Self-reported behaviours and attitudes of young European drivers

Self-reported behaviours and attitudes of

young European drlvers

An analysis of SARTRE-2 results in the framework of PROMISING

0-99

-

7

Dr. Ch. Goldenbeld

Leidschendam, 1999

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0-99-7

Self-reported behaviours and attitudes of young European drivers

An analysis of SARTRE-2 results in the framework of

PROMISING

Dr. Ch. Goldenbeld

O.A.M. Twisk

69.904

Contract No. RO-97-RS.2112

This research was carried out in commission of the BASt

Bundesanstalt fOr StraBenwesen, for a project funded by the

European Commission under the Transport RTO Programme.

Driver, adolescent, attitude (psychol), safety, offence, speed,

age, man, woman, traffic survey, evaluation (assessment),

Europe.

In the European project 'SARTRE', a representative survey of

drivers was conducted in fifteen European countries. SARTRE

stands for 'Social Attitudes to Road Traffic Risk in Europe'.

One of the aims of S AATRE was to monitor car drivers' changes

in opinions, attitudes and norms over time. Five years after the

first survey, the survey was held again. The new project was

named 'SARTRE-2 '. This report contains analysis of part of the

SARTRE

-

2 data for the special purpose of the European Union

research project PROMISING. This analysis answers the question

of how European car drivers of different age groups differ in their

self-reported behaviours and attitudes towards risk, and in their

opinions about road safety measures.

18+30p.

Ofl. 22,50

SWOV, Leidschendam, 1999

SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research

P.O. Box 1090

2260 BB Leidschendam

The Netherlands

Telephone 31703209323

Telefax 31703201261

Contents

1.

Introduction

4

2.

Results

5

2.1. Opinions about road safety measures

5

2.2.

Attitudes to speeding and speed limits, and self-reported speeding

8

2.3. Self-reported traffic V'·olattbns other than speeding

11

3.

Main conclusions

16

Literature

18

Appendix

Complete resu

~s

19

1.

Introduction

h 1991, a representative survey of drivers was conducted in 15 European

countries. This project was named

'SARTRE'

which stands for

'Social

Attitudes to Road

Traffic

R"sk ·n Europe'. The survey focused on drivers'

road behaviour, attitudes and opinions concerning drinking and driving,

speeding and seat belt use, opinions on accident causation and on traffic

measures, experiences with police enforcement, perceptions of behaviours

of other drivers, car preferences, experiences with driving in foreign

countries, and risk perception. It has been carried out by national poll

institutes, partly by means of the random-route method and partly by the

quota method. Altogether more than 17,000 drivers participated in the

survey. One of the aims of SARTRE was to monitor car drivers' changes in

opinions, attitudes and norms over time. Therefore it was intended that the

survey should be repeated within a 4- or 5-year interval. In 1996 the survey

was held again, this time in 19 European countries and with an improved

questionnaire. The new project was termed 'SARTRE-2'.

The SART"I=E database enables us to make comparisons between countries

and over time, to study determinants of traffic behaviour and to determine

the degree of societa

I

support for different traffic measures. The SARTRE

-£

results have been publ"shed by the SARTRE group in two reports (Cauzard

and Wittink 1998a, b). A summary of main findings and recommendations

was given in a special report to the

B..J

commission DG VII (Cauzard et al

,

1998). A

.

so, there ·s a separate report on SARTRE 2 findings focusing on

European differences in op·lilions about road safety measures (Goldenbeld,

1998).

This report con tiins ana

~sis

of SARTRE-2 data for the special purpose of

the

EUropean

Un

l"

on research project PROMISING. Within the framework of

this project experts

In

the field of road safety study the question how road

safety measures fo

rvulnerab

e road users may be developed and promoted

in such a way that the road users

I

mobility and safety needs, and the

inexpenence

0

f

different groups are taken into account. One specific task

group

in

which researchers from the institutes BAST, INRETS, SWOV and

TRL

partic

·

pate, is concerned with the road safety problems of young and

inexperienced drivers, 11e under

y

;

ng causal or contributory factors and the

measures to address these prob ems. The measures under conslaeratlon

are various, of a legislative, economical, technical or of a social nature or a

combination of these.

In the SARTRE 2 reports there have been some ana

l

yses in which sex and

age of respondent are exp ana bry variables, but a systematic inventory of

how young dr"wers differ

in

self-reported behaviours, opinions and attitudes

from older drivers has not been reported

.

This report answers the question

of how European car drivers of different age groups differ in their

self-reported behav

i

ours and attitudes towards risk and in their opinions about

lOad

safety measures

.

We wd describe the major differences in

self-reported behaviour and opinions between young car drivers (18-24y) and

olde

r

age g

IOUp

drivers (25 -99y

;

40 -54y;

>

55y). All of

tie

presented results

a

le

statistical

Y

significant a

t

the 95% confidence leve

I.

2.

Results

This chapter contains the following subjects. Section 2.1 describes age

differences concerning opinions about road safety measures. Section 2.2

addresses the attitudes and self-reported behaviour in the area of speed

and speeding. Section 2.3 describes age differences

in

self-reported traffic

infringements other than speeding

.

Of the 20,725 European car drivers interviewed in 1996, there were 1,698

young male drivers and 1,059 young female car drivers. As part of the

SARTRE-2 survey 2,757 young car drivers in Europe, aged 18-24 year,

were questioned (13% of the total sample). To reduce the bulk of data,

percentages in tables and figures are given for one answer category or for a

combination of answer categories. The answer categories and the complete

results are given

in

the appendix.

2.1.

Opinions about road safety measures

In Figures

2. 1

to

2.9,

the major age differences in opinions about road

safety measures are presented.

Government more e~~ort to en~oreement o~ t raffle la"" ~.male 1 B-24 ~em_le 25-39 ~emale 40-54 ~emale >55 m a l e 1B-24 m a l e 25-39 m a l . 40-54 male >55

I

-

_I

₁

I I I I I

,

I O'*- So/a 10'*-1 S,*- 20'*- 2S,*- 30'*- 3S,*- 40'*-Strongly In ~avour o~

Figure 2.1. Percentage

'strongly

in favour' answers to question 2b: Would

you be in favour of, or against, the Government devoting more effort

to have

more enforcement of traffic laws.

Governm_nt more effort to Improv_ . t a n d a r d . r o a d .

~_rnal_

1B-24

~i§i~~~~i~§~~~:=

~emale 25-38 ' . m a l . 4 0 - 5 4 ~emale >56

-

_I

_I

_I

_I

m e l . 1B-24

~

§iiiiii~LJ

m a l . 25-39 m a l . 40-54 m a l . >SS O'*- 10'*- 20'*- 30'*- 40'*- 50'*- eo,*, "T O'*-Strongly In ~ ... v o u r

Figure 22. Percentage 'strongly in favour' answers to question 2e

:

Would

you be in favour of, or against, the Government devoting more effort to

improve the standards of roads

.

Pen_ltlea ror offeneea ahould be much more _evere rem_le "\ 8-24

~

!

~~~§~~~

~

~~~~~~;.",L

r e m . ' e 25-39 rem_le 40-54 r e m . ' e >55

I

I

I

m a l e "\8-24

~

~ii

~~~

J

~

lJ

rn_le 25-39 m a l e 40-54 m a l e >55

-0% 5% "to% "\5% 20% 25% 30% 35% Strongly agree \Nlth

Figure 2.3. Percentage 'strongly agree' answers to question 3a: Do you

agree or disagree with the following statements. Penalties for driving

offences should be much more severe.

Not _1I0\N car rn_nur_cturara atre • • ape_d In .dvertl.'ng r e m a l . "\8-24 rem_le 25-38 rem_le 40-54 remale >55 r n _ I . "\8-24 male 25-39 r n _ I . 40-54 m a l . >55

-0%

I

I

_I

5% "\0% "\5% 20% 25% Strongly agree \N.th

Figure 2.4. Percentages

'strongly

agree' answers to the question 3c: Do you

agree or disagree with the following statements: Car manufacturers should

not be allowed to stress the speed of cars in their advertisement.

Conalder_tlon ror ped.atrl_na \Nhen pl_nnlng ruture

r e m a l . "\8-24

~

i

§§i§§i§~i§§i§§ilj~~~

r e m a l . 2 5 - 3 9

* ..

m a l e 40-54 ' e m a l e >55

-

I

I

I

I

m a l e "\8-24

~

§i§ii§~~,,--

J

m a l e 25-39 r n _ I . 40-54 m a l . >55 0% "\ 0% 20% 30% 40% 50% C~~ Very much cc:::.n_ldoratlon given to

p~.lStrl_--Figure

2.5. Percentages 'very much consideration' answers to question 5a

:

When planning for the future, how much cons/deration do you think the

Government should give to pedestrians?

Consld_ratlon 'for bicyclists ""hen planning 'future 'female " 8 - 2 4 'female 25-3& female 40-54 'female >55 m a l e " 8 - 2 4 m a l e 2S-3& m a l e 40-54 male >SS

I

-

_I

_I

0% ., 0% 2 0 % 30% ~O% 50% SO% Very much consideration 'for bicyclist

Figure 2.6. Percentages 'vel}' much consideration' answers to question 5b.

·

When planning for the future, how much consideration do you think the

Government should give to cyclists?

European In 'female " 8 - 2 4 'female 25-39 'female 40-54

traduction o'f .. pen_~lty -,,!oln~l.Y" ern

'female >S5 m a l e " 8 - 2 4 male 2S-39 male .... 0-54 m a l e >55

-

_J

_I

I I I r - I I I 0% S% . , 0 % . , S % 2 0 % 2 5 % 3 0 % 3 5 % .... 0% Very In 'favour o'f European Introduction

Figure 2.7. Percentages 'vel}' in favour' answers to question 27a: In order to

achieve harmonisation would you be

in

favour of the introduction of the

following throughout

EiJropean

countries:

A

penalty pOints system for traffic

offences which results in loss of licence when exceeded·

Europe.n r~ulre"".nt l'"I"'Ianut'.ctur_ra r • • trlct _ p - . d cara

'female .,8-2 .... 'female 25-39 'female .... o-s .... 'female >ss mal .. .,8-2 .... m ale 2S-39 rnal_ .... 0 - 6 4 m a l e >5S

I

₁

-

_I

_I

0% 6% " 0 % " 5 % 2 0 % 2 5 % 3 0 % 3 5 % 4 0 % V .. ry In 'favour ,o'f Suropean Introduction

Figure 2.8. Percentages 'vel}' in favour' answers to question 27b

.'

h

order to

achieve harmonisation would you be in favour of the introduction of the

following throughout European countries·.A requirement that manufacturers

modify their vehicles to restrict their maximum speed

.

European zero alcohol limIt f'or begInnIng d r I v e r . f'_m_l_ ... 8-24

=i

~~~~~~i~~~~~~L

f'em_le 25-3& f'_m_le 40-54 f'emale >55

I

I

I

m a l e "'8-24

~

~ii~i~~=-

LJ

m a l e 25-3& m . l e 40-54 rn_le >55 -V e r y In f'_v o u r of' E u r o p e . n IntroductIon

Figure 2.9. Percentages 'vel}' in favour' answers to question 27e·

·

ln order to

achieve harmonisation would you be in favour of the introduction of the

fol/owing throughout European countries: Not aI/owing new drivers to drink

any alcohol before driving

.

The results in Figures 2. 1 to 2.9 show the following pattern

:

1.

Compared to older drivers of the same sex, young male and fema

e

drivers report less support for a number of /bad safety measures such

as:

-

more enforcement of traffic laws;

-

more severe penalfes,

·

-

restrictions on freedom of car manufacturers;

-

the European introduction of a penalty points system;

-

the European introduction of a requIrement that car manufacturers

modify the maximum speed of their cars;

-

the European introduction of a zero alcohol limit for novice drivers.

2. The age diffe

~nces

show the same pattern for both male and female

drivers.

3. In genera

~

female drivers are more supportive of various road safety

measures than male drivers.

2.2

·

Attitudes to speeding and speed limits, and self1'eported speeding

The results concerning the specific questions about speeding and speed

limits, are given

l"n

Figures 2. 10 to 2. 17

.

Pre'ferences limit In built-up areas

~ernale

18-24

~~~~~~~~~~T::>

~em_le 25-39 ~em_le 40-54 ~emale >55 2 0 % Llm It shoUld b .. higher

Figure 2.10. Percentages 'higher limit' answers to question 11 a: Compared

to the present limits, what do you think the speed limit should be in built-up

residential areas?

P r·ei8rencea ~ .. mal .. 18-24

~emale 25-39

,1",lt on " ' B i n ro_~a bet.\Neen to\Nna

~ .. m .. le 40-54 ~ .. male >55 mal .. 18-24 male 25-38 male 40-54 male >55

-

_J

,

,

,

,

,

I,

I

,

I -0% 5% 1 0 % 1 5 % 2 0 % 2 5 % 3 0 % 3 6 % 4 0 %

_ Limit should be higher

Figure 2.11

. Percentages 'higher limit' answers to question 11 b: Compared

to the present limits, what do you think the speed limit should be on main

roads between towns?

Pre'ferencea limit on motOnNay&

~_mal_

1 8-24

~

i~i~~i~~f~~;

~em _le 25-39 -emale 40-54 ~em .. le >55

I

I

-male 18-24

~

§iii§i~~EiJ

rn_le 25-39 male 40-64 !1"Ial_ >55 0% 1 0% 20% 30% 4 0 % 50% t!!IP% 70% Limit higher .."r no limit at _11

Figure 2.12. Percentages 'higher' /'no limit at all' answers to question 11 c

:

Compared to the present limits what do you think the speed limit should be

on motorways?

0 " , , " driving _peed compare d to othe rs 1' •

.,.,.1_

1 B-24

~i~~~~~~~i;"

1' . .

.,.,.1_

2 5 - 3 9 1' • .,.,.le 4 0 - 5 4 1'e.,.,.la > 5 5 _

I

.,.,.1-

1B-24

~

~ii~E~:I=rJ

m . l e 2 5 - 3 9 m . l _ 4 0 - 5 4 m . l a > 5 5 O,*- 5,*- 10,*- 1 S,*- 20,*- 25,*- 3~,*-

35,*-Drlva little o r much 1'._ter

Figure

2.13. Percentages 'much faster'I'a little faster' answers to question 9:

Compared with other drivers, do you generally drive ..

?

Drive ~aster than speed limit on motorvvays?

1'emale 1 8 - 2 4

:~~~~~~~:::;f::::='

1'em.le 2 5 - 3 9

1'em.le 4 0 - 5 4

_ Often, very often o r . " N a y s drIve 1'aster

Figure

2.14. Percentages 'Often,/,Very often'lAlways'

answers to question

10a: In general, how often do you drive faster than

the speed limit on

motorways?

O,*- 5,*- ., O,*- 15,*- 20,*- 25,*- 3~,*-

35,*-Often, very often o r a"Nay. drIve 1'._ter

Figure 2.15. Percentages

'Often'! 'Very

often'lAlways' answers to question

10b

:

In general, how often do you drive faster than the speed limit on maIn

roads between towns?

Drtve _ . t a r than . p • • d 1I ... 1t In built-up ... ld.nt . . 1 . . . ? 1'_male 18-24 1'emale 25-38 1'amale 40-54 1'amala >55 ... ala 18-24 ,,""ai_ 25-3& lITIal_ 40-54 mal_ >55

I

-

_I

0% 10% 20% 30% 4 0 % 50% eO% 70%

N e v _ r drive ra_tar than _ p _ . d l i m i t

FIgure

2.

16.

Percentages 'never' answers to question 10d: In general, how

often do you drive faster than the speed limit in built-up residential areas?

Agreement vvlth statement: I 4hJoy driving ~aat r.,.male 18-24 1'emale 25-39 rem ale 40-54 remale >55 m a l e 18-24 m a l e 25-39 m a l e 40-54 m . l e > 5 5

-,

0%

,

I,

I,

5% ..,0% 15% 2 0 % 2 5 % Very agree \Nlth

Figure 2.17. Percentages 'vel}' agree'

answers

to question 28b: How much

do you agree with the following statement: I

enjoy

driving fast

.

The resu

~s

in Figures 2

.

11 to 2.17 show that, compared to older same sex

drivers, young male and female drivers are more frequently supportive of

higher limits on different types of roads, and more frequently report driving

faster than other drivers.

As in the prev·ous paragraph, we find a consistent sex difference in the

sense that male dr"wers more frequently mention preference for high limits,

and violation

0

fspeed

limits

.

Almost one out of every four young male

drivers expresses to enjoy driving fast

.

2 3

.

Self-reported traffic violations other than speeding

Figures 2. 18 and 2.20 to 2.27 present major age differences

In

risky dr

ving

behaviours other than speeding. An exception to these self

1"eported

behaviours are the results in

Figure

2. 19, which concern differences ·n

opinion about the extent to which fo Ibwing a vehicle too closely is a regular

accident cause

.

Since these

results

correspond well with the question about

the drivers' own fo Ibwing too closely, presented in Figure 2

.

18, it was

decided to present them

in Figure

2

.

19

.

Follo'\N the c a r In 'f'ront t o o cloeely "emale ., 8-24 "emala 25-38 "emale 40-54 "emale >55 male " 8 - 2 4 male 25-38 male 40-54 male >55

-

_L

.,0% 2 0 % Never d o It

I

I

30% 40% 50%

Figure 2.18.

Percentages 'never' answers to question 14a: How often do

you follow the vehicle in front too closely.

Follo'\N t o o closely t o v e h l c

a

In 'f'ront

"emale "8-24

~m~~~i

"emale 25-39 "emale 40-54 "emale >55 male "8-24 male 25-39 male 40-54 male >55

I

J

J

1

1 0% 5% " 0 % " 5 % 2 0 % 2 5 % 3 0 % 3 5 % 4 0 % Very often o r ahNays an accident cause

Figure

2.19.

Percentages 'very often'/always'

answers to question 4c: How

often do you think the following factor

is

a

cause of accidents: following too

closely the vehicle

in

front.

Give '\Nay to pedestrian at pedestrian crossln ..

"am al_ ., 8-24 1'em al_ 25-39 "emale 40-54 1'em_la >55 mala " 8 - 2 4 mala 25-39 male 40-54 mala >55

I

_I

-

_I

0% ., 0% 2 0 % 30% 40% 50% eo% AhNay& do It

Figure 220.

Percentages 'always' answers to question 14b

:

How often do

you give way to

a

pedestrian at pedestrain crossings.

Drive through traffic lig h t that Is on amber ~_mal_ ., 8-24 ~_male 25-39 ~_mal_ 40-64 1'emal_ >55 " , a l e " 8 - 2 4 " , al_ 25-38 ,,""ale 40-54 male >55 -I 0% 5% ., 0% ., 5% 2 0 % 2 5 % 30% 35% Often or very often or a l - v . _ cI~ It

---

--

---

--

---

---Figure

2.21. Percentages 'often'lvery often'!' always' answers to question

14

c:

How often do you drive through

a

traffic light that is

on

amber.

Overtake vv

~em_le " 8 - 2 4 ~em_'~ 25-39

~em_l& 40-54

·" .. n you ,hlnl< Y04 ~n Juat ~ik" It

~em_le >55 male "8-24 male 25-39 male 40-54 male >55

-

_I

_I

I I I I I I I I -0% ., 0 % 2 0 % 3 0 % 4 0 % 5 0 % 8 0 % 7-0% 8-0% Never clo It

Figure 2.22

.

Percentages 'never' answers to question 14d.· How often do

you overtake when you think you can just make it.

Sign_I other ~_male ., 8-24 ~emal. 25-39 ~.male 40-64 ~_m_l_ > 5 5 male ., 8-204 mal_ 25-38 male 40-64 m_l_ > 55

clrlv_ra to _ am them o~ ~ollce ap_ecl trap

-0 % 5% ., 0% .,5% 20% 2 5 % 30% 35%

Off~'" or very often or al_ave clo It

Figure 2 23. Percentages 'often'lvery often'

r

always' answers to question

14e.

·

How often do you signal other drivers to warn them of

a

police speed

trap ahead

·

VVear . e a t belt In to_n'? 1'_m_l_ ... B-24 1'_mal_ 26-39 1'_m _I_ 40-64 1'"mal" ~55 m _ l e "'B-24 m a l _ 26-3e m _ l _ 40-64 m a ' " >65

I

-

_I

_I

_I

_I

_I

0% ... 0 % 2 0 % 3 0 % 4 0 % 5 0 % 8 0 % 7 0 % 8 0 % AhNava do It

Figure 2.24. Percentage 'a/ways' answers to question 16a: When driving

this car how often do you the seat belt in making

a

journey in town?

VVear s e a t belt on main roads betvveen t o _ n s

1'"m_le "'B-24

~

~i§i~i~~

'

1'_m_l" 26-39 1' ... m a l .. 40-64 1'_m_l_ >56

-

I

I

m _ l _ "'B-24

~

~i~i~i~l

-J

m _ l _ 26-39

.,,_1_

40-64 m a l _ >56 0% 20% 4 0 % 80% BO% 100%

Agure 2.25

.

Percentage 'always' answers to question 16b

:

When dnving

this car how often do you the seat belt in making

a

journey on main roads

between towns?

VVear seat belt e n rnetervvays'?

1'"m_l_ ... B-24

~

i

~~i~~~i~~~i~~i~~

1' ... m_l_ 26-39 · . m _ I . 4 0 - 6 4 1'_m_le >66

-

I

I

I

m_le "'B-24

~

§i§i~~§~~J

m _ ' e 26-39 m_le 40-64 m _ I . >66 0% 20% 40% 80% BO% t&;&;%

Figure 226

.

Percentage always

'

answers to question 16c: When driving

this car how often do you the seat belt in making

a

Journey on motorway

?

Dang .-etusness 0 " " " driving compared t o othera 1'8male 18-24 1'emale 25-39 1'emale 40-54 1'em_le >55 male 1 8-24

=~~~9

male 25-39 male 40-54

-t::

==-male >55 0% 5% 1 0 % 1 5 % 2 0 % 2 5 % 3 0 % 3 5 % 4 0 % a little bit more or much more dangerouB

Figure 2.27. Percentages

~

little bit more dangerous'/'much more

dangerous' answers to question

7:

Compared to other drivers, do you think

your driving is

..

?

The results in Figures

2.18 to 2.27

show a consistent pattern, where young

drivers more frequently report to engage in several risky driving behaviours

than older drivers. For one of the risky behaviours, following the car in front

too closely, it was also established that young drivers less frequently

perceive such a behaviour to be a regular accident cause.

Partly, these differences may reflect differences in way of self-presentation

where older drivers may feel compelled to describe themselves as socially

more mature drivers. Very likely, however, these self-reported differences

in large part also reflect real behavioural driving differences with young

drivers, willingly or unwillingly, being more frequently involved in decidedly

risky driving manoeuvres.

3.

Main conclu

sions

lhe differences between young European drivers and older drivers are

strongest and most cons'stent in the areas of self-reported speeding,

neglect o

l

f

seat be

!

t use and other traffic infringements, and attitudes

towards speeding and speed limits. Compared to older same sex drivers,

both male and female young drivers in Europe report more frequently to

engage in various traffic infringements, a preference for higher speed limits

on different road types, less regular seat belt wearing on different road

types, and less support for restrictive measures for car manufacturers,

severe penalties and traffic law enforcement. Taken together, these results

show a consistent pattern of a relative higher tendency towards less

concern for safety, and more frequent involvement in risky driving

behaviours among young drivers in

~rope.

In this report, the focus is on how young drivers differ from drivers from

older age groups, emphasizing a particular gap in opinions and behaviours

between young drivers (18-24y) and older drivers (>24y). It should be kept

in mind, however, that most of the age differences in opinions and

behaviours show a gradual pattern where each age group is somewhat

more extreme in one opinion or behaviour than the previous age group. For

many questions, the particular difference between the youngest age group

(18-24y) and the next aligned age group (25-39y) is not very large. In

general, with each successive age group there is tendency towards less risl<

taking, more conformity to traffic laws and more support for road safety

measures. As could be expected, young drivers differ more from the far

removed age groups (40-54; > 55 years) than from the next aligned age

group (25-39 y). It should be realized that age differences in part may

reflect differences in social desirabi Ity, rather than actual behaviour

differences. Young respondents may have been more candid and realistic

in answering some of the questions than older respondents.

For almost all questions on road safety measures and risk behaviours,

female young drivers tend to differ in the same way from older female

drivers as do young male drivers from male elder drivers

·

With females as

with males

,

the general trend

IS

that each successive age group reports

stronger preference for conforming to traffic rules and support for road

safety measures

·

Clearly, there is a general difference between females

and males, with females reporting less frequently to engage

In

dangerous

traffic behaviours.

In this report we have focused on age differences in opintons about road

safety measures, and

In

self-reported traffic behaviours

·

Furthermore, we

have often presented findings for only one extreme answer category

.

This

presentation of findings should not obscure the fact, that in general among

young European drivers there

IS

considerable support for road safety

measures, and that in some subject areas, such as drinking-and -driving

,

young drivers have norms that are as strict as the norms of older drivers

·

Particularly distressing results are the following:

-

Half of the young male car drivers in Europe (50%) report not to wear

the seat belt always in towns. Since half of all accidents in Europe

happen within towns

,

and since the protective value of the seat belt is

especially effective In the speed range between 30 and 60 km/h, this

fact calls for attention.

-

Even when driving on motorways, the self-reported seat belt use among

young male drivers in Europe is far from impressive: less than three

quarter of the young male drivers (72%) report to wear the seat belt

always on motorways.

-

One out of every three young male drivers (35%) in Europe reports to

drive faster than other drivers, and also one out of every three young

male drivers (33%) reports driving faster than the speed limit on main

roads. Taken together with the fact that young male drivers frequently

report a preference for higher limits on different road types, it suggests

that young male drivers are relatively less concerned with their own

speed as a potential risk factor. Underestimation of speeding as a risk

factor should be specifically addressed in education and training of

young drivers, and in combined publicity and enforcement campaigns.

On the long run, however, the structural solution to the problem very

likely lies in the use of advanced technological measures, such as the

intelligent speed adaptor, cars with limited engine power, or use of highly

automated enforcement systems. Before implementing large-scale

technological solutions ,societal support for these measures should be

brought to high level.

Literature

Cauzard, J.-P. & Wittink, R.W. (Eds.) (1998a). The attitude and behaviour

of European car drivers to road safety; SARTRE

2

reports part

1.

Report on

principal results. SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, Leidschendam,

the Netherlands.

Cauzard J.-P. & Wittink, R.W. (Eds.) (1998b). The attitude and behaviour of

European car drivers to road safety; SARTRE

2

reports part

2.

Report on

in-depth analyses. SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, Leidschendam,

the Netherlands.

Cauzard, J.-P., Quimby, A., Pfafferott,

I.,

Wittink, R.W., Huguenin, D. &

Klemenjak, W. (1998).

The attitude and behaviour of European car drivers

to road safety

.

Results, discussion and recommendations for road safety

policies drawn from SARTRE project. SARTRE

2

reports part

3.

Executive

summary. SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, Leidschendam, the

Netherlands.

Goldenbeld, Ch. (1998).

European car drivers' opinions about road safety

measures and in-car devices. Report R-98-36. SWOV Institute for Road

Safety Research, Leidschendam, the Netherlands.

Appendix

Complete results

Opinion Sex 18-24y 25-39y 40-54y >55y

Q2b. Strongly in favour that govemment devote more effort to M 21% 24% 30% 36%

have more enforcement of traffic laws

F 26% 29% 33% 39%

Q2e. Strongly in favour that govemment devote more effort to M 64% 60% 59% 51%

improve the standards of roads

F 57% 52% 50% 47%

Q3a. Strongly agree with statement that penalties for driving M 13% 16% 20% 26%

offences should be much more severe

F 20% 25% 27% 32%

Q3c. Strongly agree with statement that car manufacturers M 8% 11% 13% 19%

should not be allowed to stress the speed of cars In

advertl-F 10% 15% 17% 24%

sement

Q5a. When planning for the future very much consideration M 41% 47% 48% 53%

should be given to pedestrians

F 49% 54% 56% 59%

Q5b. When planning for the future very much consideration M 41% 49% 48% 50%

should be given to bicyclists

F 48% 56% 56% 55%

Q11a. Compared to the present limit the limit In built-up M 18% 14% 14% 10%

residential areas should be higher

F 11% 8% 9% 5%

Q11 b. Compared to the present limit the limit on main roads M 39% 35% 33% 22%

between towns should be higher _{F 26% 22% 20% 13%}

Q11 c. Compared to the present limit the limit on motorways M 68% 62% 54% 36%

should be higher or no limit at all

F 43% 40% 37% 23%

Q27a. Very In favour of the introduction throughout Europe of a M 27% 30% 33% 37%

penalty points system

F 28% 32% 35% 38%

Q27b. Very in favour of the introduction throughout Europe of a M 13% 16% 20% 26%

requirement that manufacturers modify their vehicles to restrict

F 18% 24% 26% 36%

their maxlmum speed

Q27e. Very In favour of the introduction throughout Europe of a M 40% 45% 49% 57%

zero alcohol limit for new drivers

F 50% 56% 60% 64% I

T

able

1.

Major differences in opinions about road safety measures between young dr

i

vers

and older drivers in Europe (Source

:

SARTRE-2 data)

.

I Opinion: answer categories Sex 18-24y 25-39y 40-54y >55y

04c. Following too closely to vehicle In front Is: very often or M 24% 30% 34% 39%

always an accident cause

F 30% 32% 35% 37%

07. Compared to other drivers my driving Is: much more or a bit M 10% 7% 5% 3%

more dangerous

F 5% 4% 4% 3%

09. Compared to other drivers I generally drive: much faster or c M 35% 29% 21% 12% little faster

F 17% 16% 13% 8%

Q10a. Drive faster than speed limit on motorways: often, very M 42% 38% 35% 13%

often or always

F 28% 21% 15% 6%

010b. Drive faster than speed limit on main roads between M 33% 30% 19% 9%

towns: often, very often or always

F 23% 16% 10% 5%

010d. Drive faster than speed limit In built-up residential areas: M 27% 31% 39% 56%

never

F 36% 45% 52% 67%

014a. Follow the vehicle In front too closely: never M 17% 19% 25% 36%

F 26% 29% 36% 47%

014b. Give way to pedestrian at pedestrian crossing: always M 27% 32% 40% 52%

F 31% 39% 45% 52%

014c. Drive through a traffic light that Is on amber: often, very M 33% 27% 17% 10%

often or always

F 22% 16% 12% 6%

014d. Overtake when you think you can just makA It: never M 38% 45% 49% 59%

F 60% 64% 65% 74%

014e. Signal to other drivers to wam them of a police speed tra~ M 35% 28% 21% 13%

ahead: often or very often or always

F 25% 18% 14% 9%

016a. Wear seat belt In making a joumey In town: always M 50% 51% 57% 68%

F 67% 69% 70% 74%

016b. Wear seat belt In making a joumey on main roads M 62% 67% 74% 81%

etween towns: always

F

n%

81% 83% 83%

016c. Wear seat belt In making a joumey on motorway M 73% 76% 81% 86%

F 86% 87% 89% 89%

'Q28b. I enjoy driving fast: very agree M 23% 17% 12% 6%

F 12% 9% 9% 6%

-- - . _ - - - .. _ - . _ - - - . _ - - - . _

-T

able 2. Major differences in self-reported risk perception

,

risk attitudes and risky driving

behaviours between young drivers and older drivers in Europe.

Results male drivers

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q2BGOVE Strongly in favour that government devote more effort to

. . have more enforcement of traffic laws

LEEFCAT Q2BGOVE Frequency IStrong1y Percent 1 favour Row Pct

I

Strongly against Col Pct I 11 31 41 51 To tal - --- -----+-- ------+-----+--------+--------+ --------+ 18 "'24 yrsl 354 702 394 _I 185 _I 54

I

2.75 5.46 3.06 I 1. 44 I 0.42 I 20.96 41. 56 23.33 I 10.95 I 3 .20 I 9.74 13.16 16.65 I 16.85 I 12.62 - ---- ----+ ----+------+--------+--------+-- ------+ 25 -39 yrsl 1004 1736

_I

883 I 413 165

_I

I 7 ·81 13.50 I 6.86 I 3.21 _{1. 28 I}

I

23.90 41. 32

_I

_{21. 02 I} 9.83 _{3.93 I} I 27.63 32.53 I 37.30 I 37.61 38.55

_I

---

--

--

-

-+--

-

---+

-

-

-

---+

-

---

--

-

-

+--

--

-

-

-

-

+--

-

--

-

--+

40 -54 yrsl 1151 1631 654

_I

289 I 121 I 8.95 12.68 5.08 I 2.25

_I

0.94

I

29.93 42.41 _{17.00 I} 7.51

_I

3.15 I 31.67 30.57 27.63 I 26.32 I 28.27 - - - ------+- -----+--------+---+--------+- -------+ >=55 yrs 1125 1267 436 I 211 I 88 I 8.75 9.85 _{3.39 I 1. 64 I} 0.68

_I

35.98 40.52 13.94 I 6.75 I 2.81 I 30.96 23.74 18._{42 I 19.22}

_I

20.56

_I

- ------- -+ ------- -+- -- -- - --+-- -- -- --+ --- --- --+ --------+ 1689 13. 13 4201 32.66 3846 29 ·90 3127 24.31 Total 3634 28.25 5336 41. 48 2367 18.40 1098 8.54 428 12863 3.33 100.00 Frequency Missing 63

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q2EGOVE Strongly in favour that government dev cte more eff Q:-t to

.. improve ~e standards of roads

Frequency Is trongly Percent Ifavour Row Pct I Strongly against Col Pct I 11 21 31 41 51 Total -- -- ----+--------+-- --- -+ - -- ---+--------t----+ 18 -24 yrsl 1075 I 472 I 108 27 7 I 8 .34 I 3.66

I

0.84 0.21 0.05 I 63.65 1 27 .95 I 6.39 1 .60 0.41 I 14.41 I 12 ._{13 I} 9.28 10.15 6.73 - - ------+ - ------+ - -------... - ---- ---+ --------+ --------+ 25 -39 yrsl _{2510 I} 1200 _I 375 85 41

_I

I 19.48 I 9.31 1 2.91 0.66 0 .32 1 I 59 .61 I 28.50 I 8.91 2.02 0.97 I

I

33.64 1 30.83 1 32.22 31. 95 39 .42

_I

------- -+- - -----+ -- -- --+ ------ -~--------+ ----- ---.. 40 -54 yrsl 2272 I 1157 _{310 I} 79 35 I I 17.63 I 8.98 2.41 I 0.61 0 .27 I

I

58.97 I 30.03 8._{05 I} 2.05 0.91 I I 30 ._{45 I 29.73} 26 ._{63 I 29.}70 33._{65 I} ---- -+ - - - ---+ ------- -+ ------- ... --------+ - - - --+ >= 55 yrsl 1605 I 1063 371 75 21 I 12.45 I 8.25 2.88 0 .58 0.16 I 51 ._{20 I 33} .91 11 .83 2.39 0.67 I 21. 51

I

27 .31 31 .87 28 .20 20.19 ---------+ --- -----+- - - -+- - - - ----+- - - -+- - - -+ 1689 13 .11 4211 32.67 3853 29.90 3135 24 .32 Total 7462 57 .90 3892 30.20 1164 9.03 266 2 .06 104 1 2888 0.81 100.00 Frequency Missing ~ 38

SWOV PublicatIon D 99

7

21

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q3ASTAT Strongly agree with statement that penalti es for driving offences should be much more severe

LEEFCAT Q3ASTAT Frequency

I

Strongly Percent

I

agree Row Pct

I

Strongly Disagree Col Pct

I

11

2

/

3

I

41 51 Total ---------+ -----+ - -- --- ... ------+-----+--- - - --+ 18 -24 yrsl 221 500 397 _/ 405 161

I

1. 73 3.91 3.10

_I

3 .17 1.26

I

13.12 29.69 23.57 _/ 24 .05 9.56

I

8.87 ll.85 14.09

_I

16.54 19.63 - ----------+---------+- ----- -~---+- - ---+--------+ 25-39 yrsl 678 1299 976

_I

898 327

I

5.30 10.15 7.63

_I

7.02 2.56

I

16.23 31 .09 23.36

_I

21.49 7.83

I

27.22 30.80 34.63

_I

36.67 39.88 -------+------+--------+--------+---+--------+ 40-54 yrsl 776 1309 867

_I

682 197

_I

/ 6.06 10.23 6.78

_I

5.33 1. 54

_I

I

20.26 34.17 22.63

_I

17.80 5.14

_I

I

31.15 31. 03 30.77

_I

27.85 24.02

_I

- - - -- ----+ -- - - --+--------+-----+---+----- - -+ >= 55 yrsl

I

I

I

816 6.38 26.30 32.76 ll10 8.67 35.77 26.32 578 4.52 18.63 20.51 464 3.63 14.95 18.95 135 1. 06 4.35 16.46 ---------+-----+----- ---+- - - - -- -+--- ----+--- - - -+ Total 2491 19.47 4218 32.96 Frequency Missing 130 2818 22.02 2449 19.14 820 6.41 1684 13 .16 4178 32.65 3831 29.94 3103 24.25 12796 100.00

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q3CSTAT Strongly agree with statement that car manufacturers should not be allowed to stress the speed of cars in advertisement

LEEFCAT Q3CSTAT Frequen'<¥

I

Strongly Percent

I

agree Row Pct

I

Strongly Disagree Col Pct / 1/ 21

3/

4/ 51 Total ----40--__ +_---____ + ________ + ________ + ________ + ________ + 18 -24 yrs/ 132 3ll

_I

503 457 274

I

1. 04 2.45 _/ 3.97 3.61 2.16

I

7.87 18 ·55 _/ 29 .99 27.25 16.34

I

7.87 ll.22 / 14.18 14.86 17.ll ---- --- --+ ----- ---+ -- - - --+--------+--------+ ------- -+ 25 -39 yrs/ 447

_I

804 / 1207 ll08 579

I

3 .53

_I

6 ·34

_I

9.52 8.74 4.57

I

10.78

_I

19.40 _/ 29.12 26.73 13.97 / 26.64

I

28.99

I

34.02 36.03 36.16 ---

_-

-

----+------+- -------+--------+--------+-- -- ----+ 40-54 yrsl 512

_I

874 1066 893 _/ 453

I

4 .04

_I

6.90 8 ·41 7.05

_I

3.57 / 13 ·48 / 23.01 28.07 23.51

I

ll.93

I

30.51

_I

31.52 30.05 29·04 _/ 28.29 - - - ---+--------+--------+------ --+------+--------+ >= 55 Yrs/ 587 784 772 617

_I

295

I

4.63 6.19 6.09 4.87

I

2 .33 / 19.21 25.66 25.27 20.20 / 9 ·66

I

34.98 28.27 21 ·76 20.07

I

18 ·43 - ---+--------+------- -+- - - ---+- --- - ---+ --------+ 1677 13 .23 4145 32.70 3798 29.96 3055 24 .10 Total 1678 13.24 2773 21.88 3548 27 ·99 3075 24.26 1601 12675 12.63 100.00 Frequency Missing 251

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q4COORZ How often do you think following the vehicle in front toO closely is the cause of accidents?

LEEFCAT Q4COORZ Frequency I Never Percent Icause Row Pct I accident Always Cause Accident Col Pct I 11 31 41 51 61 Tota 1 ------ ---+- ----- --+ ----+---+--------+-----+--------+ 18 -24 yrs I 12 140 496 645 I 329 I 70 I I 0.09 1.09 3.85 5.01 I 2.55 I 0.54 I I 0.71 8 ·27 29.31 38.12 _I 19.44 _{I 4.14 I} I 8.33 19.58 16.87 13 .12 I 9.34 I 10.90 I ---+---+---+---+~---+---+ ---+ 25-39 yrsl 35 243 1074 1606 1051 I 197 _I I 0.27 1. 89 8.34 12.47 8.16 I 1. 53 I I 0.83 5.78 25.53 38.18 24.99 I 4.68 I I 24.31 33.99 36.53 32.66 _{29.83 I 30.69 I} ---+---+---+---+~---~-+---+- ---+ 40-54 yrsl 41 198 821 1489 _I 1123 184 I 0.32 1. 54 6.37 11.56 _I 8.72 1.43 I 1. 06 5.13 21. 29 38.62 I 29.12 4.77 I 28.47 27.69 27.93 30 ·28 I 31. 88 28.66 ---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ >=55 yrs _{56 I} 134 549 1177 I 1020 191 0._{43 I} 1. 04 4.26 _{9.14 I} 7.92 1.48 1. 79 I 4.29 17.56 37.64 I 32.62 6.11 38.89 I 18.74 18.67 _{23.94 I 28.95} 29.75 ---+--------+------+---+---+ ----+--- ---+ 1692 13.14 4206 32.65 3856 29.94 312] 24.28 Total 144 1.12 715 5.55 2940 22.82 4917 38.17 3523 27.35 642 12881 4.98 100.00 Frequency Missing 45

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q5APLAN When planning for the future very much consideration should be given to pedestrians

LEEFCAT Q5APLAN

Frequency I V ery much

I

No t at all Percent Row Pct Col Pct

I

I

11 21 31 41 Total -------+ ---- ----+------+-- ------+ --- --- --+ 18-24 yrsl 689 794 _{176 I} 28 1687 I 5.38 6.20 _{1.37 I} 0·22 13 .18 I 40.84 47.07 10 ._{43 I} 1. 66 I 11 ·20 14.43 17 ·74 I 18.06 -... - ------+ --------+--------+- - - -- -+- _-----+ 25-39 yrsl 1961 I 1825 _{348 I 46 I} 4180 I 15 ·32 I 14.26 2.72 I

o

·36 I 32.65 I 46.91 I 43.66 8 ·_{33 I} 1.10 I I 31 ·87 I 33.18 35.08 I 29.68 I ---- - - - --+ --------+ -- ----- -+ --------+ --------+ 40-54 yrsl 1856 I 1650 _{272 I 47 I} 3S 25 I 14.50 I 12.89 2.12 I

o

·37 I 29 ·88 I 48 ·_{52 I 43.14 7.11 I 1. 23 I} I 30 ·16 I 29.99 27 ·_{42 I 30} .32

I

--- ---+---+---+--

--

- ---+ ---+ >=55 yrs _{1648 I 1232 I 196 I} 34 I 3110 12.87 I 9 .62

_I

1 ·_{53 I} 0 ·_{27 I 24.29} 52.99 I 39 ._{61 I} 6._{30 I} 1 .09

I

26._{78 I 22} ._{40 I 19}._{76 I 21} ·_{94 I} ---+--------+- -------+------- -+--- -----+ Total 6154 5501 992 155 12802 48.07 42 ·97 7.75 1.21 100 ·00 Frequency Missing 124 SWOV Publication 0-997

23

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q5BPLAN When planning for the future very much consideration should be given to bicyclists

LEEFCAT Q5BPLAN Frequency IVery Much Percent \ Row Pct \ Not at all Col Pct 1 1\

2\

31 41 Total ---- ---'-f---+ ---- --+ --... - ---+--------+ 18-24 yrs 1 700 _{790 1 175 1} 25 1 1690 \ 5.46 6.16 \ 1. 36 \ 0.19 1 13.17 \ 41.42 46.75 \ 10.36 1 1. 48 ₁ \ 11 .35 14.40 \ 17.24 1 15.72 1 ---- - - -+-----+-----+-- ---+---+ 25-39 yrsl 2035 _{1784 1} 320 52 4191 1 15.86 13.90 1 2.49 0.41 32.67 1 48.56 42.57 1 7.64 1. 24 1 32.99 32.51 1 31.53 32.70 --- ---+---+---+-- -----+---+ 40-54 yrsl 1861 1649 286 40 3836 1 14.51 12.85 2.23 0.31 29.90 1 48.51 42.99 7.46 1. 04 1 30.17 30.05 28 .18 25.16 - - -- ---+---+---+ - ---+---+ >=55 yrs 1 1573 1264 234 42 3113 1 12.26 9.85 1. 82 0.33 24.26 1 50.53 40.60 7.52 1. 35 1 25.50 23.04 23.05 26.42 - - - - --+ - ----+---+---+---+ Total 6169 5487 1015 159 12830 48.08 42.77 7.91 1. 24 100.00 Frequency Missing 96

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q7COMPAR Compared to other drivers my drivlng is: much more or a bit more dangerous

LEEFCAT Q7COMPAR FrequenCY\Much more Percent 1 dangerous Row Pct 1 A lot less Dangerous Co 1 Pct \ 11 21 41 5

I

Total - - - --- - --+ -- ----+--------+--------+------ --+------+ 18 -24 yrs

I

28 138

I

681

I

505

_I

311

I

0.22 1. _{09 1} 5.36 1 3 .98 1 2.45 1 1. 68 8 ·_{30 1 40}.95 ₁ 30.37 1 18.70 1 25.45 22.59 1 15 .37 1 11.88 1 9 ·45 ---- -----+ --------+------- -+ --- -----+ --------+-- -- ----+ 25 -39 yrs 1 1 1 1 42 1 0.33 1 1. 01 1 38.18 1 235 1 1.85 1 5.67 1 38.46 1 1571 12.37 37.89 35 .45 1323 1 10.42 1 31 ·91 1 31 .11 1 975 7.68 23.52 29 ·63 ---------+ ------+ ---- ----+ ---- --- -+------+---- - - - -+ 40 -54 yrsl 22 153 ₁ 1291 1267 1066 1 0.17 1. 21 1 10.17 9.98 8.40 1 0.58 4.03 1 33 ·98 33.35 28.06 1 20.00 25.04 1 29.13 29.80 32 ·39 ----+--------+------ --+--------+-----+---+ >= 55 yrsl 18

I

85 889 1157 939 1

I

o

.14 1 0.67 7.00 9.11 1 7 ·40 1 1 0.58 \ 2 .75 28.79 37 .47 1 30 ·41 _\ 1 16 ·_{36 1 13} ·91 20.06 27.21

I

28.53 1 - - - ------+ - -------+ --------+ -----+--- - - -+-- -- --- -+ 1663 13 .10 4146 32.66 3799 29.92 3088 24 ·32 Total 110 611 4 ·81 4432 34.91 4252 33 .49 3291 12696

o

.87 25 .92 100 ·00 Frequency Missing 230

24

SWay Publication

[}g9-7

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q80THERS How Often do you think other drivers break speed 1imi ts? LEEFCAT Q80THERS Frequency I Percent

I

Never Row Pct I Always Col Pct I 11 51 61 Total - - - ----+---+------+---+---+--------+ -- ------+ 18-24 yrsl 8 I 32 I 207 600 683 I 162 I

I

0.06

_I

0.25

_I

1. 61 4.67 5·32

I

1 ·26

_I

I 0.47 I 1. 89 I 12.23 35.46 40.37 I 9.57 1 1 11. 76 1 11. 07 1 11. 62 11.97 13 .91 1 20.77 ₁ ----- - ---+-- ---+---+------ --+----+-- - -- - --+-- - -----+ 25-39 yrsl 17 90 ₁ 578 1622 1614 1 279 1 0.13 0.70 1 4.50 12.63 12.57 1 2.17 1 0.40 2.14 ₁ 13.76 38.62 _{38.43 1} 6.64 1 25.00 31.14 1 32.44 32.36 32.87 1 35.77 - - - -- - - --+- ---+-- - - --- -+---+-- ---+ - ---+- ---- ---+ 40-54 yrsl 17 ₁ 88 _{1 566 1} 1521

_I

1457

_I

185 ₁ 1 0.13 1 0.69 1 4.41 1 11. 84 1 11.35 1 1. 44 ₁ 1 0.44 1 2.30 ₁₁ 14.76 I 39.67 I 38.00

I

4.83 I I 25.00 1 30.45 _{31. 76 I 30.34} 1 29.67 I 23.72 1 ---+---+---+---+---+---- - - - -+--- -----+ >=55 yrs 1 26 79 _{431 I 1270 I} 1156 I 154 1

I

0.20 0.62 _{3.36 I 9.89 I 9.00 I 1. 20 I} I 0.83 2.54 13 .83 I 40.76 I 37.10

,

4.94

,

,

38.24 27.34 24.19

,

25.33

,

23.54

,

19.74

,

---+---+---+-~---+---+---+ ---+ 1692 13 .18 4200 32.71 3834 29.86 3116 24.26 Total 68 0.53 289 2.25 1782 13 .88 5013 39 ·04 4910 38.23 780 12842 6.07 100.00 Frequency Missing 84

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q9FASTER Compared to other drivers I generally drive: much faster

or a 1itte faster LEEFCAT Q9FASTER Frequency' Percent 'Much Row Pct IFaster Much Slower Col Pct I 11 2 , _{31 4 , 5 ' Total} ---- ----+ -- - - - -+----- - -+ ----- --+-- - --- -+--- ----+ 18-24 yrs

,

' 83 511 830 228 36

,

0.65 3.97 6.45 1 .77 0.28

,

I

4.92 30.27 49.17 13 .51 2.13

,

,

21.96 19.33 12.37 8.75 6.91

,

-----------+ -- -----+--------+ - - -- --+ --- ----+ - ----- -+-2S -39 yrs' 166

,

1069 2210 642 111

,

,

1. 29

,

8 .31 17.19 4.99

o

.86 _I

,

3.95

,

25.46 52.64 15.29 2.64

,

,

43.92

,

40 .43 32.94 24.63 21. 31 1 -- ---- + ------ ---+ -- -- ---+----- ---+ ----- - -""'t ----+ 40 -54 yrs'

,

96

,

719

,

2081 790 162

,

0.75

,

5.59

,

16.18 6.14 1 .26

,

1 2.49

,

18.69

,

54 .08 20.53 4 .21

,

,

25.40

,

_{27.19 I 31. 02} 30 .30 31.09

,

---- -----+ -- -- - ... - - - - - ---+- -------+-- ------+- - - -+ >= 55 yrsl

,

33 345

,

1588

,

947

,

212 I

o

.26 2.68

,

12.35

,

7.36

,

1 .65

,

,

1. 06 11 .04

,

50 .82

,

30.30 1 6.78

,

,

8 .73 13 .05

,

23 .67

_I

36 .33 1 40.69

,

- - - ---+- - - - -- --+--------+--------+ -----+-- - - --+ 1688 13.13 4198 3 2.65 3848 29 .92 312S 24.30 Total 378 2 .94 2644 20.56 6709 52 .17 2607 ~ .2 7 521 12859 4 .05 100.00 Fr Equency Missing 67

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q10AMOTO In general. how often do you drive faster than the speed limit on motorways? LEEFCAT Q10AMOTO Frequency

I

Percent lNever Row Pct

I

Always Col Pet

I

11 21 31 51 61 Total - -- - --... --- - --+-----. --+- -- ---~ ----- - -+ -- ---- ... ----- --+ 18 -24 yrsl 188 314 471 314 211

I

172

_I

I

1.48 2 .47 3.70 2.47 1. 66

_I

1. 35

_I

I

11.26 18.80 28.20 18.80 12.63

_I

10.30

_I

I

7.43 10.52 13 .23 16.60 21.42

_I

22.28

_I

----- - - -+ -- - ----+---+---+---... -------+--- ----+ 25-39 yrsl 556 828 1192

_I

793 418

_I

366

_I

I

4.37 6.51 9.37

_I

6.23 3.29

_I

2.88

_I

I

13.39 19.94 28.70

_I

19.09 10.07

_I

8.81

_I

I

21. 98 27.74 33.49

_I

41. 94 42.44

I

47.41

_I

- - - ---- -+--- --- --+------+ -------+--------+-------... - - - - - -+ 40-54 yrsl 700 981 1160

_I

549 247

_I

181

I

5.50 7.71 9.12

_I

4.32 1. 94

_I

1. 42

I

18.33 25.69 30.38

_I

14.38 6.47

_I

4 .74

I

27.68 32 .86 32.59

_I

29.03 25.08

_I

23.45 - - - - ---+-- -----+----- ---+---- + -- - - --+---+----... >=55 yrs 1085 862 736

_I

235 109 53 8.53 6.78 5.79

_I

1. 85 0.86 0.42 35.23 27.99 23.90

_I

7.63 3.54 1.72 42.90 28.88 20.68

_I

12.43 11. 07 6.87 -- ---- ---+---- - - --+ --- ---- -+- - - ---+ --- -----+ ----- ---+---- ---+ 1670 13 .13 4153 32. 65 3818 3 0.01 3080 24.21 Total 2529 19.88 2985 23.47 3559 27.98 1891 14.87 985 7.74 772 12721 6.07 100.00 Frequency Missing

=

205

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q10BMAIN In general. how often do you drive faster than the speed limit on main roads between towns?

LEEFCAT Q10BMAIN Frequency I Percent

I

Never Row Pct

I

Always Col Pct

I

11 31 41 51 61 Total

-

----+------+-- - - -+------+--------+---- ----+--- - - - --+ 18 -24 yrsl 155

_I

402 581

_I

333

_I

135

_I

88

_I

11 _9.15 1.20

I

3.12

I

4.51

I

2 ·58

I

1.05

I

0.68

I

I

23.73

I

34.30

_I

19 ·66

_I

7.97

_I

5 .19

_I

I

6.56

I

11.00

_I

14.31

_I

18·66 20.12

I

24.51

I

- - -- -- ---+ -- - - - ---+ ----- ---+------ -- +-- --- ---+ - - -- -- --+ --------+ 25 -39 yrsl 491 1035

_I

1429 785

_I

304

_I

163

_I

I

3.81 8.03

_I

11.08 6.09

_I

2.36

_I

1. 26

_I

I

11. 67 24.60

_I

33 ·97 18.66

_I

7.23

_I

3 ·87

_I

I

20.77 28.33

_I

35.19 43 ·98

I

45.31

_I

45.40

_I

- - -- -- - - -.---- - - ---+------+ --- -+- ----+ --------+- - - -+ 40 -54 yrsl 647

_I

1174

I

1299

_I

491

_I

162

_I

86

I

I

5.02

I

9.11

I

10 ·08

_I

3.81

_I

1. 26

_I

0.67

I

I

16.77

_I

30.42

_I

33 ·66

_I

12.72

_I

4.20

_I

2 ·23

_I

I

27.37

_I

32.14

_I

31 ·99

_I

27 ·51

_I

24.14

_I

23 ·96

_I

----- - -- -+ --- -----+- --- ----+--- -----+- - - -----+----- ---+ - - - -+ > =55 yrs 1071 1042 752 176 70 22

_I

8.31 8.08 5.83 1. 37 0.54 0·17

_I

34.18 33.26 24.00 5.62 2.23 0.70

I

45.30 28.52 18 ·52 9.86 10.43 6 .13

_I

----+--------+--------+---+--------+---+---+ 1694 13 ·14 4207 32 ·63 3859 29 .93 3133 24.30 Total 2364 18.34 3653 28.33 4061 31. 50 1785 13 ·84 671 5.20 359 12893 2 ·78 100 ·00 Frequency M,issing 33 26 SWOV Publication 0 '99 -7

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q10DRESI In general , how often do you drive faster than the speed

limit on built-up residential roads?

LEEFCAT Q10DRESI Frequency I Percent INever Row Pct I Always Col Pct I 11 21 31 41 51 61 Total - - ---- - --+---- - ---+--.------+ --- -----+----- - - -+ --- - -- --+- --- - ---+ 18-24 yrsl 460 I 591 370 _{167 I} 60 _{46 I} 1694 I 3.57 I 4.58 2.87 1. 29 I 0.47 _{0.36 I 13} .14 I 27.15 I 34.89 21. 84 9.86 I 3.54 _{2.72 I} I 9.17 I 13 .18 16.55 22 ·42 I 24.49 26.90 I ---+---+---+---+---+--- +--~----+ 25-39 yrsl 1297 I 1575 _{859 I 301 I 104 I 72 I} 4208 I 10 ·_{06 I 12.21} 6._{66 I} 2.33 I 0._{81 I 0.56 I 32.63} I 30.82 I 37.43 20._{41 I} 7.15 I 2.47 I 1.71 I I 25.86 I 35.13 I 38._{42 I 40.40 I 42.45 I 42.11 I} ------+----+--------+--------+--------+------+---+ 40-54 yrsl 1490 1392 I 689 I 201 I 53 I 33 I 3858 I 11.55 10.79 I 5.34 I 1. 56 I 0.41 I 0.26 I 29 ·92 I 38.62 36.08 I 17._{86 I 5.21 I 1. 37 I 0.86 I} I 29.70 31. 05 I 30.81 I 26.98 I 21. 63 I 19.30 I ---+---+---+---+~---+---+---+ >=55 yrs _{1769 I} 925 _{318 I} 76 _{28 I 20 I} 3136 13.72 I 7.17 _{2.47 I} 0.59 0._{22 I} 0.16 I 24.32 56._{41 I 29.50} 10._{14 I} 2.42 0.89 I 0.64 I 35._{27 I 20.63 14.22 I 10}.20 11._{43 I 11.70} I

-

--

---

+

--

---+---+---+---+---

---

+

--

-

---

+

Total 5016 38.90 4483 34.76 2236 17.34 745 5.78 245 1.90 171 12896 1.331Cb ·00 Frequency Missing 30

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q11ARESI Compared to the present 1imi~ what do you think the speed limit should be in built-up residential areas?

LEEFCAT Q11ARESI

Frequency I

Percent I Lower Same Higher No limit Row Pct I Col Pct I 11 21 3\ 41 Total ---------+- -- ----+ --------+--------+ -- - - - -+ 18-24 yrsl

I

\ 1 190 \ 1. 48 1 11.28 1 9.57 1 1180 \ 9.18 1 70.03 I 12.98 1 300 I 2.33 1 17.80 1 17.49 1 15 I 1685 0.12 1 13.11 0.89 1 23.44 1 -- --- - +---- ----+----- ---+ --------+--------+ 25-39 yrsl 630 1 4.90 1 15 ·00 1 31 .72 2985 1 23.22 1 71.07 1 32.83 1 570 1 4.43 1 13.57 I 33.24 1 15 1 0.12 I 0.36 I 23.44 I ---- -----+--- --- --+ ---- -- --+--------+- -- - ----+ 40 -54 yrsl 605 2685 538 18 I I 4 ·71 20.89 4 .18 0.14

I

1 15.73 69.81 13 ·99 0._{47 1} \ 30.46 29 ·53 31 .37 28 ·13

I

---------+ ------ --+ --------+ ------ --+--------+ >=55 yrs 561 2241 307 16

I

4.36 17 .43 2.39

o

._{12 1} 17.95 71 .71 9 .82 0·_{51 1} 28.25 24.65 17.90 25 ·_{00 I} ------ ---+ -- -- ----+--------+--------+---- ----+ 4200 32 .67 3846 29.92 3125 24.31 Total 1986 15.45 9091 70.71 1715 13 .34 64 14156 0.50 100 ·00 Frequency Missing 70

SWOV Publication D 99-7

27

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q11BMAIN Compared to the present limit, what do you think the speed limit should be on main roads between towns?

LEEFCAT Q11BMAIN

Frequency 1

Percent ILower Same Higher No Limit

Row Pet ( Col Pct ₁ 11 2/ 31 4

I

Total - - - - -- - ... --------+ -- - - -- +--------+-------~ 18 -24 yrsl 47 952 663 23 1 1685 1

o

.37 7.40 5.15 0.18

I

13 .10 1 2 .79 56.50 39.35 1. 36 1

I

9.44 11.70 16.29 15.03 _/ - - - - -- - f - - --- - ---+--- ----+---+ -- ----... 25-39 yrsl 148 2547 1454 48

_I

4197 1 1.15 19.80 11.30 0.37 1 32 .63 1 3.53 60.69 34.64 1.14 1 1 29.72 31. 29 35.72 31.37 1 - - -----+- -- ----+---+-- ---+-- ----+ 40-54 yrsl 159 2378 1266 49 3852 1 1. 24 18.49 9.84 0.38 29.95 1 4.13 61.73 32.87 1. 27 1 31. 93 29.21 31.10 32.03 ---- -- --+-------+---+--- --+---+ >= 55 yrsl 144 2263 688 33 3128 1 1 .12 17.59 5.35 0.26 24.32 1 4.60 72.35 21. 99 1. 05 1 28.92 27.80 16.90 21.57 ------- -+---+---+----+---- - - ... Total 498 8140 4071 153 12862 3.87 63.29 31. 65 1 .19 100.00 Frequency Missing 64

TABLE OF LEEFCAT BY Q11CMOTO Compared to the present limit, what do you think the

speed limit should be on motorways?

LEEFCAT Q11CMOTO

Frequency

I

Percent ILCWer Same Higher No limit

Row Pct 1 Col Pct 1 11 21 31 41 Total - - - ---- - -+ --- -----+-- - --- - -+ -- ------+ -- ------+ 18 -24 yrsl 52 486 1 891 259 / 0.41 3.80 ₁ 6.96 2.02 1 3.08 28.79 1 52.78 15.34 1 10.00 9.07 1 16.00 19.23 ----- ----+ ---- -+----- ---+ - -- --- --+--------+ 25 -39 yrsl 119 1471 1 2080 498 1 0.93 11.50 ₁ 16.26 3.89 1 2.86 35.29 1 49.90 11. 95 1 22.88 27.45 1 37.35 36 ·97 -- ---- - - -+--------+----+ --- --- --+--------+ 1688 13 .19 4168 32.58 40 -54 yrs

I

164 1609 1672 386 3831 / 1.28 12.58 13.07 3.02 29 .94

I

4.28 42.00 43 .64 10.08 1 31.54 30.02 30.02 28.66 ------- --+- -------+----+--------+ ----- -- -+ > =55 yrs 1 185 1793 926 204 3108 / 1. 45 14.01 7.24 1 .59 24 ·29 1 5.95 57.69 29.79 6 ·56 1 35.58 33.46 16·63 15·14 - - - ---+- --- ----+- - - ---+- - - - ----+--------+ 520 4 ·06 5359 41 .88 Frequen cy Missing 131 5569 43 ·52 1347 12795 10.53 100. Q)