UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
Avoidance: From threat encounter to action execution
Arnaudova, I.
Publication date
2015
Document Version
Final published version
Link to publication
Citation for published version (APA):
Arnaudova, I. (2015). Avoidance: From threat encounter to action execution. Boxpress.
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Authors’ contribution
Chapter 2: Arnaudova, I., Craske, M., Fanselow, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (in preparation). Threat avoidance response selection and execution (TeARS): A compre-hensive model of avoidance.
The TeARS model was developed by I.A. in discussion with the co-authors. I.A. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Subsequent revisions were based on the feedback of all co-authors.
Chapter 3: Arnaudova, I., Krypotos, A.-M., Effting, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (in preparation). Moving threat: Attention and distance change interact in threat respond-ing.
I.A. and T.B. designed the experiment. I.A. executed the research. I.A. and A.M.K. analyzed the data. I.A. and T.B. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Subsequent revisions were based on the feedback of all co-authors.
Chapter 4: Arnaudova, I., Krypotos, A.-M., Effting, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (submitted). Fearing shades of gray: Individual differences in generalization of condi-tioned fear.
I.A., M.E. and T.B. designed the experiment. I.A. executed the research. I.A. and A.M.K. analyzed the data. I.A. and T.B. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Subsequent revisions were based on the feedback of all co-authors.
Chapter 5: Arnaudova, I., Krypotos, A.-M., Effting, M., Boddez, Y., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (2013). Individual differences in discriminatory fear learning: A vulnerabil-ity factor for anxiety disorders? Frontiers in Psychology. 4:298.
I.A., M.E. and T.B. designed the experiment. I.A. executed the research. I.A. and T.B. ana-lyzed the data. I.A. and T.B. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Subsequent revisions were based on the feedback of all co-authors.
Chapter 6: Arnaudova, I., Krypotos, A.-M., Effting, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (submitted). The Bridget Jones effect: How negative mood shapes conditioned appeti-tive responses.
I.A., M.E. and T.B. designed the experiment. I.A. executed the research. I.A. and A.M.K. analyzed the data. I.A. and T.B. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Subsequent revisions
Authors’ contribution
Acknowledgements
I have been looking forward to writing this for a while. Yet it turns out that it is a challenge to find the most appropriate words to express the immense gratitude, I feel for the people who have supported me along the way. Here is my best try:
First and foremost, Tom, thank you for being the best promotor one could ever wish for. Due to your dedication to my scientific, academic and personal development, I grew tremendously during these four years. You have become more than a supervisor to me, I see you as a role model. Your optimism and friendly attitude made me feel that everything would be all right, regardless of the difficulties I faced. Your guidance was always direct and to the point. I appreciated the scientific freedom you gave me to explore my interests, swim in uncharted waters and make my Ph.D. trajectory the way I saw fit. Our supervision moments were always full of laughter and I really appreciate your tolerance of my sense of humor. Also, a huge “thanks” for letting me incessantly indulge my wanderlust. I have gone to many awesome conferences, where I ate tons of local pasta (Rome), swam with sharks (Santa Catalina Island) or explored concrete jungles (New York). Your continuous trust in me and my abilities gave me wings! So, thank you, thank you, thank you!!!!
Dear Merel, thank you for all your support during my Ph.D.! Faced with your piercing look, your stimulating questions and theoretical and practical knowledge during supervision, I had to think hard about what I am doing and where I am going with it. I cherished these moments because they gave me much-needed clarity. It is undeniable that your comments improved my dissertation. Your faith in me and my work made me aspire for more.
Marieke (Effting), what a pleasure it was to work with you! Your questions and feedback were always sharp and increased the quality of the work. Your practical advice gave me valuable guidance. Thank you for all your help and encouragement!
Angelos, you are awesome! I could not work longer hours than you, I could not know as many programs as you did, and I could certainly not tell funnier and more (in)appropriate jokes than you did. But working side-by-side with you made me push myself harder. Your ambition and dedication to research was contagious. And I thank you for helping me all throughout my Ph.D.: from alleviating my R and Presentation frustrations, through showing me how nice coffee breaks are and to offering me both emotional support and comic relief!
Dear Michelle, thank you for being my mentor in absentia through many of my Ph.D. years. Working with you in Los Angeles in 2013 and our multiple meetings
Acknowledgements
in person and over Skype taught me not only a lot about fear-conditioning, anxiety and its treatment, but also about how to become a more effective researcher. Your endless kindness and support were more than I could wish for. I sincerely hope that we could continue working together in the future, because I know I have much more to learn from you.
Michael, even though we had only a handful of meetings, you certainly taught me an important lesson about academia: A researcher should be brave and express her opinions loud and clear, even if they might not be met positively. Thank you for your encouragement during our project together! Your research is truly inspirational and it was an honor to work with you.
Yannick, your dissertation was the stepping stone for my research and I am its biggest fan (after all, I have read it 3 times with notes and all). Thank you for co-authoring my first published article!
Esteemed members of my doctoral committee, I highly appreciate your partic-ipation. I am looking forward to the vibrant exchange of ideas during my defense and I hope that my answers would meet your expectations. I also want to thank Sanne and Arnoud for their contribution to our collaborative work.
My dear paranymphs, Anna and Marina, you have been there for me during my Ph.D. in more ways than one, for which I am extremely grateful. Anna, having you as a roommate and a buddy in the lab was a gift. I would not have been able to cope with the endless hours in the lab, if I could not run to you and discuss not only physiology and conditioning, but life in general. Your German punctuality and organizational skills, combined with your chirpiness, make you a person I am proud to call my paranymph!
Marina, my little sister and my strength, your relocation to the Netherlands is one of the best things that happened to me. I still remember you hugging me on one of your first days here and telling me how happy you were to have the opportunity to get to know me. I don’t think anyone suffered as much as you did due to my decision to pursue an international career in psychology. However, you never made me doubt it and you supported me and loved me unconditionally. Your presence gave me super powers! Thank you! I missed seeing you grow up into the amazing person that you are, but I promise that I would never miss anything else.
Dear fellow Ph.D. colleagues, Vanessa, Maurice, Isabel, Jerrald, Renee, Dieuwke, Annemarie, Femke, Marieke (Bos), Tamas, Fleur, Jamie, Sarah, Carlijn, for some of you the Ph.D. days might be long over, for others the struggle continues, but regardless of where you are and how much time we spent together at the UvA, I am extremely grateful for getting to know you and sharing the same workspace with so much talent. I would also like to thank all other colleagues in the Clin-ical Psychology department, who have supported me throughout my Ph.D., and especially, Around van Emmerik, for always caring for the participants in our experiments and being the though judge of ethics.
I would also like to express my gratitude to my colleagues at my adopted department at University of California - Los Angeles: Bita, Amy, Halina, Lilly, Andrea, Carolyn, Chris, Mike and both Pepe and Grandpapi (the lovely tarantulas that shared my office). You guys made my stay in LA so much more fun!
Acknowledgements your mullet. Dear Poppy, it was a pleasure to join forces on a project; I didn’t know collaborations could be so easy! Fellow PsAiKos: Abe, ¨Oz¨um, David, Tess, Daniela, Renate, Alex, Sacha, Nathalie, Marie, Tim and others, thank you for making up a great team and achieving all the PsAiKo goals!
I owe a lot to all the hard-working students who assisted me in this Ph.D. research. Specifically, I am grateful to Master’s students Iris Hagen (Chapter 3), Chris K¨ustermann (Chapter 4, Exp. 1), Lino von Klipstein (Chapter 4, Exp. 2), Johanna Furch (Chapter 6, Exp. 1), Sophie van der Spek (Chapter 6, Exp. 2) and Bachelor’s students Pjotr van Baarle, Jeroen Butterman, Manouk Corver, Wouter Cox, and Jiri Staats (Chapter 5), who collected the data presented here. In addition, I want to thank Sari Hogye for her volunteer work in our lab.
The research of this dissertation would also not have been possible without the work of the amazing staff at the TOP. I would like to especially thank Bert Molenkamp for being always open to help with programming my experimental tasks, setting up the labs and offering me both support and his company during my exiles in the lab.
I also want to express my gratitude to the late Nico Frijda, who not only in-spired me with his views on emotions, but also gave me critical feedback on the TeARS model. Also, I want to acknowledge the researchers from other universities, who were willing to share their ideas and tasks with me during the Ph.D., espe-cially, Miriam Lommen, Emily Holmes, Simon Blackwell, Nicola Byrom, William Cunningham, Dinska van Gucht and Peter de Jong.
Muriel, thank you for helping me launch in the world of science! You were my Master’s thesis supervisor, unconditional cheerleader and, I am proud to say, friend. Thank you for showing me the ropes so early and letting me take the reigns of my first experiment ever!
Another source of endless scientific inspiration were my patients, whose suffer-ing and hard work motivated me further to pursue psychological research. I want to specifically mention both Denise and Esther from K&T International Mental Health, whose trust, understanding and help has made me the clinician that I am. I would also like to thank Helma Mooren, my clinical supervisor, for sharing her brilliant insight into psychological functioning with me. Further, I would like to thank my colleagues at both K&T and PsyQ Haaglanden for their support. Dear Saskia, I am eternally grateful for your presence in my life. You are so much more than a colleague, you are a friend, whose unconditional love and support has helped me persevere in the Netherlands.
I cannot even imagine where I would be now without my friends. All my friends in the Netherlands, the States, Bulgaria and all around the world also deserve a special gratitude message: Thank you for being there for me throughout the years! My friend and adopted sister, Nuria, thank you for offering me your support and love through my Ph.D. After work, I was looking forward to share my adven-tures with you. You taught me so much about love and life and I would not have been as happy as I am right now without you! After all, I am writing this while visiting you and your lovely family in Spain and looking at the Mediterranean sea and Sierra Blanca. My other housemates over the years, Polina, Georgina, Marieke and Maria, how lovely it was to have dinners together!
Emma, Ymke, and Garima, thank you for the hours spent chatting, drinking and partying; they were much needed. Luisa, I love the nights and trips spent
Acknowledgements
together, discussing psychology and oh, so much more! Hanane, my African queen, D.C., LA, Leiden, Antwerpen, Paris, St. Thomas, the world is ours, so thank you for sharing it with me! Catherine, I am so proud to call you my friend and to share ups and lows with you! Anthony, you are a very important person for me since the very first day I started my higher education in psychology!
Моето българско семейство в Холандия, Живко и Живка, мили мои, благодаря ви, че ме направихте част от вашето семейство и че ме обграждате с любов. Много съм горда и че имам честта да бъда кръстница на Коко. Всяка минута прекарана с него е като една ударна доза антидепресанти; той е чудно дете, което обичам като свое! Сестричката му ще допълни картинката на щастието. Мими, благодаря ти за многото вкусни домашни гозби които си ме гостила и за грижата ти към мен. Светльо, Тина, Поли, Манол, Красена, Дидка, Калина, Божидар, Лети, Христо, Роди, Неда, Косьо, благодаря ви, че през всички тези години, независимо от колко километра са ни деляли, сте били винаги до мен! Калина, благодаря ти за това, че ми помогна да опозная Ел Ей и най-вече за онова важно за мен парти в Санта Моника! ;) Станислава и Момчил, с вас сме споделили (и споделяме) много и благодарение на вас избрах Холандия. Просто нямам достатъчно богат речник да изразя колко сте важни за мен. Шатци, благодаря ти, че винаги си била мой съучастник и си ме подкрепяла безусловно в трудни и хубави моменти. Невероятно богатство е за мен да имам човек като теб до мен, на когото мога да обесня дори и най-сложните си емоции с няколко прости думи и разбира се, благодаря ти за многото психологически анализи, които сме правили върху мен, теб и взаимоотношенията (ни); те ми помогнаха да осъзная много. Благословена съм със невероятно семейство, което заслужава не само да им благодаря тук, но и всеки ден от живота си. Без тях, не бих могла да достигна до този момент. Мили мои, бабушка, вуйчо, Моника, Лука, Алесио, Ники, Илина, Виктор, Алекс, баба Магда, леля Диди, Траян, Деси, София, Матеа, Гошо, Славена, Валентин, леля Лиди, кака Мая, да съм заобиколена от вас е привилегия. Благодаря ви за любовта и подкрепата ви! Вуйчо, благодаря ти за чувството ти за хумор и невероятните барбекюта! Ники и Моника, вие сте братовчеди-мечта! Леля Лиди и кака Мая, вашата сила ме мотивира да съм силна, независимо какви предизвикателства седят на пътя ми! Леля Фани, в мислите си ми! Бабушка, за мен ти винаги си била модел за подражание; благодаря ти за всичките житейски уроци които си ми дала! Дедушка, ти ме научи какво означава да бъда добър човек; надявам се, че там горе си обграден от светлина и топлина! Доби, братчето ми, благодарна съм за всичките ти съвети, които са ме насочвали в правилната посока (например, че дъ парти мъст гоу он! ;)). Твоят оптимизъм и хъс за живот са безкрайни и съм щастлива, че мога често да черпя от тях. Мамо, татко, мога да напиша цяла нова дисертация върху вашия принос към моето развитие, но ще се опитам да изразя цялата си признателност към вас, както вие сте ме учили: кратко, точно и ясно. Татко, благодаря ти, че инвестира в мен, дори и когато беше несигурен в пътя, който поемам. Мамо, ти си моята упора! Без теб нямаше да имам смелостта да преследвам мечтите си. Твоята
Acknowledgements And finally, thank you, Burjiss, my sweetheart, for making my days sunnier! You have challenged me and helped me become a better person. I can’t wait to continue our journey!
CV
Inna Arnaudova was born in Varna, Bulgaria. She graduated with University Hon-ors in Psychology and Broadcast Journalism from American University, Washing-ton, D.C.. Afterwards, she completed her Master’s program in Clinical Psychology at Leiden University, the Netherlands. She worked on her Ph.D. research at Uni-versity of Amsterdam under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Tom Beckers and Prof. Dr. Merel Kindt from September 2011. She was a visiting graduate researcher in the laboratory of Prof. Dr. Michelle Craske at University of California - Los Angeles from August 2013 to October 2013. During her Ph.D., she also worked as a psychologist. Currently, she is a researcher at University of Amsterdam.
7.12 Other publications
Krypotos, A. M., Arnaudova, I., Effting, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (2015). Effects of approach-avoidance training on the extinction and return of fear responses. PloS one, 10(7), e0131581.
Krypotos, A.M., Effting, M., Arnaudova, I., Kindt, M. & Beckers, T. (2014). Avoided by association: acquisition, extinction, and renewal of avoidance ten-dencies toward conditioned fear stimuli. Clinical Psychological Science, 2 (3), 336-343. doi: 10.1177/2167702613503139
7.13 Selected congress presentations
Arnaudova, I., Krypotos, A.-M., Effting, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (May 2015). Avoidance in ambiguous situations: Generalization learning and extinc-tion. Association of Psychological Science (APS) Annual Convenextinc-tion. New York, NY, USA.
Arnaudova, I., Krypotos, A.-M., Effting, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (Septem-ber 2014). The Bridget Jones effect: Increased approach tendencies following appetitive conditioning in negative mood. 44th Annual European Association
of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (EABCT) Congress. The Hague, the
CV
Arnaudova, I., Krypotos, A.-M., Effting, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (May 2013). Differential conditioned action tendencies following selective condition-ing: Ready to avoid despite novelty. 5th European Human Fear Conditioning
Appendix A
Appendix to Chapter 4:
Fearing shades of gray: Individual
differences in fear responding
towards generalization stimuli
A.1 Experiment 1
A.1.1 Sample characteristics
Table A.1: Demographic comparisons between N groups for Experiment 1 Neuroticism groups Low Moderate High
Questionnaire Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD)
Age 22.00 (3.01) 21.91 (2.39) 21.82 (2.79) DASS-D *** 1.06 (1.73) 3.96 (3.07) 7.59 (6.30) DASS-A ** 1.78 (1.96) 3.22 (2.61) 6.88 (7.71) DASS-S *** 2.94 (3.92) 5.52 (3.62) 12.82 (8.06) EPQ-E *** 15.11 (2.97) 15.57 (2.47) 11.41 (4.30) PSWQ *** 33.22 (8.42) 41.39 (10.46) 52.06 (8.87) Note: **p < .05 ***p < .001
The N groups differed on all measures of negative affect (Table A.1), while no significant differences were observed in age or motivation for the experiment. Gender and counterbalancing variables were equally distributed (all ps > .36).
A.1.2 Details of the stimuli used
The color brightness of CSs and GSs ranged from 0.41 to 52.43 cd/m2 with the
Appendix A
Trichtomat-1 light sensor on a Color Facts Professional v6.0; Datacolor AG, Di-etlikon, Switzerland).
A.2 Experiment 2
A.2.1 Sample characteristics
Table A.2: Demographic comparisons between N groups for Experiment 2 Neuroticism groups Low Moderate High
Questionnaire Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD)
Age 21.47 (2.90) 23.00 (5.68) 21.27 (2.43) DASS-D ** 1.47 (1.55) 3.76 (3.60) 6.77 (6.50) DASS-A ** 1.87 (2.53) 2.52 (2.09) 4.68 (4.73) DASS-S *** 4.33 (4.42) 4.62 (3.80) 15.55 (8.86) EPQ-E * 16.67 (2.38) 14.38 (4.46) 13.55 (4.50) PSWQ *** 28.87 (6.36) 41.95 (9.64) 55.77 (13.16) Note: *p < .10 **p < .05 ***p < .001
As in Experiment 1, the N groups differed on all measures of negative affect (Table A.2), while no significant differences were observed in age or motivation for the experiment. Gender and counterbalancing variables were equally distributed (all ps > .13).
A.2.2 Details of Physiological Measurements
The FPS signal was amplified with a two-stage method (Blumenthal et al., 2005) through a custom-built amplifier with an input resistance of 10 M and a band-width of DC-1500 Hz. After sampling the signal at 1000Hz and applying a 50-Hz notch filter, peak amplitudes were calculated within 250 ms from stimulus onset using VSRRP 9.0b (University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands).
The SCR signal passed through an input device with a sine-shaped excitation voltage (1V peak-peak) of 50 Hz before being converted to 0.2V/µS by a current to voltage converter. SCR was calculated by subtracting the baseline skin conduc-tance level during one second before stimulus onset from the peak response within 7 s following stimulus onset (Pineles et al., 2009). During testing, participants had their non-dominant hand covered with a towel during SCR measurements. Before the test phase, participants were asked to squeeze with a small ball in order to improve blood circulation in the hands.
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