Engels

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EINDEXAMEN VWO ENGELS 2015

MINISTERIE VAN ONDERWIJS, WETENSCHAP EN CULTUUR

UNIFORM EINDEXAMEN VWO 2015

VAK : ENGELS

DATUM : 22 JUNI 2015

TIJD : 07.45U-10.15U

Aantal opgaven bij dit vak : 3 TEKSTEN EN 13 OPEN VRAGEN

Aantal pagina’s : 6

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Text I: Global Movement Against Child Marriage Grows Stronger

Marcia Almeida holds her 3-month-old daughter inside a patterned capulana, a sarong that doubles as a baby carrier and talks about her recent marriage at the age of 16. She says her husband provides everything she needs. Except for one thing, she says: She feels disconsolate over the fact she might miss out on her dream of becoming a teacher.

Marcia, now 17, spoke with The Huffington Post last month when she was picking up medicine

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for her baby at a health clinic in Maputo. She and her husband are among the 52 percent of Mozambicans who get married by the age of 18. The country has the world's sixth-highest rate of child marriage -- a practice associated with higher rates of HIV, illiteracy and death, as well as pregnancy before the mother's body is fully developed, than are found among girls who don't marry young.

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But opposition to the widespread practice is growing across the globe. In November, the UN called for every country in the world to create laws banning child marriage. Mozambique is one country that is taking measures domestically against the practice amid a global movement -- in part because of the efforts of women's rights advocates, and in part because Mozambique is poised to undergo rapid economic development.

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One-third of girls worldwide are married before the age of 18, with the highest prevalence of child marriage taking place in Western and sub-Saharan Africa, according to the International Center for Research on Women. South Asia is home to the largest number of girls marrying young.

Marcia explained that child marriage is a way of life in Mozambique, but expressed her own

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divergent opinion on the issue. “I think somewhere between 20 to 25 years old is a good age to get married," Marcia told HuffPost through a translator. "I was not expecting to get married, and

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no, I wasn’t ready to have a baby." Marcia is slightly built, and as she fidgeted and held her baby that day, she looked even younger than 17. She said life feels basically routine, with her husband, who is 19, going to work and providing for her. Still, she said, she wonders what life is like for

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girls in other parts of the world. She said that in getting married early, she was simply following the standard practice in her country. "I don't know why I got married young," said Marcia. "It's just what everyone does."

Child marriage in Mozambique and many other countries has roots in tradition and, often, in economic necessity. If a Mozambican family can marry off a daughter at a young age, it means

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one less mouth to feed -- a powerful incentive in a country where more than half the population lives at or below the poverty line, and where life expectancy is just 34 years old. Child marriage is illegal in Mozambique, but it is not punishable by law because civil legislation on the issue is weak. The practice is mostly informal, with a majority of weddings never officially acknowledged or registered, said Mariana Muzzi, a child protection specialist with UNICEF

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Mozambique.

Still, Mozambique and other nations in Africa officially denounce the practice. The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child -- a document adopted by the African Union, a government coalition to which nearly all African nations, including Mozambique, belong -- specifically calls for the elimination of child marriage. The charter states that cultural traditions

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that harm the "welfare, dignity, normal growth and development of the child" should be stopped. The push against child marriage worldwide has been gaining steam in recent months.

The U.N. initiative comes just months after the African Union launched its first-ever campaign to end the practice. In April, Mozambique's first lady, Maria da Luz Guebuza, spoke at a rally in Maputo, urging parents not to marry off their daughters to an older man in order to receive the

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bride-price, an amount of money or goods the groom traditionally offers to the bride's family. “It's true that we, the parents, are sometimes concerned about the bride-price. We ask someone who works in South Africa, who has material possessions, a bicycle, a motorbike, cattle and goats, to marry our daughter," Guebuza said, according to a report from Agencia de Informacao de Mocambique. “So we give our daughters in marriage so that we can obtain those goods."

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As Mozambique increasingly recognizes that child marriage constitutes an obstacle to economic development, as well as a health and gender rights issue, more is being done to curb the practice. And those efforts, in large part, are being led by women. "There is a strong women's rights movement in Mozambique," said Muzzi, who is Brazilian and Finnish and has worked in Mozambique for over four years. "For the first time in history, I've seen women's rights and child

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rights movements coming together to make a joint stance on child marriage."

Marrying very young is associated with high rates of maternal and neonatal death, since child marriage often leads to women giving birth earlier and being at greater risk for health problems. In addition to facing higher health risks, girls who marry young are less likely to be educated or become employed. And at a time when economic growth appears imminent for Mozambique,

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be the largest natural gas reserves discovered in a decade. The gas could dramatically increase the country’s GDP, which currently stands at about $15 billion. And the country is recognizing that girls and women could play a key role in that process, if given the chance.

During a conference in April, the Mozambican government stated that it would attempt to reduce

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the rates of child marriage in the country, Muzzi said. Mozambique signed on to a campaign to focus efforts on ending child marriage at the Girl Summit conference in July. The conference, held in the U.K. and featuring representatives from countries all over the world, focused specifically on galvanizing governments to fight child marriage and female genital mutilation. As part of the initiative, a number of nonprofits are working with the Mozambican government

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and with radio stations to broadcast messages that emphasize the importance of girls' education, and the health and economic costs of marrying young. Church leaders and female teachers are working to impart the message as well.

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By Jessica Prois ; Huffington Post

TEXT II:

Hell in Hellas

The woman says her name is Yianna. With her long shiny brown hair and ruffled blouse she looks out of place sitting on a plastic crate with two bruised toothless people who live in a battered alley in central Athens. Less than a year ago, she was running a small ouzo bar that she owned on the island of Chios. The recession slowed business, her taxes surged and she could no longer pay her bills. At 37, she moved to Athens to look for work. Still jobless months later, she

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is out of money and has stuffed everything she owns in a bright blue duffel bag. “I never thought I’d find myself here,” she says, looking down. “But here I am.”

And here too is Greece, the down-and-out member of Europe’s family of nations. The country is facing default even after over a year of painful austerity measures that have squeezed its citizens and stalled its already weak economy. Unemployment is more than 16% - and about 40% for

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young people. Crime, personal bankruptcy, homelessness and suicide are all increasing. Yet international lenders say the country isn’t trying hard enough to reform its economy and rein in spending. Greece has promised to slash 30,000 additional public-sector jobs and impose a new property tax that will be collected through electric bills. While Europe’s leaders wrestle over how to save the continent’s collective economy, many Greeks are already living in the reality of

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a developed economy gone terribly wrong.

It seems like the austerity cuts will never be enough and that it will never end,” says Anita Papachristopoulou, a 44-year-old environmental scientist who works for the Athens Water

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Supply & Sewerage Co. As a civil servant, she’s seen her salary cut in the past year and worries the new measures will endanger her job. She’s so worried about keeping up with her bills and

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paying the new taxes that she has little energy to plan for the future. “Maybe I should leave Greece,” she says, sighing. “I feel like I’m being pushed out.”

Papachristopoulou, who lives in a pretty neighborhood near the Acropolis, used to love walking around Athens. Now it depresses her. She sees grandmothers in worn dresses asking for spare change, homeless men in suit pants sleeping on benches, drug addicts slumped in front of the

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National Archeological Museum, home of Greece’s national treasures. “And the tourists see this?” she says. “It’s shameful.”

Inside the museum, Eleni Constantinidi works as a curator of the prehistoric collection. A 43-year-old mother of a toddler, she makes just under $2,000 a month, even with a doctorate. But she says she still counts her blessings. Her husband has a good sales job. She’s cautiously

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optimistic that she won’t lose her job in the latest round of cuts, but she adds, “How can anybody be sure?” She has marched in nearly every anti-austerity demonstration. “I want to fight,” she says. “I want to be optimistic for my son because I want to believe – I have to believe – that he will have a future here.”

There are some places in Athens where the economic crisis has smothered what little hope

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remained. The central-Athens neighborhood of Agios Panteleimonas, anchored by a cathedral named after a saint of compassion, was once a place filled with neoclassical houses and frequented by famous actors. It was already in decline when the economic crisis began. Now its buildings are abandoned, the streets are filled with trash. Dozens of shops around the square have closed. Only five remain, including the cosmetic and jewelry shop that 58-year-old Spyros

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Yannatos has run for 22 years. He says he’s always paid his taxes, but now that business is down 50%, he may no longer be able to. “I have always followed the rules, and my country is rewarding me by bankrupting me,” he says.

Father Maximus Papagiannis, the priest at Agios Panteleimonas, says he listens to stories of despair every day. Some people show up simply because they are hungry. The church serves hot

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meals to 160 people every day and hands out care packages filled with flour, rice, oil and beans. Yianna, the former ouzo-bar owner, also eats at a soup kitchen. “I’m not giving up,” she says, managing a smile. “But I’m getting tired.” She sits outside a shop that sells cheap Chinese clothes and finishes her donated meal of lentils, salad and bread. Then she curls up on the sidewalk against the building, rests her head on the duffel bag pillowed with her clothes and

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closes her eyes.

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TEXT III:

Indonesia “Virginity Tests” Run Amok

Female high school students in Indonesia’s city of Jember in east Java may have a new hurdle to graduation: a municipal government-imposed “virginity test.” A proposal unveiled last week explicitly aims to bar female high school students who have engaged in premarital sex from receiving the high school diploma they have earned. Boys are exempt from the requirement. The initiative is appalling – but not surprising.

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Indonesia's National Police have imposed these abusive and degrading tests on thousands of female applicants since as early as 1965, despite their contravention of National Police principles that recruitment must be both “nondiscriminatory” and “humane.” On November 19, 2014, Indonesia's coordinating minister for politics, law, and security, Tedjo Edhi, told reporters that such tests have long been obligatory for female military recruits as well. In August 2013, HM

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Rasyid, education chief of Prabumulih district in South Sumatra, reportedly sought to impose mandatory “virginity tests” on female high school students to tackle perceived problems of “premarital sex and prostitution.”

Only after Indonesian civil society organizations attacked Rasyid's proposal as “against human rights” and then-Indonesian Education Minister Mohammad Nuh skewered the idea as

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“degrading and discriminatory,” did Rasyid back off, insisting that he had been misquoted by domestic media.

The Indonesian government can’t feign ignorance about the abusive nature of such “tests.” The tests have been recognized internationally as violations of the right to non-discrimination and the prohibition against “cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment” under international human rights

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treaties that Indonesia has ratified. Indeed, in November 2014, the World Health Organization stated unambiguously that “There is no place for virginity (or 'two-finger') testing; it has no scientific validity.”

The Indonesian government’s tolerance for this violence against women and girls needs to end. President Joko Widodo should send a loud and unambiguous message forbidding “virginity

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tests” by local government as well as the Indonesian military, police, and civil service. The authorities should back that up by firing and appropriately prosecuting officials who promote or perpetrate “virginity tests” to ensure that women are protected from such abuse. Until he does, high school girls and their education in Jember will remain in peril.

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QUESTION SHEET

Answer the questions in complete sentences using your own words as far as possible

TEXT 1: Global Movement Against Child Marriage Grows Stronger

1. What are the risks of child marriage?

2. Provide reasons why Mozambique is taking actions against this practice? 3. Will it be easy to ban child marriage? Explain your answer.

4. Explain the irony in paragraph 6. (ll. 28-34: Child … Mozambique) 5. What is so unique about the fight against child marriage in Mozambique?

TEXT 2: Hell In Hellas

6. Mention the contrast found in paragraph 1. (ll.1-7: The … am”.) 7. Explain the contradiction in paragraph 2. (ll.8-16: And … wrong.) 8. What is the irony is paragraph 6? (ll.35-43: There … says.)

9. See paragraph 6 and 7. ( ll.35 - 50 : There … eyes). Find the correlation with regard to the name of the cathedral.

TEXT 3: Indonesia “Virginity Tests” Run Amok

10. See line 4 - 5 : “The …surprising. Why was it not surprising?

11. What contradiction is expressed in paragraph 2 and 3? (ll. 6-17 : Indonesia’s … media.) 12. See line 18 : “The government can’t feign ignorance...” Why can’t the government feign

ignorance?

13. What should the Indonesian government do to ensure that women are fully protected against virginity tests?