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Business and NGO cooperation to foster peace through

environmental initiatives in the mirror of MagNet Bank

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ABSTRACT

Recently businesses realized that the vast majority of them can benefit from sustainable, stable, healthy business sector and peace is also beneficial for the society and development. However more and more businesses operate responsibly and engaged in ethical business behaviour, limited number of corporations realized the potential to partner with NGOs in order to operate social responsibly. This partnership can be beneficial for both parties, and eventually for community and peacebuilding. Partnership between businesses and especially environmental NGOs -whose activities and goals can be drivers of conflict solving, solidarity, cooperation as well as community and peacebuilding- contributes to peaceful communities thus peace through environmental initiatives. As there is no literature which ties these three factors- business, NGO, environment- together, this study aims to contribute to this literature by identifying the motivations and reasons why business and environmental NGOs collaborate, what challenges and benefits they face while working together and what is the effect of their cooperation on themselves as well as the community and peace. To answer these questions the study was conducted using a qualitative multiple case study research design investigating the partnerships between a business and seven environmental NGOs.

Keywords: business, NGO, environment, community, peace

Student: Viktória Egyed Student ID: 11085290

Supervisor: Michelle Westermann- Behaylo Second reader: Francesca Ciull Date: 24.06.2016.

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

This document is written by Student Viktória Egyed who declares to take full

responsibility for the contents of this document. I declare that the text and the work presented in this document are original and that no sources other than those mentioned in the text and its

references have been used in creating it. The Faculty of Economics and Business is responsible

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Michelle Westermann- Behaylo for her great support, patience, guidance, constructive feedback and valuable insights during the process of writing my thesis.

I would also thank the entire international management team making possible to finish my master studies.

Moreover I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the four people from MagNet Bank and the seven people from the NGOs who agreed to participate in my research.

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Contents

INTRODUCTION ... 7

LITERATURE REVIEW ... 9

Business and peace ... 10

NGOs and Peace ... 12

Businesses and NGOs ... 15

METHODOLOGY ... 18 Research design ... 18 Case selection ... 19 Case characteristics ... 20 Data Collection ... 22 Data Analysis ... 23

Strengths and limitation of the research design ... 25

RESULTS ... 26

Within Case Analysis ... 27

NGO1 ... 27 NGO2 ... 28 NGO3 ... 31 NGO4 ... 34 NGO5 ... 37 NGO6 ... 39 NGO7 ... 41 Cross-case Analysis ... 43

Motivations and reasons ... 43

Effect ... 46

DISCUSSION ... 47

Managerial Implications ... 50

Research Limitation ... 51

Suggestion for future research ... 52

CONCLUSION ... 52

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6 “By now we know that peace and prosperity cannot be achieved without partnerships involving governments, international organizations, the business community and civil society. In today’s world, we depend on each other.” (Kofi Annan, 1998)

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INTRODUCTION

Nowadays businesses realized that the vast majority of them can benefit from sustainable peace, stability and healthy business sector. Peace is also beneficial for societies, community development, education and economic development (Westermann- Behaylo, 2016).

Corporations are increasingly aware of the need to position their everyday operations to serve social issues well beyond their economic and competitive interest. This awareness is mostly reflected in social responsibility and ethical behaviour efforts (Tavis, 2008)

However more and more corporation operate social responsibly, ethically and transparently, limited number of firms realized the potential of partnering with NGOs.

If we are thinking about the cooperation between businesses and civil organizations, first people tend to think of charity. However it is truly wide-spread, a lot of firms donate to NGOs, either monetary or natural donation, sometimes voluntary work. This partnership can be beneficial both to businesses and both to NGOs, and after all for community and sustainable peace building. The extent to which businesses and NGOs partner with each other and contribute to peace differs.

Although many scholars in the NGO literature use a broad definition of NGOs, the majority of empirical studies focus on environmental NGOs (Lund, 2013). Certain key aspects of environmental issues exist that can lead parties to consider environmental initiatives as a means of cooperation. Therefore environmental issues can play a substantial role and can be drivers of conflict solving, solidarity, cooperation as well as peace- and community building (Ali, 2007). Although some studies deal with the influence of NGOs in environmental negotiations, theoretical conclusions remain scattered (Lund, 2013).

The literature is rich in hypothesis-generating studies of NGOs, but poor in comparative assessments of influence across types of NGOs (Mitchell and Schmitz 2014).

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8 Moreover, there is no literature which ties all these three factors- business, NGOs, peace together and especially not at the Good Trust Level. This Level of Trust is the least discussed partnership in management literature. Moreover limited numbers of corporations have been revealed which engage in this type of partnership.

Thus, further research is considered to be necessary to identify the motivations and reasons why businesses and environmental NGOs collaborate, what challenges and benefits they face while working together, what is the effect of their cooperation on themselves as well as the community and peace.

Thus this study will draw on multiple case studies of seven environmental NGOs partnering with a business, called MagNet Bank in order to fill the gap of the above mentioned aspects and answer to the research question of the study.

The research question guiding this study is as follows:

How businesses and NGOs work together to foster peace through environmental initiatives?

This study consists of six sections. The next section reviews the theoretical background on the relationship between business and peace, then the link between environmental NGOs and peace, finally the partnership between business and environmental NGOs. Following the theoretical foundations, the next chapter elaborates on the methodology used to answer the research question of this study. This section discusses the qualitative multiple case study research design, which is followed by the discussion of the cases, the reasons for the case selection. Then the method of the data collection and analysis will be described. The next section discusses the within-case analysis and the cross-case analysis. The study concludes with a summary of key

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9 findings, the limitations of this research, managerial implications and suggestions for future research.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Researcher and scholars only started to provide greater attention on the business’ potential for supporting peace, in the last 15 years. Several definitions and interpretations are existing in relation to peace. In general scholars consider peace as a good and the desire for peace is a human aspiration. This consideration of concept is accepted world-wide (Oeztelet al, 2010). According to Dunfee and Fort (2003), peace is a natural goal for human activity, while other scholars interpret peace as a hyper goal for business. Although the most basic and universal meaning of peace is the absence of bloodshed.

Peacebuilding is a substantial and challenging intellectual and ethical enterprise of humanity, since it aims to recreate societies or create new ones with common norms, rules, identity, institutions and sustaining economy. Peace studies helps to understand the nature, mechanism of peace operations and the theoretical background behind them, namely the concept of positive peace.

In the literature, a distinction exists between negative (the absence of violence) and positive peace (the absence of violence coupled with social justice) (Stephenson, 1999). Galtung (1990) defines positive peace as the permanent absence of physical, structural and cultural violence, and argue for the equal distribution of resources and rights by which you can eliminate the roots of the original conflict.

My literature review consists of three parts. First, I will examine the relationship between businesses and peace, then the link between NGOs and peace through environmental initiatives, finally the cooperation between business and NGOs.

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Business and peace

Businesses can have an important role in contributing to sustainable peace. In this section I will shed light on how businesses can provide positive social and economic contributions to the society and to sustainable peace through their operations, which kind of activities promote peace.

However, one could consider as some of the businesses are the worst possible candidates for promoting peace. In history we could witness more than one example when companies rather promoted conflict between businesses and countries by claiming territory. Although business realized that peace is good for them. They cannot profit from war. Of course a certain sector of business does, but more sectors profit from peace and stability. So there is an incentive and motivation for companies to contribute to peace and avoid war (DeGeorge, 1993). Moreover, contributing to sustainable peace can lead to the creation of new markets in regions or countries where it was not possible due to the conflicts (Nelson, 2000).

So businesses have potential to avoid, reduce conflict and to contribute to peace achieving a secure and stable community, where people work and fit together without tensions.

Peace could be achieved by ethical business behaviour. According to Oeztel et al., there is a positive association between ethical business practices and contribution to peace. What is more, even if they are not aware of it, companies have a substantial impact on number of fostering sustainable peace and reducing conflict (Oetzel et al, 2010).

Businesses can actively help to reduce conflicts and make contributions towards more peaceful societies by (Oetzel et al., 2010):

 supporting economic development by providing jobs, promoting local investments, transfer resource such as technological development, development of human

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11 managerial capabilities etc. (Fort and Schipani, 2004), creating partnership between private sector and NGO, providing spill overs in developing countries, promoting development through investment. According to Stewart (2002), there is a positive correlation between economic development and the decrease of conflict. Thus generally accepted business and ethical business practices can promote sustainable peace (Fort and Schipani, 2007).

 the rule of law, principles of external valuation: companies adopt international codes of conduct connected to labour practices, environmental standards (Kolk, 2007). Moreover, companies can work together with other organisations to limit corruption and enhance anti-bribery laws and enhancing the rules of law (Fort and Schipani 2004).  contributing to a sense of community and connectedness by establishing social harmony; create internal policies which promote gender equality, protect women; encourage voice of employees; creating trust between themselves and its stakeholders. All of it reflects the attributes of peaceful societies. CSR is connected to the concept of real trust and states that the companies do not exist in isolation in the society, businesses are parts of a community (Fort and Schipani, 2007). The motivations to build real trust may be driven by instrumental, relational or moral motives (Aguilera et al, 2007)

 engaging in two track diplomacy: corporations can have a alleviating role between groups in conflict.

 engaging in conflict-sensitive practices and risk assessment (business and NGO partnerships)

Companies have to fulfil changing expectations of the society. Stakeholders of businesses (consumers, governments, NGOs etc.) are demanding changes in corporate behaviour in association with environmental sustainability and ethical business practices (Vogel, 2006).

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12 Companies face increased social, legal and global market pressure to operate more sustainably, and several are realizing that collaborative environmental NGOs can be allies for pursue mutually beneficial ecological goals. Ecological preservation is an integral part of business. (Stattford and Hartman, 1996).

Stakeholder might demand for better working conditions, reduced environmental effect of the operations, and greater gender and racial equality. Despite the differences in values and demands along stakeholders, there is an initiative for isomorphism of certain standards for business behaviour. Gregory (2006) states the global codes of conduct, which codify norms for businesses. However, it seems to be a more difficult and complex exercise to manage the development of peace than just following a guideline.

Ethical business practices can foster peace and the reduction of conflicts. Obeying the law contributes to sustainable peace and stability. Moreover, economic development also correlates with peace. The contribution of building community also leads to peace with responsible behaviours of firms and relationships. There are two aspects of the conception of community. The first is CSR, by which we can investigate the extent of companies environmentally responsible and culturally sensitive to their communities where they operate. The second is corporate social responsibility behaviours improve respectful relationships (Oetzel and Westermann-Behaylo, 2010).

“Instead of making businesses responsible for peace the idea is to help businesses to see the role that they can play in furthering peace” (Fort, 2007).

NGOs and Peace

Nowadays there are disputes about the link between the environment and peace, focused on how environmental issues like resource scarcity and climate change are likely to generate or

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13 ease conflict. Scholars all over the world question the relationship between environment and peace. Even The Economist asked “but what does planting trees have to do with peace?” (Ali, 2007)

Issues relating to environmental degradation can trigger conflict in regions because of causes such as resource scarcity, destruction of natural resources and loss of livelihoods. However, it can also trigger cooperation through common environmental goals, which encourage people to come together. In regions, where people are dependent on shared resources, can be a driver of peace consequently through building mutual faith and trust between them (Susskind and Ali, 2007). Cooperation is essential as to “avoid human suffering and ensure equitable sharing of existing resources “(Griffin and Ali, 2014, pp. 238). However the statement that environmental factors can contribute to conflict sometimes can be easily rejected by critics who claim that environmental factors are negligible components of conflicts. According to them, rather financial, demographic or ethnic elements contribute to conflict and environmental issues play a minor role (Ali, 2007).

The theory of ecological diplomacy focuses on promoting peace through environmental initiatives. Ecological diplomacy seeks to alleviate problems using shared environmental conservation projects to build trust and cooperation and thereby contribute to peace building (Griffin and Ali, 2014). Shared management of issues provides an opportunity to build trust, thus the prospect for ecological diplomacy (Griffin and Ali, 2014). Conservation demands a big-picture perspective and a long-term vision which creates a longer time frame for trust to be established. In turn, the rewards of cooperation, includes economic and social gains (Susskind and Islam 2012). According to Ali (2007), positive dynamic can be generated by applying ecological diplomacy to achieve two goals at the same time- environmental conservation and peace. Conservation is a feasible, however unexploited conflict reducing mechanism in increasingly diverse, interdependent, and multi-polar world progressively in need of alternative

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14 approaches to peace-building (Griffin and Ali, 2014). However some scholars argue diplomatic mechanism associated with peace not effective enough.

Environmental NGOs (ENGOs) are active in these processes to fight against environmental degradation, which as a common goal facilitate pace through environmental initiatives.

The question of NGO influence in global environmental issues got much academic attention recently. Environmentalists argue that NGO presence is inevitable in the efforts to ease or avoid the degradation of the global environment as NGO presence increase the ecological defence (Berlin, 2009). According to Betsill (2008, p. 203) “ increasing ENGO participation in and influence on multilateral negotiations on the environment and sustainable development leads to better outcomes“ Betsill (2008, pp. 203). However there are still some scholars who disagree, Böhmelt (2013) argues that environmental NGOs are unlikely to affect or change states’ climate change policies.

Nowadays, there is existing literature about NGOs sometimes succeed in their efforts to shape policies in areas such as human rights, environmental protection, conflict resolution, international trade. Many scholars in the NGO literature use a broad definition of NGOs but the majority of empirical studies focus on environmental NGOs (Lund, 2013). Although some studies deal with the influence of non-governmental organisations in environmental negotiations, theoretical conclusions remain scattered (Lund, 2013)

The literature is rich in hypothesis-generating case studies of NGOs, but poor in comparative assessments of influence across different types of NGOs (Mitchell and Schmitz 2014).

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Businesses and NGOs

More and more scholars begun to pay more attention on the role that NGOs play around in the world to contribute to sustainable peace and stability, particularly the relationship between companies and civil organizations towards a common goal (Bornstein, 2004). This partnership can be beneficial for both parties but can also hold challenges and obstacles (Oetzel and Doh, 2009).

For businesses, it is beneficial to partner with NGOs because NGOs can provide necessary legitimacy and social contacts in a certain country or business sector. According to Tallberg et al. (2015) NGOs’ influencing factors include connection to networks, “material resources, level of professionalization, access to decision makers, capacity to mobilize public opinion, moral authority, ideational resources and information provision” (Tallberg et al., pp. 2., 2015). Moreover NGOs noticed significant opportunities to take advantage of material, human and financial resources in order to reach their goals. According to Meckling (2011) financial resources are necessary for NGOs but not sufficient to guarantee success. She also suggests that above a certain level, the spending of further financial resources may no longer result in a corresponding rise in success. Businesses can provide resources to NGOs-which are not possible or difficult to access by them- such as their expertise, capital, international business networks etc. (Oetzel et al., 2010).

However, not all kind of businesses promote peace. To engage in peace, corporation has to be ethical and have to have moral maturity. Partnership with NGOs can improve the morality of the businesses (Fort, 2008).

According to Zadek, types of partnerships between NGOs and businesses can be categorized in three levels according to the level of corporate moral maturity: Hard Trust Model, Real Trust

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16 Model and Good Trust Model. Corporations must integrate these types of trust to contribute to sustainable peace (Fort et al. 2008).

Hard Trust Model is not a conventional partnering, it rather means rule of law, government regulations which force businesses to engage in peace promoting activities by simply obeying the law, following rules and avoid troubling behaviour like corruption or bribery. NGOs can also engage in this kind of relationship with businesses by pushing corporation towards social justice, environmental standard and regulations, avoiding child labour etc. (Zadek, 2004) Real Trust Model can be considered as an economic development aspect. This type of relationship is more partnership based, where businesses realize that they can earn money for being good by improving communities economically and socially. Businesses at this level of partnership are engaged in self-interest level of moral reasoning. This move is initiated when it is perceived to enhance the corporations marketing efforts, reputational capital and its bottom line (Zadek, 2004). This type of partnership is a win-win based relationship between businesses and NGOs. The shareholders of the business benefit through improving their reputation, brand image, gaining credibility, getting access to otherwise unavailable groups of stakeholders to deepen local knowledge and providing access to distribution channels by working together with NGOS. While NGOs benefit through improving efficiency and financial stability which develop the conditions of sustainable and stable peace. It is and economization of goodwill. Businesses and NGOs can also partner to create new markets, promote fair trade. Working together with NGOs getting significant importance nowadays as green marketing is a substantial factor in terms of brand image, reputation and credibility, which was not the case 20 years ago. In the eye of stakeholders fairly paid workers, healthy and safe working conditions, responsible corporate behaviour became a critical aspect (Fort et al., 2008).

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17 In terms of Good Trust Model partnership businesses engage in emphatic community building. It is the least discussed partnership in management literature. Limited number of corporations exist which engage in this type of partnership. Further case studies and research are considered to be necessary to identify, characterize, and to understand the tangible and intangible benefits these partnerships can create in building peaceful communities with businesses (Fort et al., 2008).

Those types of businesses belong to Good Trust partnership who wants to contribute to peace but they do not know how to do it. These kinds of businesses have high sophisticated level of moral maturity and eager to maximize their impact on peace building. In order to gain this goal, corporations seek to partner with NGOs. The main goal of these corporations is the ethical behaviour, helping, building community and sustainable peace. They are extremely sensitive to culture, environment, they substantial aim is to maintain transparency, protect human rights, reach gender equality, and encourage voice in the workplace. Their everyday operation goes beyond the corporation’s own interest, they consider themselves as a member in a community, where they have responsibilities for the stakeholders and they have obligations to engage in justice and ethical behaviour. These corporations seek to maintain partnership with NGOs in order to exploit their expertise, experience and increase their effect on building sustainable and stable communities and peace (Zadek, 2004).

To sum up, NGOs can act as a partner to business, and NGOs can encourage corporations to engage in one of these levels of trust. Long-term successful cooperation can develop from Real Trust to Good Trust. After all, it can be claimed that there is a rising tendency of business and NGO partnership (Tavis, 2008).

There is no literature which ties all these three factors- businesses, NGOs, peace- together and especially not at the Good Trust Level. This level of Trust is the least discussed partnership in management literature. Limited number of corporations exist which engage in this type of

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18 partnership. Investigating the level is Good Trust Model is especially important because this level can be considered as the real and altruistic engagement in peace. Further research is considered to be necessary to identify and understand how businesses and NGOs work together, what benefits, challenges and effect these relationships can generate in building peaceful communities through environmental initiatives especially at the level of Good Trust.

In order to fill the gap of the above mentioned aspects the study seeks to find an answer to the research question of how businesses and NGOs work together to facilitate sustainable and stable peace through environmental initiatives.

METHODOLOGY

This chapter elaborates on the methodology used to answer the research question of the study. The first section of this chapter discusses the multiple- case research design, which is followed by the discussion of the cases and the reasons for the case selection. In the last section the method of the data collection and analysis will be described.

Research design

The nature of the research question requires a qualitative analysis which will be conducted through a multiple case study design.

In order to gain deeper knowledge on the chosen topic, information is collected to find answers to the research question, qualitative research is going to be undertaken. Qualitative research method is used, because nothing is known about how these three factors; businesses, NGOs, peace- work together. Investigating these three factors contributes to the literature and gives new insights how they work together. Moreover, the research question addressing “how” questions rather than “how many”, thus this method is appropriate for this study. Qualitative research method enables to examine and articulate processes; focus on depth and detail; explore

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19 rather than test hypothesis (Tracy, 2010). Moreover, qualitative research is multimethod research that uses an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter (Gephart, 2004). This research is based on an exploratory multiple case study approach as it aims at exploring and comparing the responses of seven NGOs, while generating new knowledge through providing more comprehensive and deeper insights into how these three factors –business, NGO, peace- works together (Saunders et al. 2012)

“Case study is an in-depth exploration from multiple perspectives of the complexity and uniqueness of a particular project, policy, institution, program or system in a “real life” context” (Simons, 2009, ppt.61.). Case study method is useful investigating the research question of this study, since it search answers for “how and why” questions (Eisenhardt, 1989). Multiple case study approach is conducted, which allows for comparisons and generate greater in-depth knowledge into how these three factors –business, NGO, peace- works together, than a single case study would do (Yin, 2009), enabling to carry out a within and cross-case analysis. Despite multiple-case studies require more resources and are more time-consuming, the results are more convincing than with single-case studies (Yin, 2009).

Since a Hungarian green bank, Magnet bank will be investigated in the study as the subject and seven Hungarian NGO are the cases which collaborates with the bank, first within- then cross-case analysis is conducted. Information is collected from multiple resources to reduce biases. This type of analysis enables the researcher to look beyond initial impressions through multiple lenses and enables to compare the cases, the NGOs to each other, and gaining answer to the research question.

Case selection

As the subject of the analysis, a green bank in Hungary, called Magnet Bank has been contacted. This bank works together with 150 Hungarian NGOs. The operation of the bank is based on

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20 CSR. The bank works together with civil organisations in order to heal the wounds of the society. This bank does not want that their engagement to the civil sphere would only be monetary help. That is why the bank promotes initiatives which popularize the activities of NGOs, organizing workshops and events in collaborations with NGOs. The bank is engaged in aspects which characterize the Good Trust Model. Thus this bank can be considered as a perfect choice to analyse for the study and find answer to the research question.

As this research aims at exploring and comparing the response of multiple cases, 7 NGOS were chosen which activities are related to environment protection.

Flyvbjerg (2006) distinguish between two main types of sample selection criteria: random selection, and information-oriented selection. According to Eisenhardt (1998), random sampling is not appropriate in conducting case studies. What is more, he argues that cases must be selected as they replicate or extend theory, thus information- oriented selection seems to be better.

Thus to answer the research question, non-random sampling is used, the snowball sampling to select potential NGOs, and respondents to conduct interviews. During the procedure, CEO was contacted in Magnet Bank, who helped to locate other three relevant respondents in the Civil Relations Department to make interview with whose name is not revealed because of privacy reasons. I spoke to two Project Managers and one Community Builder. Afterwards employees in this department helped to search for the proper NGOs and people to contact and to do the interview with (Eisenhardt, 1998).

Case characteristics

The selected cases, seven NGOs cooperate with Magnet Bank and the goal of all of them to build community and facilitate peace through common environmental initiatives, goals (Ali, 2007).

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NGO GOAL Interviewee

NGO1 The aim of this non-profit

organization is to establish sustainable energy policy through Europe and Hungary, the economic and efficient power management as well as the reinforcement of climate awareness and sustainable energy systems.

CEO of NGO1

NGO2, NGO6 This organization is one of the best-known environmental NGOs in Hungary. Their main fields of activities are the following: greening the state budget, sustainable transport, sustainable energy policy, sustainable urban development, protection of green areas in cities.

Project- Coordinator of NGO2

NGO3 This organization is a

non-profit media workshop. They promote the communication of environmental NGOs.

CEO of

NGO3

NGO4 NGO4 is a small environmental

NGO promoting sustainable urban lifestyle and volunteering, based in Budapest, Hungary.

CEO of NGO4

NGO5 Promote responsible choices

when eating out and at home.

Founder of NGO5

NGO6 Their goal is to heal the wounds

of the environment and taking care of it in the long term.

Program Coordinator of NGO6

NGO7 The goal of the organization is

the popularization of waste reduction and environment-conscious lifestyle.

Client Service Manager of NGO7

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Data Collection

Newspaper articles, online articles, interviews, documents and annual reports of the bank and NGOs will be used as sources of secondary data. A broad definition of secondary data is that the data is collected by someone other than the user. Secondary analysis means the utilisation of existing data in order to conduct a research which outcome is distinct from the results of the original work. The advantage of secondary data is that it takes less time to collect it. The usage of secondary data enables to answer new research questions or formulate an alternative of the original research question (Hinds et al., 1997).

Structured interviews were conducted consisting of list of questions making sure to cover the same information with employees from the Civil Relations Department of the bank and with the seven NGOs the bank actively works with. Through these organizations the study seeks to find answer how and why they work together and what is the effect of their collaboration on themselves and on the society, how do they benefit of working with each other and what obstacles do they meet during this process.

In the structured interview, all questions are asked in a predetermined order and the questions are asked in the same way with the same emphasis. Interviews will last around 60–80 min and will be conducted face to face or by Skype. Full interview summaries and translations from Hungarian to English will be made based on recordings and notes as soon as possible after the interviews.

Finally, these interviews are completed by reports, documents, facts and figures of the bank and NGOs will be added to gain deeper insights to the operation and activites of the bank and the NGOs.

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Data Analysis

In terms of analysing the collected data, three stages can be identified: the coding stage, the data display stage, and the conclusion stage (Miles and Huberman, 1984).

In the first stage the answers of the interviewees are analysed using Computer-assisted tool, a computer software called NVivo (Yin, 2009). This software contributes to code and categorize large amounts of text, such as transcripts of interviews or from large amount of written materials, such as websites or articles (Federey, 2006). The method of analysis chosen for this study was a qualitative method of thematic analysis. The method of analysis in NVivo is known as thematic analysis. Thematic analysis investigate themes by creating specific codes and categories identified in the sources “careful reading and re-reading of the data” as being significant to the description of the phenomenon and of the research (Rice and Ezzy, 1999, p. 258). It is a form of pattern identification and recognition within the sources and the data, where emerging themes will be the categories for analysis (Federey, 2006).

However in order to code the collected data grounded theory is used (Strauss and Corbin ,1994). It implicates that the codes are developed through a deductive and an inductive approach. In the deductive approach, existing literature is used to develop a list of codes before the coding. However inductive coding allows for new themes or codes to emerge directly from the collected data (Federey, 2006) which were added during the analysis of the data. In this study initial codes were identified according to the existing literature as well as concepts and subsequent codes were created by common words and themes that inductively emerged from the interview transcripts to capture additional key concepts related to literature the research question. The second stage of the analysis is data display, where the coded data was classified into major categories which enables to discover and recognize systematic patterns and interrelationships, and enables to identify higher order categories though recurrent cycles of analysis between empirical data and emerging theories (Miles and Huberman, 1994). During the analysis content

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24 analysis is used (Hsieh and Shannon, 2005). However this research is qualitative, a quantitative approach can be also can be recognized, since the frequency a code emerges in the collected data, demonstrates the emphasis of the code. See codes in Table 2.

Table 2. :Codes for Nvivo

Code Sub Code Frequency Example Quote

Resources

financial 22 “Working with the bank is

really worth for us financially.”

workforce 5 “Sometimes the

employees of the bank come, volunteer and help us “

professional service 8 “We use the accountant

service provided by the bank”

recommendation 5 “The NGOs gives us

environmental

recommendations how to operate in a greener way.

reputation 16 “We try to increase our

reputation by attending the programs.”

legitimacy 0

location 9 “We frequently use the

conference room provided by the bank.”

other resources 3 “Last year we got use, old

computers from the bank for free.”

Quality of Relationship

positive 5 “We really like to work

together with the bank”

negative 1 “First time I said no to the

bank”

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strong 3 “We invite each other to

the private Christmas Party.”

Weak 1 “We have just financial

connection with the bank.”

Effect Peace 8 “Us, as environment

protectors with the bank, we are for peace.”

community building 18 “The bank hold together

the NGOs, we can feel that we belong together.”

collaboration 8 “We collaborate with

environmental NGOs to make the word a better place.”

common goal 12 “We have a common goal

to fight for, the environment protection.”

environment 21 “We fight to spread the

environment awareness among people”.

In terms of the last stage, the conclusions are drawn through searching for patterns, relating and comparing different ideas, concepts, perceptions and themes to each other in order to develop possible theories, linked and compared to the theoretical framework.

Strengths and limitation of the research design

It is significant to ensure quality of any research in terms of validity and reliability. Hence, in order to ensure high quality of the research it is substantial to apply certain methods or practices (Flick, 2007). In terms of validity, internal-, external-, and construct validity must be provided.

Reliability is increased by recording the interviews, and then precisely transcribing them in order to ensure transparency (Gibbert and Ruigrok, 2010).

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26 Internal validity is established by using across-case analysis, which also decrease the possibility of subjectivity and ensure higher level of rigor (Glaser and Strauss, 1967).

External validity is provided by conducting multiple case study method and replicating logic in eight cases.

Construct validity is provided by using multiple sources of comparable data and generating evidence for each cases. Stronger construct is achieved by using multiple sources which allows triangulation and reinforce evidence generating (Bonoma, 1985).

The main limitation of my research can be that case study research only includes a limited number of cases, so that straightforward generalization of the results might be difficult to conclude. Moreover there is a possibility of subjectivity since the researcher has no previous experience in making interviews and there is no second researcher who monitors the processes and result of the research (Gibbert and Ruigrok, 2010).

RESULTS

This chapter provides an overview and a discussion of the results retrieved from the interview data. The chapter consists of three sections. In the first section every case of NGOs partnering with MagNet Bank is discussed individually from the perspective of the NGOs and the bank itself along the aspects of the projects they are working on together; motivations and reasons to cooperate; challenges and benefits during the partnership; the effects of their cooperation on themselves, on the community and peace to be able to completely understand the partnership between every single NGOs and the bank. The second section provides a cross-case analysis being conducted to identify possible similarities and differences between the cases in order to find answer to the research question of this study. The third and final section discusses in what way the findings contribute to the literature.

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Within Case Analysis

NGO1

What becomes clear from the interviews conducted with the CEO of NGO1, with and a project manager from the bank, is that they only have financial relationship with MagNet Bank. NGO1 participates in the annual program of MagNet bank, KAP program (Community Donation Program). In this program NGOs which collaborate with the bank can take part with their current project. Those NGOs can also apply to this program if they would like just win money to realize their current project. This program gives special rights to the clients of the bank as they can decide on the 10% of the profit of the bank about which NGOs should the bank promote. At the end of every year, each clients of the bank get a letter stating the amount the bank realized on them during the year, and each client can decide the 10% of this amount and can vote for an NGO they would like to give this 10% to, so that clients and the bank can actively help the local communities and useful projects. The amount of money one NGO can get through this program is 3000 euro this year, the previous years it was 1500 euro. NGO1 applied to the KAP program with its current project. They would like that the energy demand of Hungary would be fully satisfied without atom power plants. The members of the organisations are convinced that there is an alternative instead of building the planned atom power plant in the country. NGO1 would use the money won at KAP program to spread their visions during half a year.

There is no personal or close relationship between the bank and NGO1, they only communicate about the application to KAP program which also happens smoothly without any obstacles. NGO1 participates in the KAP program and has their account at MagNet bank mainly financial reasons but according to the CEO of NGO1 also because this bank builds in to its daily operation and decisions the ethical operation and the sustainably development, and handle with priority the interest and goals of the community. “This bank is the only one in Hungary who tells to its

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28 clients that how much amount they contributed to the annual result of the bank. This transparency is really sympathetic for us.“ (CEO of NGO1)

NGO1 also member in the program of Helping Card of MagNet Bank, which means that the clients of the bank support the chosen NGO with 1 % of the spent amount by the bank card.

NGO1 also participates in the program of Recommendation Card program of MagNet Bank. In terms of this program, it is a huge respect for the bank itself if it gains new community conscious clients through the recommendation of acquaintances, friends and family members. After every new clients recommended by them, the bank supports the chosen NGO in the name of the clients who recommended them with 20 euro.

NGO2

NGO2 is one of the best-known environmental NGOs in Hungary. The interview is conducted with one of the project coordinator of the NGO and with one of the project-manager from MagNet bank regarding the partnership between them. The current common project, goal of the NGO and the bank is to fight against the damaging effect of the harmful substances deriving from the illegal waste incineration. In case of notification to the NGO or to the bank, in cooperation with authorities they hinder further contamination. They help clients in 1500 cases annually for free. This project will last 30 month.

According to the project coordinator of the NGO, they also participate with this project in the annual program of MagNet bank, KAP program. Moreover NGO2 is also a member in the programs of Helping and Recommendation Card.

Cooperating with the bank and participating in the KAP program is especially important for the NGO2, since civil organisations nowadays in Hungary are really poor. Their conditions hardly deteriorated recently, NGOs have really few tender possibilities, and the amount won through these tenders arrives really slowly. Moreover the support of the government also decreased. So

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29 the money derived from the partnerships with companies is needed for the organisation to survive. The main reason they have their account at MagNet bank and collaborate with them and participate in the KAP program is that they get a lot of discounts from the bank. “We don’t really have financial resource and we are really poor. It is really worth financially for us.”(Project Coordinator of NGO2)

“We also would like to do more voluntary programs, for example planting trees, but we don’t have the resource to buy them. The bank should buy the trees but we can’t ask more help from us, they help already a lot to us, we are really grateful for this.”(Project Coordinator of NGO2) According to the Project Coordinator of NGO2 and the Project manager of the bank, besides the most important factor, the financial support, the bank also provides further possibilities to appear NGO2, as the bank usually invites this NGO to workshops, conferences, events in the Community House of the bank. NGO2 is usually participates in the event called Civil Breakfast, which is organized every week, where the NGOs can introduce themselves and spread their initiatives and actions. However once every month, during the Civil Breakfast NGOs can listen to interactive and practical performances of voluntary professional trainers about the topics of the overview of the sustainability of civil organisations; organic organisation development; finance and law; alternative financing; communication and marketing; project management etc. During every occasion, professionals and NGOs meet and talk loosely and eat a delicious breakfast. Professionals come voluntarily; NGOs have to pay for only the breakfast. “Participating in the events of the bank is especially beneficial for us since in this way we can popularize ourselves, enhance our reputation through holding speeches and workshop in the bank. It is good for us to appear more and more, so maybe we can gain more financial support.”(Project Coordinator of NGO2)

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30 “We would like to give a possibility to NGO2 to introduce themselves, do workshop about environment protection at the Civil Breakfast. We establish a platform where NGO2 and our clients can meet”. (Project Manager of the bank)

According to the respondent of NGO2 besides the resource support from the bank they also work with them because MagNet bank is a community bank, and it is an important aspect of an NGO in choosing partners.

In terms of the challenges, none of the respondents could state any obstacles of the cooperation. According to the Project Coordinator of NGO2, whenever they work together or go to the bank, the workers of the Civil Department of the bank are also friendly, direct and really enthusiastic. From the perspective of the bank, the project manager of the bank told that the cooperation with NGO2 is really smooth, they are more professional NGO then the others, that is the reason the project manager likes to work with them. “I really like to work together NGO2 because I think they are the most professional on the field of environmental protection among all the ENGOs we work with. They provide us also practical professional recommendations to think in a greener way.” (Project-manager of the bank)

According to the project coordinator of NGO2, it is really worth working together with them and with other NGOs for the bank financially. She thinks the bank becomes a word of mouth, if an NGO joins the bank, all the members of this NGO opens a private account in MagNet Bank, and after the family members of the members of NGOs also do the same. So it is a domino effect, which is also worth for NGO2 as more and more people will support them financially. Regarding the effect of the partnership between NGO1 and the bank, according to the Project Coordinator of NGO2 this partnership contributes to the establishment of a community through the common goal of them and the bank.

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31 “The NGO means that we work for the community of citizens, and the bank is a community bank, so we have a lot in common in our goals.”(Project Coordinator of NGO2)

Moreover, in MagNet bank a lot of kind of people have account with different financial levels, so that they put their money together towards a common goal, thus the civil initiative of the bank is on the right track towards building community and peace.

According to the project manager of the bank, with NGO1 the bank work against the climate change, the climate migration and resource scarcity like water scarcity. With NGO1, as environment protectors they are for peace, they would like to lessen and stop climate change in order to decrease the migration and sustain peace.

“It is everyone’s interest to stop climate change”(both respondents)

NGO3

About NGO3 the CEO of the organisation and one of the project Manager of the bank and the Community Builder was contacted. NGO3 is also a member in the programs of KAP, Helping and Recommendation Card. The common project they are working on together since a couple of years to make short films for environmental NGOs and for the bank about their goals and initiatives. Being a really small organisation (3 members), besides the most important resource- financial by KAP program- provided by the bank, it is also a significant help to NGO3 to be able to rent 9 rooms on 50% discount, the garden and a 100 m2 glass-domed spot with full equipment and sound system for free ensured by the bank in order to make the short films, which they do almost every day. NGO3 also participates usually at the training events for the NGOs organized by the bank. These training events educate the NGOs how to the campaign more successfully in the KAP program in order to get more money from the clients. In these events NGOs who reached outstanding amount of money in the KAP program of last year can also make speeches and share their experiences and secrets with other NGOs how to do stronger

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32 campaign to help each other. According to the CEO of NGO3 this training is really useful for his NGO because they don’t really get many votes usually. NGO3 also participates usually in the events organized by the bank called Rapid Date. It is usually the Community Builder who organizes this program for the NGOs. She invites professional coaches and NGOs in a given topic each week and gives platform to NGOs and professional coaches to meet. The Rapid Dates endure 5 minutes, then participants can choose which partner do they want to work with in the future. NGO3 this year got 2 coaches who teach them how to be more successful, how do sell themselves better. Members of NGO3 also took part in a Google Adwords training provided by coaches.

Being a small and poor NGO, they also use the service of accountants on a discount provided by the bank. Moreover MagNet bank sometimes organize donation days to NGOs when the bank gives its old office things to the NGOs for free, so last year NGO3 got used computers from the bank. It is a substantial help for NGO3, since they don’t have to spend money on purchasing IT tools.

According to the CEO of NGO3, the relationship with the Civil Department is not so tight, but the employees of the bank are really enthusiastic, flexible and willing to help. However sometimes there is a little tension while cooperating with them, because sometimes the short film NGO3 made about the bank is not equal with the image the bank expected of itself. But they usually get through this misunderstanding negotiating and compromising what should be changed.

Also from the side of MagNet bank, according to the project manager of the bank, there are some challenges working together with NGO3 as they don’t respond to the e-mails really quickly because they are really small and always swamped. She also has the experience sometimes that the NGO3 works towards a great goal, but they don’t have the capacity in

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33 association with the workload and the workforce. “NGO3 wants a lot of good thing but when we say that okay we are here to help, we came to volunteer then they can’t say anything because there is not enough time to explain the tasks to us and to be able to help. Eventually I have to chase this NGO to give help, support and money.” (Project Manager of the bank)

Although in spite of the difficulties this partnership also beneficial for MagNet bank as NGO3 communicates the goal and the initiatives of the bank by the short films they make and also provide expertise on media content creation. NGO3 also communicate its partnership through all of their media channels. “The more people we can convince to open account at MagNet Bank, the more people will vote for us and the more money we get.” (CEO of NGO3)

“We gladly support and work together with NGO3 because we think they substantially contributes to the environment protection by raising the attention to it by creating media content. It feels good for us.” (Project Manager of the bank)

Regarding the effect of the partnership between MagNet bank and NGO3 participating on the events organized by the bank is really delightful feeling for NGO3as the NGOs get familiar and closer to each other and to the employees of the bank, they can speak about professional and personal things as well, which promotes and motivates further cooperation.

With their short films made in collaboration with MagNet Bank, they also educate both the NGOs, the clients of the bank and the bank itself about the environment, so eventually they are beneficial and contribute to the broader community as well.

Moreover, according to the CEO of NGO3, he really appreciated the civil initiatives of the bank as the situation of NGOs is especially hard because of the absence of financial and governmental support, but attending these events and meetings they can share their joy and sorrows, difficulties with other NGOs and with the employees of the Civil Department of the bank.

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34 “So eventually it feels really good and relieving to be together and share each other’s problems. Moreover you can also see and feel the feedbacks stronger and more directly.”

NGO4

About NGO4 I spoke with the CEO of NGO4 and one of the project managers of the Civil Department of MagNet Bank. NGO4 is also a member in the programs of KAP, Helping Card and Recommendation Card of the bank. NGO4 actively participates in the events of the bank. They are especially precious participants in Green Seed Festival which initiates the greening and environment consciousness organized by the bank and Everness Festival every year. Last year at Green Seed festival in the bank, NGO4 organized environmental workshops such as gardening, plant and clothes swapping, eco-soap making and similar recyclable, eco-creative workshops. These programs are relaxing entertainments both for the community of the bank, NGOs and the clients of the bank and their families and friends. The Everness festival is not organized by MagNet bank, but the bank participates in it creating a so called MagNet Village filled with the tents and stands of the NGOs the bank collaborates with. NGO4 is always an active participant on this event with MagNet bank in the “Village”, together, they can spread the core philosophy of the bank of the community and sustainable development.

According to the CEO of NGO4, they especially like to work together with MagNet Bank and participating in these events because it is a significant opportunity for them to enhance their reputation since they are not a famous NGO in Hungary and to collect more and more support and votes and money from the clients of the bank.

“I think the most important is to cultivate the relationship with the bank, so that they will tell to its clients that come on give the money to NGO4. I think it is what really counts. “- CEO of NGO4.

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35 NGO4 hopes that paying extra attention to take care of the relationship with MagNet Bank, they can generate advantage at the bank and maybe treated outstandingly. For example when they participated with a workshop on the Everest Festival they made an eco-salon, where they put edible face masks on the people during they spoke about environmental issues. However we knew which people are the clients and workers of the bank, so they payed extra attention and treatment for them and they whispered to their ears on purpose to gain more support “that oh my god it is so hard to do the campaign in the KAP program and to get enough money.” (CEO of NGO4)

Partnership between NGO4 and the bank is beneficial for both of them since the bank communicates the activities of the NGO on its media channel, which is also true in the other direction as NGO4 usually does a really strong campaign for the KAP Program, so they actively communicate on their channels that they are part of the MagNet community.

The bank appreciates the partnership with NGO4 as they communicate the bank extensively and gives useful and practical environmental recommendations to the employees of the Civil Department how to be greener. “Last year on Green Seed festival they did a workshop how to make sustainable washing detergent and environment friendly house equipment. They provide precious community programs both for us and the clients.” (Project Manager of the bank)

The bank gives also expertise to NGO4 through the Rapid Date program, as NGO4 got 2 coaches last year, who taught the CEO of NGO4- who had been elected 1 week before- how to become a CEO, how should she express it, what type of director she wants to be, what this post means, and made her able to describe the position and be able to take responsibility for it.

However this partnership is not that ideal as MagNet Bank believes. Several criticism emerged during the interview with NGO4. As their campaign was outstandingly successful in the KAP program, the bank invited them to hold a lecture to the other NGOs how to campaign better for

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36 the money in KAP program. However the CEO of NGO4 still doesn’t know how to reach more clients of the bank as they can’t contact them directly just share their projects and emphasize on their Facebook page and website to their followers to join MagNet Bank and help them. “I think the bank should communicate more their civil initiatives and have a better marketing campaign because my friends only get one letter about the KAP program and they don’t understand what it is. “ (CEO of NGO4)

Moreover it is a substantial problem for NGO4 that the bank doesn’t pay for them if NGO4 does workshops and programs for the bank. However the bank provides rooms for free but the amount of the audience provided by the bank is not enough. “We just do the programs by favour, we go there just for smile. I think it is not a good opportunity for NGOs because there is not enough audience. But we still go there to show ourselves and to cultivate the relationship with the bank. Although last week for the first time I was brave enough to say to the employees of the Civil Department that sorry we can’t go for free this time. They understood it.”

However, in spite of the financial reasons, maybe NGO4 cooperate with the bank less, but they will still continue the partnership as they really appreciate the impact and the beliefs of the bank and the communication and the relationship is really smooth.

“We appreciate that the bank spends our money on good purpose and treats it responsibly, that is why we have our account at the bank and we partner with them. “- CEO of NGO4

According to the Community Builder and the CEO of NGO4 the bank didn’t create this community to develop the financial status of the bank but to make the world better. They don’t want to advertise, creating a good image, they just want to support and partner with NGO4. “Of course the financial aspect is important for the bank, but the managers want to do something for the world. “ – CEO of NGO4

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37 NGO5

About the partnership between NGO5 and MagNet Bank the Community Builder of MagNet Bank and the founder of NGO5 was contacted who is currently on a maternity leave so she is doing the financial and the background work of NGO5 from home. The current common project they are working together is to strive for the goal of collecting and spreading environment friendly cooking practices, ideas, recipes in order to incite the community to choose the less environment damaging, local, seasonal, organic materials to turn the food industry into greener and more sustainable. NGO 5 also participates in the program of KAP, Helping card and Recommendation Card. For NGO 5 financial support is also significant, however they were not so successful in KAP program but this year their goal is to won the maximum amount of money so this year they already built a strong campaign and strategy mainly on Facebook. Even though they have a lot of followers on Facebook, around 6000, it is still challenging to get votes as among the followers a little percentage have the account at MagNet Bank. It is especially hard for NGO5 to campaign in the KAP program, as the environment protection is not the less supported field, people rather donate to ill children and homeless people. Although According to the founder of NGO5 it is right to do, she doesn’t want to win away the money from ill children.

According to the Community Builder of the bank, NGO5 is usually invited to the program series called “Would you like to do?”, which is organised on every second Tuesday. In the beginning it was on every Tuesday but it was too much, because there were not so many attending people. With this program series the bank allows space and time to the NGOs to introduce themselves, do workshops or any kind of event which is related to their activities. For example NGO5 last week organized several times a food swapping event in the building of the bank. People who had food remains for example bought too much or don’t like the product, could bring it into the

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38 bank and swap it to another product. It was really successful there was no food left contributing to the more sustainable food consumption.

What is more according to the Community Builder, she admitted that NGO 5 is her favourite NGO as NGO5 always sends the contracts, papers, on time without any missing document, because the founder of NGO5 is a lawyer so she is an expert on administrative issues. According to the Community Builder, this punctuality is really rare amongst the NGOs. What is more the Community Builder even likes to talk to the founder of NGO5 as they usually share gossips and laugh a lot. According to the founder of NGO5 besides the financial support they get from the bank, they cherish the partnership with the bank as it is a community bank and the employees of the Civil Department are extremely enthusiastic about the activities of NGO5 and engaged in the environment and sustainability.

Even though the founder of NGO5 thinks it is fantastic that the bank is engaged in community building, environment, ethical behaviour, transparency and sustainability, she thinks that the Civil Department organize way too many events that people doesn’t have this amount of free time to attend all these events. “The bank sometimes organizes four events a day in different locations, however the information of the existence of these events don’t reach the amount of people who could fill up these events” ( Founder of NGO5).

Regarding the effect of their partnership, according to the founder of NGO5 besides the financial and advertising support, the bank crated a good, small community. The events organized by the bank in partnership with NGO5 it is a really good opportunity both for NGO5 , the clients and the employees of the bank to network, build connections so it also creates a community.

During another “Would you like to do” event NGO5 organized a workshop where they cooked cakes with children from organic, heathy and sustainable materials with recyclable tools. In this

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39 way the NGO5 and the bank create experience, amuse, also teach and creates platform where NGOs can meet with the employees and the clients of the bank. The aim is to establish communication between them and to create a richer level of society. “It is a delightful feeling if we provide a life a long experience for children and adults, which is usually created by NGO5, that is why we especially like to work with them.” (Community Builder).“It is important for us to be part of this community”- Founder of NGO5.

NGO6

About the partnership of NGO6 and MagNet Bank, the Program Coordinator of NGO6 and the Community Builder and the two Project Managers of the bank was contacted. They do several projects together nowadays. According to the Community Builder employees of the bank have one day off when they can volunteer for a NGO. Last month for example the employees of the Civil Department cleaned forest and saved a swamp forest from distinction. Last week they built 800 shelters for little mammals together in the Community House of the bank. They event planted trees together with families during a happy children event. These events symbolize the cooperation of people to a more sustainable environment and contribute to the satisfaction and happiness index of people thus they feel better.

“Everyone likes the feeling of helping and supporting”- Project Manager of the bank,

During the conducted interview, the Program Coordinator mentioned they are members of the KAP, Helping Card and Recommendation Card Programs. Morover NGO6 do need to rent the spots provided by the bank to hold speeches, conferences and workshops about the animals and plants in order to reach an educational goal and also ask for workforce to volunteer. Last week they had a workshop about the collection and usage of herbs.

The main reason NGO6 collaborates with MagNet Bank is the personal, direct and friendly relationship they have with the employees if the Civil Department. Moreover according to the

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40 Program Coordinator of NGO6, they consider it important to involve people from the bank to the conservation of the environment even though they do a totally different job during their everyday life. Furthermore it can be noticed on the employees that the financial profit and the advertising is really a negligible thing. The real motivation of the bank is the willingness of doing something good. “On a personal level it is important for them, they want to be different as the other banks, this is a fantastic team.” (Program Coordinator of NGO).

Basically they have three people who keep in touch with the bank. During continuous consultation they clarify the plan of the actions “in the way that it is beneficial both to the participant and to the environment as much as possible” (Program Coordinator of NGO6).

According to the Community Builder of the bank, they consider the partnership with NGO6 especially precious because this NGO provides them expertise and know-how and they also ensure the possibility to us to do something good together for the community, environment and eventually the peace. There a plenty difficult issues of the environment protection (permissions, special rules etc.) that have to be learned so a company is not able to “jump” in easily to the middle of these kind of activities. The relationship between NGO6 and the bank is close and personal, as the employees of the Civil Department really like the Program Coordinator if NGO6. They think he is unbelievably enthusiastic, a fantastic lecturer and a genius figure. The Community Builder of the bank experience a lot of time that she talks with the NGOs, they are above the clouds that how many good issues could they do together but they don’t stand on the ground with two feet. However “in case of NGO6, what we agreed on, we realize it” (Community Builder). During the collaboration of NGO6 and the bank there are subtle challenges since they work together with people and the environment, and both of them are multidimensional. Regarding the effect of their partnership, their common goal is to make the clients move, get out of their home, visit the events, be active part of the MagNet community while learning about the environment protection. “So we have this common cooperation, and

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