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Dwarfs and giants: the dynamic interplay of size-dependent cannibalism and
competition
Claessen, D.
Publication date
2002
Link to publication
Citation for published version (APA):
Claessen, D. (2002). Dwarfs and giants: the dynamic interplay of size-dependent cannibalism
and competition. UvA-IBED.
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Contents s
11 General introduction 1
1.11 Introduction 1 1.22 Background 1
1.2.11 An ecological definition of cannibalism 2 1.2.22 Cannibalism as a special case of predation 2 1.33 Population dynamic theory of cannibalism - an overview of literature 3
1.3.11 Population control 5 1.3.22 The destabilising effect of cannibalism 5
1.3.33 The stabilising effect of cannibalism 7 1.3.44 Bistability and the life boat effect 8 1.3.55 Effects on population size distribution 9 1.44 Size-dependent cannibalism: empirical evidence 10
1.55 Outline of this thesis 11
22 Dwarfs and giants: cannibalism and competition in size-structured
populationss 15
2.11 Introduction 16 2.22 The model 17
2.2.11 The individual level model 19 2.2.22 Interactions: planktivory and cannibalism 22
2.33 Results 25 2.3.11 The base line case: no cannibalism 25
2.3.22 Increasing the cannibalistic voracity 27
2.3.33 Parameter sensitivity 35
2.44 Discussion 35 2.4.11 Acknowledgments 41
Appendixx 2.A Assimilation and energy allocation 41
Appendixx 2.B The digestion time 42
33 The impact of size-dependent predation on population dynamics and
individuall life history 43
3.11 Introduction 44 3.22 Model and methods 46
V I I
3.2.11 The model 46 3.2.22 Methods 53
3.33 Results 53 3.3.11 Effects of the minimum prey size ratio (<5) 54
3.3.22 Effects of the maximum prey size ratio (e) 60
3.44 Discussion 65 3.4.11 Model and data: cannibalism vs.intercohort competition . 67
3.4.22 Model and data: permanent or dynamic giants, or stunting 68
3.55 Acknowledgments 70
44 instability in a sizestructured population model of cannibalistic fish
-aa continuation study 71
4.11 Introduction 72 4.22 The model 74 4.33 Life history as an input-output map 78
4.3.11 In the absence of cannibalism 79 4.3.22 In the presence of cannibalism 81
4.3.33 Continuation 81
4.44 Results 82 4.4.11 The effect of the cannibalism window 83
4.4.22 Comparison of 'stunted' and 'piscivorous' population states 88
4.4.33 Costs and benefits of cannibalism 90 4.4.44 Comparison with the Escalator Boxcar Train method . . . 93
4.4.55 Robustness 94
4.55 Discussion 94 4.5.11 Continuation versus simulation 97
Appendixx 4.A Discretization 97
55 Ontogenetic niche shifts and evolutionary branching 101
5.11 Introduction 102 5.22 The model 103
5.2.11 Feeding 105 5.2.22 Reproduction and growth 107
5.2.33 Prey dynamics 108 5.2.44 Parameterization 108 5.33 Ecological dynamics 109
5.3.11 Ontogenetic niche shift and prey densities 109
5.44 Pairwise invasibility plots I l l 5.55 Evolutionary dynamics 114
5.5.11 Invasion fitness of mutants 115 5.5.22 Evolutionary convergence to the generalist u* 116
5.5.33 Evolutionary stability of the generalist u* 119
5.5.44 Scenario 1: different attack rates 120 5.5.55 Scenario 2: different handling times 121
5.5.77 After branching: dimorphism of switch sizes 123
5.66 Discussion 126 5.6.11 Mechanisms of evolutionary branching 126
5.6.22 Assumptions revisited 128 5.6.33 The scope for empirical testing 130
Appendixx 5.A Some models without size-structure 132
5.A.11 The unstructured analogue 132 5.A.22 Time splitting, phenotypic plasticity or learning 133
Appendixx 5.B Juvenile delay and evolutionary cycling 137
5.B.11 Results 137 5.B.22 Definition of a life history map for continuation 139
66 General discussion 143
6.11 Introduction 143 6.22 Questions revisited 143 6.33 Bioenergetics versus interactions 145
6.3.11 Different bioenergetics 145 6.3.22 Similar interactions 147 6.3.33 Similar results? 148 6.44 Testable hypotheses - the link with empirical data 156
6.55 This thesis in perspective 158
77 Summary 161 88 Nederlandse samenvatting 167
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