRIPHDVXUHPHQWDUHFRPSDUDEOHLQWKLVFDVH.

(9) %XUR%ODXZ±5,90UDSSRUW. ,QKRXG 6DPHQYDWWLQJ . ,QOHLGLQJ. . /DERUDWRULXPH[SHULPHQWHQ  ,QYORHGYDQUHODWLHYHYRFKWLJKHLGRSGHUHVSRQV  ,QYORHGYDQYHUZDUPLQJRSDPPRQLXPDsURVRO  $PPRQLXPVXOIDDW  $PPRQLXPQLWUDDW. . &RQFOXVLHV. /LWHUDWXXU %LMODJH6FKHPDWLVFKHZHHUJDYHHQIRWRYDQGH VWRIPRQLWRU %LMODJH9HU]HQGOLMVW. SDJYDQ.

(10) %XUR%ODXZ±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sURVROPHWQDPH DPPRQLXPQLWUDDWHQKHWPLQGHUYOXFKWLJHDPPRQLXPVXOIDDW . . 'RRUYRFKW]DOGHVWRIEHODGLQJYDQGH VWRIPRQLWRUHQVOHFKWVJHULQJWRHQHPHQ=HHUKRJH YRFKWLJKHGHQNXQQHQOHLGHQWRWHHQRYHUVFKDWWLQJYDQRQJHYHHU—JP WHQRS]LFKWHYDQ GHUHIHUHQWLHDSSDUDWXXU9RFKWNDQGXVEHSDDOGJHHQYHUNODULQJYRUPHQYRRUYRRUQRHPGH RQGHUVFKDWWLQJYDQ . 'HLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJYDQGH VWRIPRQLWRUHQLVGXLGHOLMNLQVWDDWDPPRQLXPQLWUDDWWH YHUGDPSHQ%LMGHPD[LPDOHLQVWHOOLQJYDQƒ&]DODPPRQLXPQLWUDDW]HOIVYROOHGLJ YHUGDPSWZRUGHQHQGXVRRNQLHWPHHJHPHWHQZRUGHQ%LMGHVWDQGDDUGLQVWHOOLQJ ƒ&

(11) ]DO GH VWRIPRQLWRUKHWDPPRQLXPQLWUDDWVOHFKWVJHGHHOWHOLMNYHUGDPSHQ'LHQWHQJHYROJHZRUGW KHWDPPRQLXPQLWUDDWVOHFKWVJHGHHOWHOLMNPHHJHPHWHQPHWDOVJHYROJRQGHUVFKDWWLQJYDQGH ZHUNHOLMNH30 FRQFHQWUDWLHV %LMGH RRNYHHOJHEUXLNWH

(12) 7(20 7DSHUHG(OHPHQW2VFLOODWLQJ0LFUREDODQFH

(13) PHHWPHWKRGH EOLMNWDPPRQLXPQLWUDDWLQRQ]HODERUDWRULXPH[SHULPHQWHQZHOYROOHGLJWHYHUGDPSHQ 'HHIIHFWLYLWHLWYDQGHYHUZDUPLQJYDQGHPRQLWRUHQLVGXLGHOLMNYHUVFKLOOHQGHQGH PRQLWRUHQ VWRIYV7(20

(14) ]LMQKLHUGRRUQLHWYHUJHOLMNEDDUDOVHUYOXFKWLJDsURVRODDQZH]LJ LV 'HLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJKHHIWJHHQLQYORHGRSKHWPLQGHUYOXFKWLJHDPPRQLXPVXOIDDW'H PHHWPHWKRGHQ]LMQKLHUGDQRRNZHOYHUJHOLMNEDDU .

(15) %XUR%ODXZ±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µ7DSHUHG(OHPHQW2VFLOODWLQJ 0LFUREDODQFH¶LQJHEUXLNRPILMQVWRIFRQFHQWUDWLHVWHPHWHQ . . 9RRUJDDQGRQGHU]RHNKHHIWDDQJHWRRQGGDWKHWYHUVFKLOLQPHHWPHWKRGHWXVVHQUDGLRPHWULH VWRI

(16) HQJUDYLPHWULH (1UHIHUHQWLHPHWKRGH

(17) GHJHYRQGHQRQGHUVFKDWWLQJQLHWNDQ YHUNODUHQ %XUR%ODXZ5,90

(18)  +HWGRHOYDQGLWRQGHU]RHNLVRPPHWEHKXOSYDQODERUDWRULXPH[SHULPHQWHQDDQWHJHYHQ ZHONHIDFWRUHQDOGDQQLHWWRWHHQRQGHUVFKDWWLQJYDQGHILMQVWRIFRQFHQWUDWLHELMGH  VWRIPHHWPHWKRGHNXQQHQOHLGHQ0HWQDPHLVDDQGDFKWEHVWHHGDDQGHPRJHOLMNHLQYORHGYDQ YRFKWRSGHUHVSRQVYDQGHPRQLWRU ]RQGHUGDWHUGHHOWMHVDDQZH]LJ]LMQ

(19) HQDDQGH PRJHOLMNHLQYORHGYDQGHLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJRSYHUOLH]HQYDQYOXFKWLJDPPRQLXPDsURVRO,Q GHODERUDWRULXPH[SHULPHQWHQLVJHEUXLNJHPDDNWYDQ YOXFKWLJ

(20) DPPRQLXPQLWUDDWDsURVROHQ PLQGHUYOXFKWLJ

(21) DPPRQLXPVXOIDDWDsURVRO,PPHUVKHWDPPRQLXPDsURVRO]DOLQ1HGHUODQG QDDUYHUZDFKWLQJLQKRJHUHFRQFHQWUDWLHVDDQZH]LJ]LMQGDQLQDQGHUHODQGHQRPGDWGH DPPRQLDNHPLVVLHLQ1HGHUODQGKRRJLV2QGHU]RHNQDDUGHLQYORHGYDQIDFWRUHQRSGH DDQZH]LJKHLGYDQKHWDPPRQLXPDsURVROLVKLHURPYDQEHODQJ 0HWEHWUHNNLQJWRWGHLQYORHGYDQGHLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJRSKHWPHWHQYDQDPPRQLXPDsURVRO ZRUGWGH VWRIPHWKRGHRRNYHUJHOHNHQPHWYRRUQRHPGH7(20PHHWPHWKRGH ,QHHQYROJHQGHUDSSRUWDJH]XOOHQGHUHVXOWDWHQYDQHHQYHOGVWXGLHZRUGHQWRHJHOLFKW'DDULQ ]LMQIDFWRUHQ]RDOVWHPSHUDWXXUUHODWLHYHYRFKWLJKHLG 5+

(22) LQYORHGYDQGHLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJ LQVWHOOLQJHQNDOLEUDWLHYDQPRQLWRUHQEHWURNNHQ.

(23) %XUR%ODXZ±5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ.  /DERUDWRULXPH[SHULPHQWHQ  ,QYORHGYDQUHODWLHYHYRFKWLJKHLGRSGHUHVSRQV ,QKHWVHOHFWLHRQGHU]RHNRPWRWGHNHX]HYDQHHQPRQLWRULQ/0/WHNRPHQLVGHLQYORHGYDQ GHUHODWLHYHYRFKWLJKHLG 5+

(24) RSGHUHVSRQVYDQGHPRQLWRUHQEHSDDOG 9DQ(O]DNNHUHWDO 

(25) 6OHFKWVYRRUppQYDQGHYLMIW\SH VWRIPRQLWRUHQGLHELMGLWVHOHFWLHRQGHU]RHNZDUHQ EHWURNNHQLVHHQVLJQLILFDQWHJHYRHOLJKHLGYRRUYRFKWYDVWJHVWHOG9RRUGHGHILQLWLHYH PRQLWRU )$*,1

(26) LVJHHQYRFKWJHYRHOLJKHLGYDVWJHVWHOG'H]HPRQLWRULVXLWJHUXVWPHW HHQLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJRPLQYORHGYDQYRFKWWHYRRUNRPHQ 9RFKWLJKHLGNDQGHILMQVWRIFRQFHQWUDWLHPRJHOLMNRSYHUVFKLOOHQGHPDQLHUHQEHwQYORHGHQ  9RFKWNDQLQYORHGKHEEHQRSGHGHHOWMHVJURRWWH'RRURSQDPHYDQYRFKWGRRU K\JURVFRSLVFKHFRPSRQHQWHQ PHWQDPHDPPRQLXPQLWUDDW

(27) NDQKHWDsURVROLQJURRWWH DDQJURHLHQWRWDIPHWLQJHQJURWHUGDQKHWYHUHLVWHDDQ]XLJEHUHLNYDQ30  GHHOWMHVNOHLQHU GDQ P

(28) HQGDDUPHHGXVQLHWDDQJH]RJHQZRUGHQ1DGURJLQJYDQGHZHODDQJH]RJHQ µQDWWH¶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

(29) HQLGHPELMKRJHOXFKWYRFKWLJKHLG FLUFD 5+

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

(31) %XUR%ODXZ±5,90UDSSRUW.     . SDJYDQ. 5HFRUGHU5( 0LQLSXOV32±VODQJHQSRPS 2V]LODWRU6'XOWUDVRRQYHUVSURHLHUYRRUYRFKWWRHYRHU 7KHUPRPHWHU7HVWR RSSHUYODN

(32)  76,DWRPLVHU. 9RRUGHZHUNZLM]HYDQGHDSSDUDWXXUZRUGWYHUZH]HQQDDUGHKDQGOHLGLQJYDQGHEHWUHIIHQGH PHWKRGH 'HJHEUXLNWHRSVWHOOLQJVWDDWVFKHPDWLVFKZHHUJHJHYHQLQILJXXU ,QKHWODERUDWRULXPZRUGWGRRUHHQWHVWYDW YROXPHFLUFDP

(33) JHILOWHUGHSHUVOXFKW LH VFKRQHVWRIYULMHQXOOXFKW

(34) JHEOD]HQ0EYGH2V]LODWRU6'ZRUGWGHUHODWLHYHYRFKWLJKHLG LQKHWWHVWYDWRSRQJHYHHUJHKRXGHQ5HODWLHYHYRFKWLJKHLGHQWHPSHUDWXXUZRUGHQ FRQWLQXJHPHWHQ (HQVFKDNHONORN]RUJWGDWHHQNOHSRSHQRIGLFKWVWDDWZDDUGRRUGHPRQLWRUHQRIGURJHOXFKW YLDGHSHUVOHLGLQJNULMJHQRIYRFKWLJHOXFKWYLDKHWYDW .  SHUVOXFKW. .OHSPHWVFKDNHONORN 8OWUDVRRQ YHUVSURHLHU. 75KPHWLQJ. 7(20 ‰VWRIPRQLWRU6' ‰VWRIPRQLWRU6'. 9$7. ‰VWRIPRQLWRU6' )LJXXU2SVWHOOLQJ. +HWGHELHWYDQGHPRQLWRUHQLVVWDQGDDUGLQJHVWHOGRSP XXUDIJHOHLGYDQGHWHPSHUDWXXU LQGHPHHWNDPHUYDQGH VWRIPRQLWRU 'HH[SHULPHQWHQZHUGHQXLWJHYRHUGELMXLWJHVFKDNHOGH LHJppQ

(35) LQODDWYHUZDUPLQJHQLGHP ELMLQJHVFKDNHOGHLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJYDQƒ& 'HHYHQHHQVLQILJXXUDDQJHJHYHQ7(20LVQLHWLQGLWRQGHUGHHOLQJH]HWPDDUZHOLQKHW YROJHQGRQGHU]RHNQDDUDPPRQLXPDsURVRO 'HFXPXODWLHYHVWRIEHODGLQJYDQGHYHUVFKLOOHQGH VWRIPRQLWRUHQLQGHWLMGZRUGWJHYROJG ELM]RZHOGHDDQYRHUYDQGURJHOXFKWDOVGHDDQYRHUYDQUHODWLHIYRFKWLJHOXFKW UHODWLHYH YRFKWLJKHLGERYHQ

(36)  .

(37) %XUR%ODXZ±5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. 5HVXOWDWHQ 1DKHWVFKDNHOHQYDQGURJHQDDUYRFKWLJHOXFKWYLQGWHUHHQGLUHFWHWRHQDPHYDQKHWVLJQDDO SODDWV%LMHHQVSURQJYDQYRFKWLJQDDUGURRJYLQGWHUHYHQ]HHUHHQGLUHFWHGDOLQJSODDWVYDQ GH]HOIGHRUGHYDQJURRWWH,QGHEXLWHQOXFKW]XOOHQGLWVRRUWDEUXSWHVSURQJHQLQYRFKWHFKWHU QLHWYRRUNRPHQ %LMGHGULH VWRIPRQLWRUHQ 6'6'6'

(38) LVGHFXPXODWLHYHVWRIEHODGLQJLQGHWLMG JHYROJGHQRPJHUHNHQGQDDUWZHHXXUJHPLGGHOGHFRQFHQWUDWLHZDDUGHQ ,QILJXXUVWDDQGHUHVXOWDWHQZHHUJHYHQ'HOLQHDLUHUHJUHVVLHOLMQJHHIWDDQKRHGHELMGUDJH YDQYRFKWYRRUGHYHUVFKLOOHQGHPRQLWRUHQLVWHNZDQWLILFHUHQ. VWRIEHODGLQJ —J

(39) \ [ 5 .  . \ [ 5 . . \ [ 5  6'^59 `.  . 6'^59 `. . 6'^59 `. . 6'^GURJHOXFKW`. . 6'^GURJHOXFKW`. 6'^GURJHOXFKW`.  . . . . . . . . WLMG XXU

(40). )LJXXU,QYORHGYDQYRFKWRSGHUHVSRQVYDQGH VWRIPRQLWRU]RQGHULQODDWYHUZDUPLQJ. 8LWGHILJXXUEOLMNWGDWHUVSUDNHLVYDQHHQWRHQDPHYDQ—JP WHQJHYROJHYDQ]HHU YRFKWLJHOXFKW ERYHQ5+

(41) 'HEOLMNEDDUQLHWJHKHHOJHOLMNHJHYRHOLJKHLGYDQGH PRQLWRUHQHQGHUXLVYDQGHPRQLWRUHQPDNHQHHQSUHFLH]HUHNZDQWLILFHULQJPRHLOLMN . 'HH[SHULPHQWHQPHWLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJ ƒ&

(42) ODWHQHHQVRRUWJHOLMNEHHOG]LHQ'HWRHQDPH GRRUYRFKWYDOW]HOIVLHWVKRJHUXLWGDQELMDIZH]LJKHLGYDQLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJ]LH7DEHO 2PGDWGH]HH[SHULPHQWHQXLWJHYRHUG]LMQPHWXXUYRFKWLJHOXFKWHQGDQXXUGURJH OXFKWLVGHEHSDOLQJYDQGHWRHQDPHPLQGHUQDXZNHXULJ.

(43) %XUR%ODXZ±5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. 7DEHO*HPLGGHOGH30FRQFHQWUDWLH —JP

(44) ELMYRFKWLJKHGHQERYHQ. 0RQLWRU. ]RQGHUYHUZDUPLQJ PHWYHUZDUPLQJƒ& WRHQDPH JP

(45) . 6' 6' 6'.   . WRHQDPH JP

(46) .   . 'HPRQLWRU6'LVEOLMNHQVGLWRQGHU]RHNZHOOLFKWLHWVJHYRHOLJHUYRRUYRFKWGDQGHDQGHUH PRQLWRUHQ.  ,QYORHGYDQYHUZDUPLQJRSDPPRQLXPDsURVRO 'H VWRIPRQLWRUHQGLHZRUGHQWRHJHSDVWLQ/0/]LMQXLWJHUXVWPHWHHQYHUZDUPLQJVPDQWHO YDQFDFPOHQJWH+HWLVYDQEHODQJWHUHDOLVHUHQGDWGHUHIHUHQWLHPHWKRGHJHHQJHEUXLN PDDNWYDQHHQLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJ'HDDQ]XLJOHLGLQJYDQGH VWRIPRQLWRUHQZRUGWSULPDLU YHUZDUPGRPFRQGHQVDWLHWHYRRUNRPHQ'H]HYHUZDUPLQJVPDQWHOYDQGH/0/  VWRIPRQLWRUHQLVVWDQGDDUGLQJHVWHOGRSƒ&'H7(20 7DSHUHG(OHPHQW2VFLOODWLQJ 0RQLWRU

(47) KHHIWHHQYHUZDUPLQJVPDQWHOYDQFLUFDFPOHQJWH%LMGLWPHHWDSSDUDDWZRUGW RRNKHWPHHWFRPSDUWLPHQW]HOIRSƒ&JHKRXGHQLQWHJHQVWHOOLQJWRWGH VWRIPHHWPHWKRGH 'H7(20ZRUGWRRNYHHOYXOGLJJHEUXLNWELMPHWLQJYDQILMQVWRIFRQFHQWUDWLHVPDDULVQLHWLQ KHW/0/JHwPSOHPHQWHHUG +HWLVPRJHOLMNGDWGRRUYHUZDUPLQJEHSDDOGHFRPSRQHQWHQYHUYOXFKWLJHQ$OVHULQGHUGDDG VSUDNHLVYDQYHUYOXFKWLJLQJYDQ]XONHFRPSRQHQWHQNDQGLWZHOOLFKW GHHOV

(48) GHJHYRQGHQ RQGHUVFKDWWLQJYDQGH VWRIPRQLWRUHQWHQRS]LFKWHYDQGHUHIHUHQWLHDSSDUDWXXUYHUNODUHQ'LW ODERUDWRULXPH[SHULPHQWLVHURSJHULFKWQDWHJDDQZHONHLQYORHGHHQLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJNDQ KHEEHQRSGHPHWLQJYDQGHILMQVWRIFRQFHQWUDWLH 'HVDPHQVWHOOLQJHQNZDQWLWHLWYDQILMQVWRILQGHEXLWHQOXFKW]XOOHQYDULsUHQ6HFRQGDLU DsURVRO DPPRQLXPQLWUDDWVXOIDDW

(49) OHYHUWKLHUELMHHQZH]HQOLMNDDQGHHO PHHUGHUHWLHQWDOOHQ SURFHQWHQ

(50) 0HWQDPHDPPRQLXPDsURVRO]DOLQ1HGHUODQGLQDPPRQLDNULMNHRPJHYLQJHQ DDQZH]LJ]LMQGHYOXFKWLJHFRPSRQHQWHQDPPRQLXPQLWUDDWHQDPPRQLXPFKORULGHHQKHW PLQGHUYOXFKWLJHDPPRQLXPVXOIDDW ,QGLWODERUDWRULXPH[SHULPHQWZRUGWDDQGDFKWEHVWHHGDDQGHYUDDJRIKHWPRJHOLMNLVGRRU YHUZDUPLQJYDQGHDDQ]XLJOHLGLQJYDQGH VWRIPRQLWRUKHWDPPRQLXPQLWUDDWHQ DPPRQLXPVXOIDDWWHYHUGDPSHQYRRUGDWGLWDsURVROKHWILOWHUEHUHLNW(YHQHHQVZRUGW QDJHJDDQRIKHWPRJHOLMNLVGDWHYHQWXHHODDQZH]LJDsURVRORSKHWILOWHULQKHW PHHWFRPSDUWLPHQWYDQDIKHWILOWHUNDQYHUGDPSHQ.

(51) %XUR%ODXZ±5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. 0DWHULDDOHQ0HWKRGH (ULVJHEUXLNJHPDDNWYDQGHPHHWRSVWHOOLQJ]RDOVZHHUJHJHYHQLQKHWYRULJHKRRIGVWXN ]LH ILJXXU

(52) 'H7(20LVDOVPHHWDSSDUDDWWRHJHYRHJGWHQRS]LFKWHYDQGHYRFKWH[SHULPHQWHQ (pQYDQGH VWRIPRQLWRUHQ 6'

(53) LVQLHWPHHULQGHUDSSRUWDJHZHHUJHJHYHQRPGDWGH JHYRHOLJKHLGOLMNWDIWHZLMNHQYDQGHDQGHUHPRQLWRUHQ +HWGHELHWELMGHPRQVWHUQDPHLQODDWYDQGH7(20EHGUDDJWP XXUKHWGDDGZHUNHOLMNH GHELHWRYHUKHWILOWHULVP XXU'H VWRIPRQLWRUHQKHEEHQHHQGHELHWYDQP XXU ]RZHOELMGHPRQVWHUQDPHLQODDWDOVELMKHWILOWHU ,QGH]HUDSSRUWDJHVWDDQGHFRQFHQWUDWLHVHQVWRIEHODGLQJHQZHHUJHJHYHQELMƒ&HQ DWPRVIHHU'HPHHWUHVXOWDWHQYDQGH7(20PRHWHQZRUGHQJHFRUULJHHUGRPGDWGH PHHWUHVXOWDWHQZRUGHQEHUHNHQGELMƒ&HQDWPRVIHHU'HPDVVDIORZFRQWUROHUYDQGH 7(20LVJHLMNWELMƒ&HQDWPRVIHHU . . . 'HLQVWHOOLQJYDQGHPRQLWRUHQLV]RGDQLJGDWRPGHPLQXWHQHHQPHHWUHVXOWDDWZRUGW ZHJJHVFKUHYHQ'HILMQVWRIFRQFHQWUDWLHVZRUGHQEHUHNHQGDOVJOLMGHQGXXUJHPLGGHOGHQ.  $PPRQLXPVXOIDDW $PPRQLXPVXOIDDWLVHHQQLHWYOXFKWLJDsURVROGDWHHQYRXGLJWHJHQHUHUHQLVZDDUGRRUKHWHUJ JHVFKLNWLVDOVWHVWDsURVRO'HWRHJHSDVWHFRQFHQWUDWLHYDQ—JP DPPRQLXPVXOIDDWLV JHNR]HQRPPRJHOLMNHHIIHFWHQGXLGHOLMNDDQWHWRQHQ +HWDPPRQLXPVXOIDDWZRUGWRSJHORVWLQGHPLZDWHUHQYHUVSURHLGPHWHHQ76,DWRPLVHU 1DGURJLQJZRUGWGLWDsURVRODDQKHWYDWDDQJHERGHQ'HILMQVWRIFRQFHQWUDWLHZRUGW YHUYROJHQVEHSDDOGPHWEHKXOSYDQGH7(20HQGHWZHH VWRIPRQLWRUHQ 6' 6'

(54)  . 5HVXOWDWHQ $DQGHKDQGYDQGHZHHUJDYHYDQGHFXPXODWLHYHWRHQDPHYDQGHVWRIEHODGLQJLQGHWLMGLVWH ]LHQGDWGHLQVWHOOLQJYDQGHLQODDWWHPSHUDWXXUJppQ PHUNEDUH

(55) LQYORHGKHHIWRSGHJHPHWHQ ILMQVWRIFRQFHQWUDWLHDPPRQLXPVXOIDDW ]LHILJXXU

(56) .

(57) %XUR%ODXZ±5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. 6WRIEHODGLQJ —J

(58)       . . . . WLMG XXU

(59).  WHRP ƒ&

(60) ‰VWRIPRQLWRU ]RQGHUYHUZDUPLQJ

(61) ‰VWRIPRQLWRU ƒ&

(62) ‰VWRIPRQLWRU ƒ&

(63). )LJXXU,QYORHGYDQGHLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJRSDPPRQLXPVXOIDDW. 'HZHUNHOLMNHFRQFHQWUDWLHVLQGHEXLWHQOXFKW]LMQGXLGHOLMNODJHUGDQGHJHNR]HQFRQFHQWUDWLH ELMGHODERUDWRULXPH[SHULPHQWHQ+HWOLJWGDQRRNLQGHOLMQGHUYHUZDFKWLQJGDWDsURVROYRRU ]RYHUKHWEHVWDDWXLWDPPRQLXPVXOIDDWJppQDDQOHLGLQJJHHIWWRWRQGHUVFKDWWLQJGRRUGH  VWRIPRQLWRUPHWYHUZDUPGHLQODDWWHQRS]LFKWHYDQGHUHIHUHQWLHPHWKRGH.  $PPRQLXPQLWUDDW (HQDPPRQLXPQLWUDDWRSORVVLQJYDQJOZRUGWYHUVSURHLGZDWRYHUHHQNRPWPHWRQJHYHHU —JP LQKHWYDW2RNKLHULVGH]HFRQFHQWUDWLHJHNR]HQRPGHHIIHFWHQGXLGHOLMNHUDDQWH WRQHQ(QRRNKLHULVKHWYDQEHODQJWHUHDOLVHUHQGDWGHFRQFHQWUDWLHVLQGHEXLWHQOXFKW GXLGHOLMN

(64) ODJHU]XOOHQ]LMQ'HGHHOWMHVLQKHWYDW]LMQNOHLQHUGDQ—P +HWDPPRQLXPDsURVROZRUGWEHSDDOGPHWEHKXOSYDQYRRUQRHPGH7(20HQWZHH VWRIPRQLWRUHQ(pQYDQGHWZHH VWRIPRQLWRUHQZRUGWKLHUJHEUXLNWRPGHFRQFHQWUDWLHLQ KHWYDWWHYROJHQHQGHYHUZDUPLQJYDQGH]HPRQLWRUZRUGWGDQRRNXLWJH]HW+HWPRJHOLMNH HIIHFWYDQGHYHUZDUPLQJZRUGWEHSDDOGGRRUJHEUXLNWHPDNHQYDQGH7(20 LQVWHOOLQJYDQ PHHWNDPHUHQLQODDWRSƒ&

(65) HQGHDQGHUH VWRIPRQLWRUZDDUYDQGHLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJLV LQJHVWHOGRS]LMQPD[LPDOHZDDUGHYDQƒ&'H VWRIPRQLWRUGLHRSƒ&VWDDWLQJHVWHOG ZRUGWHHUVWHQLJHWLMG]RQGHUYHUZDUPLQJJHEUXLNWRPQDWHJDDQRIEHLGH VWRIPRQLWRUHQ YHUJHOLMNEDUHUHVXOWDWHQJHYHQ .

(66) %XUR%ODXZ±5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. (UZRUGWHYHQHHQVRQGHU]RFKWZDWGHLQYORHGYDQGHLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJLVRS DPPRQLXPQLWUDDWRQGHUYRFKWLJHRPVWDQGLJKHGHQGRRUKHWYDWYRFKWLJWHKRXGHQHQGH UHODWLHYHYRFKWLJKHLGLQKHWYDWWHUHJLVWUHUHQ. 5HVXOWDWHQ 1DGDWGHYHUKRRJGHFRQFHQWUDWLHDPPRQLXPQLWUDDWYLDGHYHUVSURHLHUZRUGWWRHJHYRHUGDDQ KHWYDWYHUORRSWGHFRQFHQWUDWLHLQKHWYDWJHOHLGHOLMNQDDURQJHYHHU—JP  8LWILJXXUEOLMNWGXLGHOLMNGDWGH7(20LQJHVWHOGRSƒ&HHQILMQVWRIFRQFHQWUDWLHPHHWYDQ VOHFKWVHQNHOH—JP  . .     . 

(67). P  J —.   . . 0 3. . . . . . . . . . .    WLMG XXU

(68).   SP —JP

(69) %qWDVWRIPRQLWRU ƒ&

(70)  DDQJH]HWWLMGHQVPHWLQJ.  SP —JP

(71) %qWDVWRIPRQLWRU]RQGHUYHUZDUPLQJ SP —JP

(72) WHRP ƒ&

(73). )LJXXU,QYORHGYDQGHLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJRSDPPRQLXPQLWUDDW. %LMKHWDDQ]HWWHQYDQGHYHUZDUPLQJVPDQWHOELM  VWRIPRQLWRURSƒ&YDOWRSGDWGH  VWRIPRQLWRUHHQQHJDWLHYHFRQFHQWUDWLHEHUHNHQG+HWYHUYOXFKWLJHQYDQDPPRQLXPQLWUDDW YDQDIKHWILOWHUGRHWGHVWRIEHODGLQJDIQHPHQKHWJHHQGRRUGH VWRIPRQLWRUJHwQWHUSUHWHHUG ZRUGWDOVYRRUQRHPGHQHJDWLHYHFRQFHQWUDWLHV1DVWDELOLVDWLHOLMNHQGH VWRIPRQLWRU PHW ƒ&

(74) HQGH7(20 LQODDWHQPHHWNDPHURSƒ&

(75) PLQRIPHHUQDDUGH]HOIGHFRQFHQWUDWLHWH WHQGHUHQ H. $OVYHUYROJHQVGH VWRIPRQLWRUGLHLQJHVWHOGVWDDWRSƒ&ZRUGWJHZLM]LJGQDDUƒ&]RDOV JHEUXLNHOLMNLQ/0/GDQZRUGHQGHYROJHQGHUHVXOWDWHQJHYRQGHQ 7DEHO

(76) .

(77) %XUR%ODXZ±5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. 7DEHO:HHUJDYHILMQVWRIFRQFHQWUDWLHVDPPRQLXPQLWUDDW. PRQLWRU VWRIPRQLWRU]RQGHUYHUZDUPLQJ VWRIPRQLWRULQJHVWHOGRSƒ& VWRIPRQLWRULQJHVWHOGRSƒ& 7(20LQJHVWHOGRSƒ&. 30  —JP

(78) “—JP “—JP FLUFD—JP “—JP . .  . . . 8LWGH]HWDEHOEOLMNWGXLGHOLMNGDWGHHIIHFWLYLWHLWYDQGHYHUZDUPLQJWXVVHQGH  VWRIPRQLWRUHQGH7(20YHUVFKLOW %HGHQNKLHUELMGDWGHLQVWHOOLQJYDQGHLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJYDQGH VWRIPRQLWRUSODDWVYLQGW DDQGHKDQGYDQGHWHPSHUDWXXUDDQGHEXLWHQNDQWYDQGHLQODDWEXLV'HWHPSHUDWXXULQ GLH]HOIGHLQODDWEXLVYDQGH VWRIPRQLWRULVGHUKDOYHEHGXLGHQGODJHUGDQGHXLWZHQGLJ LQJHVWHOGHWHPSHUDWXXU .HQQHOLMNGLHQWGHLQODDWYHUZDUPLQJYDQGH VWRIPRQLWRU]RKRRJDOVƒ&LQJHVWHOGGLHQHQ WHZRUGHQRPGH]HOIGHHIIHFWLYLWHLWWHEHUHLNHQ TXDYHUGDPSLQJYDQDPPRQLXPQLWUDDW DsURVRO

(79) DOV7(20ELMƒ&.

(80) %XUR%ODXZ±5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ.  &RQFOXVLHV 'HGLUHFWHLQYORHGYDQYRFKWRSGHUHVSRQVYDQGH VWRIPRQLWRUHQEHVWDDWXLWHHQWRHQDPH YDQGHVWRIEHODGLQJRSKHWPRQLWRUILOWHUELMKRJHUHYRFKWLJKHGHQ%LMH[WUHHPYRFKWLJH RPVWDQGLJKHGHQJDDWKHWHFKWHURPHHQJHULQJHRYHUVFKDWWLQJ ]R¶Q—JP

(81) YDQGH ZDDUJHQRPHQFRQFHQWUDWLHV 'DDUQDDVWLVQLHWXLWJHVORWHQGDWGRRUK\JURVFRSLVFKHHLJHQVFKDSSHQYDQDsURVROGH GHHOWMHVJURRWWH]RGDQLJ]DONXQQHQWRHQHPHQGDWELMEXLWHQOXFKWPHWLQJHQPHWHHQ30 NRS GH]HEXLWHQKHWPHHWEHUHLNYDOOHQ3HUVDOGR]RXGLWHHQYHUOLHVDDQPDVVDRSKHWDDQ]XLJILOWHU YDQGHPRQLWRULQKRXGHQHQGDDUPHHHHQRQGHUVFKDWWLQJYDQGHZHUNHOLMNHFRQFHQWUDWLH . . 0EWDPPRQLXPVXOIDDWLVHUJppQVSUDNHYDQRQGHUVFKDWWLQJYDQGHEHWUHIIHQGH FRQFHQWUDWLHVGRRUKHWYHUZDUPHQYDQGHLQODDWYDQGH VWRIPRQLWRUHQ,PPHUVGH7(20 PHWHHQGXLGHOLMNHIIHFWLHYHUHYHUZDUPLQJJHHIWPLQRIPHHUGH]HOIGHFXPXODWLHYH VWRIEHODGLQJHQHQ30 FRQFHQWUDWLHVDDQDOVGH VWRIPRQLWRUHQ . 'HYHUZDUPLQJVPDQWHOYDQ VWRIPRQLWRUHQLQJHVWHOGRSƒ&LVLQVWDDWRP DPPRQLXPQLWUDDWGHHOWMHVYROOHGLJWHODWHQYHUYOXFKWLJHQ(YHQWXHHOUHHGVRSKHWILOWHU DDQZH]LJDPPRQLXPQLWUDDW]DOELMGH]HWHPSHUDWXXUYHUGDPSHQ+LHUGRRU]DOGHVWRIEHODGLQJ DIQHPHQKHWJHHQDOVHHQQHJDWLHYH30 FRQFHQWUDWLH]DOZRUGHQJHVLJQDOHHUG 'HHIIHFWLYLWHLWYDQGHYHUZDUPLQJVPDQWHOYDQGH VWRIPRQLWRUHQLVWDPHOLMNEHSHUNW'H WHPSHUDWXXUYDQKHWDDQJH]RJHQDsURVROLQGHLQODDWEXLVEOLMIWEHGXLGHQGODJHUGDQGH LQJHVWHOGHWHPSHUDWXXUYDQGHYHUZDUPLQJVPDQWHO KDQJWRDVDPHQPHWGHSODDWVYDQGH YHUZDUPLQJVPDQWHORSGHDDQ]XLJOHLGLQJ

(82)  $OVGH VWRIPRQLWRUZRUGWLQJHVWHOGRSƒ&]RDOVLQKHW/0/GDQ]DOVOHFKWVHHQGHHOYDQ KHWDPPRQLXPQLWUDDWYHUYOXFKWLJHQ'HKRHYHHOKHLGDPPRQLXPQLWUDDWGDW]DOYHUYOXFKWLJHQ LVGDQDIKDQNHOLMNYDQGHEXLWHQWHPSHUDWXXUHQYDQGHYRRUQRHPGHHIIHFWLYLWHLWYDQGH YHUZDUPLQJ . %LM7(20LVGHHIIHFWLYLWHLWYDQGHLQJHVWHOGHWHPSHUDWXXUYDQLQODDW ODQJHUHLQODDWEXLV

(83) HQ PHWQDPHPHHWNDPHUDDQ]LHQOLMNEHWHUGDQELMGH VWRIPRQLWRU+LHUGRRU]DOELMGH LQJHVWHOGHZDDUGHYDQƒ&YHUYOXFKWLJLQJYDQDPPRQLXPQLWUDDWLQEHGXLGHQGKRJHUHPDWH SODDWVYLQGHQ8LWHUDDUG]LMQGHEXLWHQWHPSHUDWXXUHQGHDDQZH]LJHFRQFHQWUDWLH DPPRQLXPQLWUDDWLQGHEXLWHQOXFKWYDQJURRWEHODQJRPHHQVFKDWWLQJWHNXQQHQPDNHQYDQ KHWGDDGZHUNHOLMNHYHUOLHVDDQILMQHVWRIGHHOWMHV.

(84) %XUR%ODXZ±5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. /LWHUDWXXU (O]DNNHU%*YDQ0HXOHQ$YDQGHU+HOOHPRQG-YDQ5HJWV7$'HbVWRIPHHWPHWKRGH YHUJHOLMNLQJYDQHHQYLMIWDOPRQLWRUHQ%LOWKRYHQ5LMNVLQVWLWXXWYRRU9RONVJH]RQGKHLGHQ 0LOLHX 5,90

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bVWRIPRQLWRUHQYDQKHW ODQGHOLMNPHHWQHWOXFKWNZDOLWHLW5DSSRUWQXPPHU%/ ;X-,PUH'0F*UDZ57DQJ,$PPRQLXP6XOIDWH(TXLOOLEULXPDQG0HWDVWDELOLW\3KDVH 'LDJUDPVIURPWRƒ&-3K\V&KHP%.

(86) %XUR%ODXZ±5,90UDSSRUW. SDJYDQ. %LMODJH6FKHPDWLVFKHZHHUJDYHHQIRWRYDQGH  VWRIPRQLWRU. LQODDW. PHHWNDPHU. ILOWHUEDQG. VLJQDDO FRPSHQVDWLH NDPHU. SRPSHQ IORZUHJHOLQJ. YHUZHUNLQJ.

(87) %XUR%ODXZ±5,90UDSSRUW. %LMODJH9HU]HQGOLMVW                . ,U-YDQGHU9OLVW9520 0Z0U&0=ZDUWHSRRUWH9520 'U..ULMJVKHOG9520 ,U-$+HUUHPDQV9520 ,U$%ORP9520 'LUHFWLH5LMNVLQVWLWXXWYRRU9RONVJH]RQGKHLGHQ0LOLHX +RRIG9RRUOLFKWLQJHQ3XEOLF5HODWLRQV5,90 'U,U'YDQ/LWKK//2 ,U+60$'LHGHUHQ//2 ,U5$:$OEHUV//2 'U$2SSHUKXL]HQ/(2 'U,U(%XULQJK/(2 %XUHDX5DSSRUWHQUHJLVWDULH %LEOLRWKHHN5,90 'HSRWYDQ1HGHUODQGVH3XEOLNDWLHVHQ1HGHUODQGVH%LEOLRJUDILH %LEOLRWKHHN//2.  $XWHXUV  %XUHDX5DSSRUWHQEHKHHU  5HVHUYHH[HPSODUHQ. SDJYDQ.

(88)

Referenties

GERELATEERDE DOCUMENTEN

For bleach (sodiumhypochlorite) containing products, exposure was assessed to the compounds HOCl via the inhalation route and to OCl - via the dermal and oral route of

In de berekening van de buiging wordt er van uitgegaan dat deze belasting symmetrisch verdeeld is over de linker- en rechterzijde van het chassis.. In deze belasting worden de

Semi collectieve goederen, dat zijn goederen die grotendeels door de overheid worden voortgebracht, maar waarvoor je wel een prijs moet betalen (profijtbeginsel).. (openbaar

− Indien er voor humaan en eco niet voldoende of geen gegevens beschikbaar zijn en deze ook niet met QSARs kunnen worden geschat, wordt geen ad-hoc-MTR afgeleid.. 2 In het

Vocht en schimmels zijn daarvan de meest genoemde oorzaken Van de meldingen over hinder heeft geurhinder het grootste aandeel, waarbij de riolering het vaakst wordt genoemd

Per jaar wordt in open zee gemiddeld 18 ml ingeslikt door alle duikers (een borrelglaasje), in kust- en Deltawateren 116 ml (een half limonadeglas), in recreatieplassen 231 ml (een

Adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) in the National Vaccination Programme of the Netherlands (RVP) have been monitored through an enhanced passive surveillance system by

In Experiment 3 werd onderzocht of een afwisseling tussen het observeren van een animated model waarin een probleem wordt opgelost en het zelfstandig oplossen van een probleem