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A new property regime in Kyrgyzstan; an investigation into the links between
land reform, food security, and economic development
Dekker, H.A.L.
Publication date
2001
Link to publication
Citation for published version (APA):
Dekker, H. A. L. (2001). A new property regime in Kyrgyzstan; an investigation into the links
between land reform, food security, and economic development. VIATECH.
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I I
AA NEW PROPERTY REGIME IN KYRGYZSTAN;
ANN INVESTIGATION INTO THE LINKS BETWEEN LAND REFORM, FOOD
SECURITY,, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
Henrii A.L. Dekker
CONTENTS S
Page e
CONTENTSS i
SYNOPSISS vii
SUMMARYY xxii
SAMENVATTINGG (in Dutch) xxiv
Examplee of recent cadastral mapping in Kyrgyzstan xxvi
CHAPTERR 1. INTRODUCTION
1.11 RATIONALE 1
1.22 LAND TENURE, FOOD SECURITY, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 3
1.33 THE ASSIGNMENT 4
1.44 CONSTRAINTS IN THE ASSIGNMENT 6
1.55 THE MODEL 8
1.66 STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK 9
CHAPTERR 2. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
2.11 PROPERTY
2.1.11 Property, Property Regime, and Property Rights 10
2.1.22 From communal to Individual Property 11
2.1.33 Social Function of Property 12
2.1.44 Landed Property 13
2.22 LAND
2.2.11 Land and Real Property 13
2.2.22 Rights to Land 14
2.2.33 Land Tenure 15
2.2.44 Security of Land Tenure 15
2.2.55 Land Reform 17
2.33 FOOD
2.3.11 Food Security 18
2.3.22 Access, Availability, and Utilization of Food 19
2.3.33 Food Security and Land Reform 20
2.3.44 Prosperity Focus and Food Security Focus in Land Reform 21
2.44 NON-EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE
2.4.11 Institutions 21
2.4.22 Land Registration 22
2.4.33 Land Registration and Land Data 23
CHAPTERR 3. KYRGYZSTAN
3.11 THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
3.1.11 Geography and Demography 24 3.1.22 Importance of Agriculture 26 3.1.33 Economic Trends 27 3.1.44 Food and Agricultural Production 28
3.1.55 Food Security in Kyrgyzstan 29 3.1.66 Food Security Policy in the Kyrgyz Republic 30
3.1.77 Rural Living in the Kyrgyz Republic 33 3.1.88 Rural Living after Independence 34
3.1.99 Property in Kyrgyzstan 35 3.22 OWNERSHIP OF RIGHTS TO LAND BEFORE INDEPENDENCE IN KYRGYZIA
3.2.11 Obtaining Use Rights 36 3.2.22 'Inheritable' Use Rights 37 3.2.33 Protection and Registration of Property Rights 38
3.2.44 Registration of Use Rights 39 3.33 LAND AND AGRARIAN REFORM
3.3.11 The Legal Framework 41 3.3.22 First Phase of Land Reform {1991) 42
3.3.33 Second Phase of Land Reform (1992 -1994) 43 3.3.44 Third Phase; Revitalization Agricultural Restructuring {1994 -> ) 44
3.3.55 Progress of the Reform 46 3.44 INTRODUCING OWNERSHIP OF RIGHTS TO ALL LAND
3.4.11 Amendment of The Constitution 47 3.4.22 The Land Registration Project 48 CHAPTERR 4. LAND REFORM IN COUNTRIES IN TRANSITION
4.11 FARMING AND POLITICS
4.1.11 Introduction 49 4.1.22 Politics and Agriculture 49
4.1.33 Centrally Planned Agricultural Production 50
4.1.44 Conditional Privatization 50 4.1.55 Land Reform and Land Tenure Security 52
4.22 LAND REFORM EXPECTATIONS
4.2.11 Motives for Land Reform 53 4.2.22 Theoretical Considerations 54 4.2.33 Revitalization of Land Reform 56 4.2.44 Expectations of Change toward a Market Economy 58
4.33 LAND REFORM PRACTICE
4.3.11 Who gets the land? 58 4.3.22 Agricultural Labor 59 4.3.33 Agricultural Production 59 4.3.44 The Three Elements in (Agricultural) Land Reform 60
4.4CHINA'SS LAND REFORM EXPERIENCE
4.4.11 From Food Production to Economic Development 61
4.4.22 Family Size Determines Farm Size 62 4.4.33 Rule of Law versus Rule of Policy 62 4.4.44 The Re-Adjustable Land Rights Policy 63
Ill l
CHAPTERR 5. BUILDING A MODEL
5.11 LINKING LAND TENURE AND FOOD SECURITY
5.1.11 The Food Security Paradigm 65 5.1.22 Extending the Scheme 66 5.1.33 The Food Security Paradigm Visualized 67
5.22 INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE, INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT T
5.2.11 Family Farming and Economic Development 69 5.2.22 Land Titling and Economic Development 71 5.2.33 Comparing Prosperity Paradigms 74 5.2.44 Opportunity Sets and Economic Development 76
5.2.55 Economic Development and Food Security 78 5.33 COMBINING THE PROSPERITY AND FOOD SECURITY PARADIGMS
5.3.11 One Model 80 5.3.22 Implications of the Combined Model 82
CHAPTERR 6. INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE
6.11 IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEW PROPERTY REGIME
6.1.11 Introduction 83 6.1.22 The Kyrgyz Constitution, the Civil Code, and Land Code 83
6.1.33 Moratorium on 'Ugodia' 84 6.1.44 New Regulations 85 6.1.55 Improving Land Tenure Security 86
6.2.. LAND REFORM IN KYRGYZSTAN
6.2.11 Imitating the 'West' 87 6.2.22 What Motive? 87 6.2.33 Revitaiization of Kyrgyz Land Reform 88
6.2.44 Economic Stagnation 89 6.2.55 Land Acquisition 90 6.3.. THE LAND REGISTRATION PROJECT IN KYRGYZSTAN
6.3.11 Land Registration and Land Reform 91
6.3.22 Land Market Development 91 6.3.33 Focus on Urban Property? 92 6.3.44 A More Public Friendly System 93 6.3.55 Current Situation on Land Registration 93 6.3.66 Perspective of the New Land Registration System 95
6.44 ASSESSMENT OF INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE IN KYRGYZSTAN
6.4.11 Indicators for Institutional Change 96 6.4.22 Assessment of Institutional Change 98 CHAPTERR 7. OPPORTUNITY SETS
7.11 IMPLICATIONS OF OPPORTUNITY SETS
7.1.11 Why Opportunity Sets? 99 7.1.22 Informal Markets 99 7.1.33 Re-emerging Customs 100 7.1.44 Field Observations 102
IV V 7.22 USE OF OPPORTUNITY SETS
7.2.11 Interacting Opportunity Sets 103 7.2.22 Changing Opportunity Sets 104 7.33 RESULTS OF CHANGE IN OPPORTUNITY SETS
7.3.11 Inventory of Change in Opportunity Sets 105 7.3.22 Assessment of Changing Opportunity Sets 107 CHAPTER.. 8. ACCESS TO LAND
8.11 ISSUES CONCERNING ACCESS TO LAND
8.1.11 Stewardship for Resources 109
8.1.22 Land Titling 109 8.1.33 Registration of Land 110
8.22 ASSESSMENT OF CHANGE IN ACCESS TO LAND
8.2.11 Indicators for Change in Access to Land 111
8.2.22 Seizing the Opportunity 112
8.2.33 Land Market 113 CHAPTERR 9. RESOURCE USE
9.11 LAND AS ECONOMIC PRODUCTION FACTOR
9.1.11 Economic Motives 114 9.1.22 Little Support for Farmers 114 9.22 ASSESSMENT OF CHANGE IN RESOURCE USE
9.2.11 Indicators 115 9.2.22 Statistics about Change in Resource Use 116
CHAPTERR 10. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 10.11 DISMANTMENT OF LARGE SCALE FARMS
10.1.11 More Potential Private Farms than Land; A Compromise 119
10.1.22 Increased Agricultural Employment 120 10.22 RESOURCE CONSERVATION
10.2.11 Increased Awareness 122 10.2.22 Governmental Action 122 10.33 ASSESSMENT OF CHANGE IN (AGRICULTURAL) PRODUCTION
10.3.11 Indicators 123 10.3.22 Improvement of Rural Infrastructure 124
10.3.33 Statistical Data 124 10.3.44 Effects on Rural Living 126 CHAPTERR 11. ASSESSMENT OF CHANGE IN INCOME
11.11 OBSERVATIONS AND INDICATORS ON INCOME
11.1.11 Observations 128 11.1.22 Indicators 129 CHAPTERR 12. ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
12.11 THE PROSPERITY BRANCH OF THE MODEL
V V
12.1.22 Poverty Alleviation 132 12.1.33 Economic Perspective 133 CHAPTERR 13. CHANGE IN CONSUMPTION AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS
13.11 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
13.1.11 New Approach toward Agricultural Production 134
13.1.22 Environmental Issues 134 13.22 ASSESSMENT OF CONSUNPTION AND NUTIRTIONAL STATUS
13.2.11 Measuring Consumption and Nutritional Status 135
13.2.22 Change in Demand for Specific Food 136 13.2.33 Growth Rate of the Population 137 13.33 FOOD POLICY IN KYRGYZSTAN
13.3.11 Food Policy Strategy 138 13.3.22 Assessment of the Food Security Situation 139
13.3.33 Access, Availability, and Utilization 139 CHAPTERR 14. THE LAND AND REAL ESTATE REGISTRATION PROJECT
14.11 NEW LAND REGISTRATION
14.1.11 Contradictory Data and Poor Mapping 142
14.1.22 Renewal of Mapping 142 14.22 IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW REGISTRATION
14.2.11 New Offices 143 14.2.22 Stagnating Development 143
CHAPTERR 15. IMPLICATIONS OF NON-EVOLUTIONARY TENURE CHANGE 15.11 A WIDER APPROACH
15.1.11 Emphasis on Equity 145 15.1.22 Not Only Economic Emphasis 146
15.1.33 Careful Implementation of Reform 147 15.22 THE STANDARD MODEL
15.2.11 Overall Picture 148 15.2.22 Details of the Standard Model 149
15.2.33 Implication of the Standard Model 150 15.33 INTEGRETYOF LAND RELATED DATA
15.3.11 Compatibility of Land Related Data 151
15.3.22 A Possible Solution 151 15.44 NECLEGTED DYNAMICS
15.4.11 Visualization of Dynamics 153 15.4.22 Interdependency of the Two Paradigms 155
15.4.33 A Different Property Regime? 156 CHAPTERR 16. CONCLUSIONS AND STATEMENTS
16.11 CONCLUSIONS
16.1.11 Gathering Data 158 16.1.22 The Method for Rapid Assessment 158
VI I
16.1.44 Is There a Better Way? 160 16.22 STATEMENTS
16.2.11 Paragraph Specific Statements 160 16.2.22 Subject Specific Statements 162 16.2.33 General Statements 163 REFERENCESS (Bibliography) 164
GLOSSARYY 172 ANNEXES S
ANNEXX A MAP OF KYRGYZSTAN 176 BB TRANSACTIONS WITH REAL PROPERTY IN BISHKEK CITY 177
CC TWO PROSPERITY PARADIGMS COMPARED 178 DD PROJECT SCHEDULE OF OPENING OF NEW LAND
REGISTRATIONN OFFICES 179 EE ARTICLE IN THE "TIMES OF CENTRAL ASIA", NOV. 23, 2000 180
