Preliminary report on the measurement of cutting-tool temperature

Preliminary report on the measurement of cutting-tool

temperature

Citation for published version (APA):

Veenstra, P. C., Bus, C., & Zweekhorst, E. T. W. (1963). Preliminary report on the measurement of cutting-tool temperature. (TH Eindhoven. Afd. Werktuigbouwkunde, Laboratorium voor mechanische technologie en werkplaatstechniek : WT rapporten; Vol. WT0072). Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven.

Document status and date: Published: 01/01/1963

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laborotorhma VOOt ...-ehGt'lische tedmologie en werkplaotstechniek . rGpport van d . . . etie:Ma,chinlng

fltel: ~lt-RU7 . , . . . . .

tu ...,.. •••

,

. f . . ttlnc-tool . ' • .,.rat.,...

auteur(s): P.rot .41'.

p.e. " ...

atra, Cllr .. h . III&_

II'.

I.~.W. z..ekhorat.

' •• 1I_1oci.al Vrd.v •• elt,- liB4hov •• - HollaDd ..

sec:tieleider: Chr. Bus lug.

hoo9fi;aar:Prot .• Dr. P.C. Veell4ltra prOgMS. biz. 1 van 14 bl z. rapport Dr. 0072 c:odering: M 5,P 7 a 1 trefwoord: cutting tool temp. Temp. meting van draa i ... , beitel ne.l.i.P.n conferenoe Cincinnati""

196:;

U.S.A. datum:

24-7-196:;

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P4Ite'

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bforaa-. t1 . . t"&1"'4. a .~ . . U'-ya-t _ _ rature relatio ••

·--x~):'r~;.<:-~ • .' . - '

Fn_ the at pr._at kno •• aD4 "e.eloped' . . tbodatho ••• d ... 01'111.. ~,. Gott.el./I.rben has bee. OM_a.

!h . . . th ••• ' . . . 4

.n ...

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t ... rat.... . f t •• radiator.

Ike t . .

I_

....

1.ctrl0 llethodappeara to be a straight'orward one; aad it 1 . . . acce.sible to physical anal7a1 ••

. . . the ca11'bratloD. of t ... _aaur . . . . t can 11. p.rformed ia a41ftct ad accurat • • &'3.

Eaowa 1. • • fM._that t.he Gott •• in-aethod u, to IlOW ~.a1. l •• da , . ~Hbaol,. tar t . . 10.

tip,. ••

ot tile tPiperat-lIft'. of. o.tti . . . · . . . 1 ...

Ia •• 1' op1a1oa tllU :La aaial1 cau_d b1 poor cal1.bntioa t.chaiq . .

aM perllap. '1 t ... e •• rlooki.ac o,a,'l ... e ther.eoapl •• h the

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fo .. tbi.s rea . . . 40ralll. amouat of .tte.tioa lIu b •• a giY •• to the 4e .... lop • • 't ot a c&llbratloa . . t-up aft tile 41ec1pl1.o of _"'1"188 taer."".lectrio teBaio •••

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ratur. elrtM.ia.4 with tbe Gott •• ia-. . tho4 ia U& a «004

~tioJl tbe aurace of the te.mperatur • • • f the 111' . . . . of. Matact " , ... tool.

wen:p1.He an .. obi".

on the 00 . . 1t10_ that ... tile trau1tttta

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ia tare.pout t . . . tile 18-t..,-Ml "'.81._ce of tae '001 1. hip .ompue4 rita tlletra.a1.t.i ••

. . . at ...

Ia _ _ Ga._ ·t . . . aUtuu are DOt fulfill . . wtd.oh

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t.lae . . . nre4_emperatur.b\ing lo •• r

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p:~I,L"tempeJ;'a

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SaD.~ Coraaant - throw-away bits aumb.r: 194.4-1623

oarbid..· gra. S2 (I.S.O. - P20; U."S.A.. - C6) P1P1."

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0.4~; 0.25%81; o,65%Ma;

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5OOQ/ata. coatiau"usly

f •• ds:

0,0025-40.0

..tr.Y, contiauously laput pow.r: 60 kW max.

motor: d.c., maga.tio amplifi.r control.

.pth

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cut, . . te.d, ..treY. cuttiag ap •• d aYerage t.mperatur.

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sur .... t of tem;2eratur.

!lle .xp.riments hav, b.en performed with a fixed toolg.o . . try accorUq to the Sandrtk standard. toolho14er typ.: hR

174.2-2.52.5

a) ••• It rue angle

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lP) true rake angle • +

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5 10 15 20 30 35 50 rapport nr. 0072

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~C.HEMATtC DIA 6RAM OF TOOLMOLDER

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fIae b1t 1. elaJiPed 111 tile .01'_1 way aIlt 18 toro •• at the ...

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of the diff.l'.aoe in temper.tva b.t •••• tIMcnlltttas . . . . _4 , . . real' . . . f the' b1t.

Th. elastio.le •• llt ooutaia. ia ita tip a Cr-Al th.e1"l108o.u .. hi ••

allow8 to _aaured1re.t11 tile t.aperat UN at t1M plaoe . f

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,

with the bit.

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in fig • .2 the th.r ... l.ctric t.neio&8 of betll

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shown _•

werkplaat.tec:hnlek technlsch. hog.school eindhoven

rapport nr. 0072

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~"I.MATIC DIAGRAM O'F TEMPERATURE

ME.A6URI.M!.NT

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".term11l88 the teap .... tvo·.f tile Cllt'US . . . . .

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~l of th •• &a.... to re.ult 18 tile _ _ teaperatue a. the ".uibri1Ul of the cnattiag e'p18 r . . . Sa

a .ery abort time.

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10 15 20 25 35

rapport nr. 0072 biz. 7 YIn 14 biz.

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to set a ",.ry goo.. aocuracy of the . . asuremeat . f til. ayer... yalue accor4iag to the principl. ahown in fig.

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PR1NCIPLI OF ~YNCHR.ONOUS 'NTER~ECTtON6

'fll.up tile quality of SaDdvik oit8 ie of a very high standard t.ere occur slight variations in the coapoeitioa which are ot eoll.8 influ.ace on the thermo-.lectric properties.

'flUs forces to a correction for .,.ste . . tic errcrs in the . . asure-meate.

'fo this p.II.rpose three out ot the tour cutting edge. o't the Dit are used tor normal measurementa.

The t.urth one ia applied for cutting uaing atandard conditions ot cutting ceometry and cutting speed.

r---~---~

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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 50 ~I • r

rapport nr. 0062 biz.

8

VIII

14

biz.

4,p171 . . tk. ..thod 4e8Orl\).d earlier aa4 ua1q • .t ... oali-brat.loll cur .... t.he meaaurelleat deli"ers a w.l1 4efl •• d ellttiag-edge te.perature il1 ... 01"e4 with . . uakao •• sl.te . . t1eerror. N.xt the cut is repeat.d with i . . . tical standard. coudit~oa. but now uuq a 80lid rod of

sa ..

terial carefull,.. groud. t o . cuti tool with the same geometr,.. .8 the bit.

Tlii. long rod allows a cooling of the far end eit ... r to roo. te.perature or to the ice-point. Th. thermo-electric potential corr.spond8 merel,.. to til. syst •• S2/c45 aatel is recorde4.

The same rod is u.ed in the calibration array as de.oribe4 later. Tbi.a calibration gives the staatdard calibratioll CU1'Y ...

III this

VI.,..

it i8 p08.ible to deterlline the "true" te.,.rat.re corresponding with the .tandard oonditione of cutting aJl4 the method allow. the fixation of a point of reference aa ahow. ia fig.

6

and the determaatioa of a ncorr~ctioD factor" for eacll

particular bit. stGPtda \"'01

fig

6

....

t.

•

"

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"

•

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ca'ibl"Qtion d.iQ..S ...

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Clt5

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DETERMINATION OF C.ORREC.TION'FAC.TOR FOR /Itt. PA~T.eUL"R BIT

werkploatstechnlek technlache hogeschool eindhoven

- 01-5 ...

1.

,-15 ! - 251-30..,...

lOt-roppert nr. 0072 blz.9 van 14 biz.

As easily will b. deri •• d from fiS. 6 the "correctton factor" of

,

a bit can'be defined as ~ t i.e. the value 1 obtained with that

y

particular bit and using the standard calibration CUrTe should b,eDltiplied with the factor.. to obtai. the real value "XU t

Y

elef1n11lg with the same calibration curve the tltrue" temperature. - In pract:i.c. it proves that the correction factor ahows 0.98 to'

1,12 as ultimate values.

Syachroaous intersections define very well the average apparent value of temperature while on the other banel a long run with the standard rod define. the "true" temperature to a high grade of accuracy, a.suming reliability of the calibration.

01I 01I -1Q It s - 2025 - 101-rapport nt. 007 2 bI Z. 10V811 14bJz.

.... TIM cfllibratioa of the slste. oarbide/steel.

Ae

mentioned 'before the relia ... ili'7 of the GottweiD method depen4a greatll" on the acouracl" of the calibration of the thermo-electric

. I

Sl".tem.

Points of attentioa of major importance are:

1. the conditione of the calibration have to be comparable .ith the conditione of cutting.

The contact surfaces between the workpiece material and the carbide must be precision ground aad thouroughJ.7 018 . . ed in order to provide a real intermetallic contact. Precautiou mUt be taken to avoid oxydation of those .urtac •• , hence the cali-Gratio., haa been pertormed in a protective gas atmosphere. The specific mechanical load of the contact surfac.. haa to be pretty high, i.e. the two componenta of the thermo electric sy.tem are spring-loaded and t.. area of mechanical contact has been min1malized as far as the construction of the calibratioa-unit allo ••• ·

Thi. is alao of importance fTom a thermal point of view. 2. the tempera,tuTe of the sy.tem is to be measured in the vflrt

spot ot .·c~::uita:ct between carbide and steel. As thu ie tpqeioal1y impossible'the temperature ia measured in the centre of a air ... oula1r area, the greater part of it being the contact surface. '!'lie smaller this area is chosen, the greater the certa1.nQ' of temperature equality throughout the contact surface.

,. temperature variations in the are. of contact shquld be .~D~"_

11zed by re.ducing the heat flo. originating from thia zone

eltlulr into' the workpiece material or into the aarbid. rod. fhi.B caB be done by reducing the effectlve diameter of both th. rod and the 'workpiece material to a very small ai •••

The calibration unit is _ho.n in fig.

1.

As mentione\'! beforjt the carbide rod ia used on dual purpo .... In the array according to fig.

7

it i_ used as a aalibratio. rod. In the experimental cutting technique it is used aa a tool to provlde points of reference with respect to carbide bit. .hich are .elected at random from a lot of equal gr.4. aad quality.

~---~

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5 1Q 15 20 30 35 50 rapport nr. 0012 TIG-·1

C.ALI SRATION UNIT

werkplootstechnlek

bIz. 11 van 14 btz.

:SYNOANIO

DR. P.C. VEENSTRA

0 -to i- 15i25 - 30- 5Oi-rapport nr. 0072 biz. 12 VBft 1"-btz.

In t~e construction of the calibratioa uait it baa .een care full, attended not to intrOduce actiye thermocovples in parallel or 1a

,

.

seri . . with the oae being the aim of iaye.tigatioa. To this purpose both the workpiece material aad the carbide rod extend up to .• considerable distance from the heating furnace while all joiats to 'differ,en1;' aaterials are kept at icetemperature. Recorded. are

s1multaaeou~11 the temperature of the cold joint, the temperature of the hot joint b1 means of a Cr-Al thermocouple and tJ:a.e

eleotro--"

mot,i ... e force of the 87stell a8 is clear froll the figure .. MereavO' provisions are taken that at will a measurement caB be perfol'lle4 in a coapeneation circuit.

A special, and in our opinion a .er1 important feature of tile ~11 ... bration is tile dynam.1cal w., of lIeu.ring. So the oalibratlo11 18

performe~ either at incr".in& or decreaaiDg temperature &ad . . atopa are, inserted to allow the ."st . . eoulat1q of theJ'liOco'lllpl. and furnaee reaching temperature-equilibrium.

Synchronous intersection of the three recordin.. renders reliable calibration pOints, on the condition that the heat tlow throUCh . the thermocouple is of a negligible 8Ilall amount.

This method of .easuring allows to account for the influeitee of the phase-transitions (allotropic transitions) of the workpiece material on the electromotive force of the thermocouple.t which it is a partner.

The ettect is shown ."er1 clear17 in a t7Pical calibrat1.oa cur .... according to fig. 8.

During the he~ting cycle extra heat is absorbed bt ~ • • ~st,. . . .

to

the phase transition

Ac

1 at 723°0, the magnetiC transition at the Curie point Ac 2 at·7?OoC and the Ac

3

transition at about 800°C.

The . . reactions result in a.relative l.ncre . . e of eleoveaoI1 •• torce with respect to the "nol'mal" trend.

.

,

/

During the cooling down of the system a decrease 1s 00.erve4."e to the fact that in comparison with the grain size of the material a considerable amount of material is participating in the proo . . . " the resolving power of this particular measurement is very poor.

werlcplaatltechnhtk technlsche "ogeschool eindhoven

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The effect of phase transitions is observed oyer a broad temperatur. region and not of course at one de·finite point of temperature.

Anyhow and apart from the problem whether these phase transitions really occur in the zone of contact between tool-and chip the measurement giye. an ord.r of magnitude of a "natural

..

uncertainty" . of the temperature m .... urement when cutting two phase materials

like steel.

A .econd important point is that microphotograph. of the contact area haYe been taken after a number of calibrations.

The general trend is that the electromotive force of the system increas •• as a function of the number of he .. ting and cooling cycles of the system. By means of micro photographY' it can easily be shown that a .erious deoarbonizing of the steel in the contact area

occurs as .. function of the number of cycles.

As a matter of fact the .Y'.tem Carbide - steel C45 deYelop_

pro-/

bab17 by diffusion into the 8ystem:Carbide/Carbon pure iron -eteel.

It is clear that the.e graduate changes of the compo.ition of the partners of the thermo-electric system have a yery significant influence to the thermo.electric properties.

In general the •• changes result in a calibration which lags with real temperature.

In our opinion once this kind of calibration techniQue. being a routine job they have. to be performed with fresh and carefuly prepared components.

We do realise that probably the beatingtime during the calibration up t~ the region of cutting temperatures takes too long.

I_t might be useful to flash temperature up by means of high power-high frequency heating in order to obtain a calibration which with re8pect to time gets into an order of magnitude comparable with the cutting proce8s.

By now develop.ent and experiments are directed this way_ At the mean time atte.psare made to increase the thermal resolving power of the system in order to get more detailed intormat1qn on the effects of phase transitions.