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Benjamin Friedman on Arabs in Israeli literature

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P r o f . H .F . v a n R o o y

D e p a r t m e n t o f S e m itic L a n g u a g e s

B E N JA M IN F R IE D M A N O N ARABS IN IS R A E L I L IT E R A T U R E

B e n j a m i n F r i e d m a n w a s w o r k i n g o n a thesis for liis d o c t o r a t e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f P o t c h e f s t r o o m w h e n h e p a s s e d a w a y in 1979. H e w as i m m e n s e l y i n t e r e s t e d in t h e w a y t h e I s r a e li H e b r e w w r i t e r s p i c t u r e d t h e A r a b s in t h e i r fic tio n a n d h a d d o n e a m a s s i v e a m o u n t o f r e s e a r c h w h e n h e d ie d . H e w as t h e r e f o r e u n a b l e t o c o m p l e t e his r e s e a r c h a n d to p r e s e n t his v ie w s in a c o m p l e t e st u d y . H e d i d , h o w e v e r , l e a v e a m a n u s c r i p t w h i c h r e f le c t e d his r e s e a r c h a n d co n c lu s io n s . T h i s w a s e d i t e d b y his f a m i l y ' a n d t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f P o t c h e f s t r o o m g a v e r e c o g n i t i o n to his w o r k b y a w a r d i n g h i m t h e d e g r e e M . A. p o s t h u m o u s l y . T h e w r i t e r o f this p a p e r a d d e d a c h a p t e r to M r . F r i e d m a n ’s m a n u s c r i p t , s u m m a r i s i n g his m a i n v ie w s o n t h e to p ic. M e n a h e m D. R o t s h t e i n ’s p a p e r o n this s a m e su b ject^ p r o m p t e d m e to p r e s e n t B e n j a m i n F r i e d m a n ’s v ie w o n th i s i m p o r t a n t s u b j e c t , in a i d o f f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h a n d dis cussion. H e d i s c e r n e d t w o d i s t i n c t p e r i o d s in t h e a p p r o a c h to t h e A r a b s a n d t h e A r a b p r o b l e m in I s r a e li H e b r e w l i t e r a t u r e . T h e first p e r i o d c o m p r i s e s t h e y e a rs b e f o r e t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r , t h e first f o u r d e c a d e s o f th is c e n t u r y . T h e s e c o n d p e r i o d is t h e y e a r s s i n c e t h e W a r o f L i b e r a t i o n o f 1948. T h e p e r i o d f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r u p to t h e e n d o f t h e W a r o f L i b e r a t i o n m u s t b e v i e w e d as a t i m e o f f l u c t u a t i o n a n d t r a n s i t i o n . T h e l i t e r a t u r e in t h e d if f e r e n t p e r i o d s d o e s n o t p r e s e n t a u n i f o r m a p p r o a c h to t h e A r a b s , b u t t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n p r e p o n d e r a n t t r e n d s in t h e d i f f e r e n t pe rio d s. T h e a i m o f his s t u d y w a s to d e f i n e t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e n d s in t h e d if f e r e n t p e r i o d s , w i t h e m p h a s i s o n t h e s e c o n d p e r i o d . T h e t r e n d s a r e s u m m a r i s e d in th is p a p e r to s h o w t h e d e v e l o p m e n t in t h e a p p r o a c h t o t h e A r a b s in t h e d i f f e r e n t p e r i o d s , a c c o r d i n g to B e n j a m i n F r i e d m a n . T h i s s u m m a r y is fo llo w e d by a d is c u ssio n o f t h e d if f e r e n t t r e n d s in t h e d i f f e r e n t p e ri o d s .

I n t h e first p e r i o d , t h e first f o u r d e c a d e s o f this c e n t u r y , t h e m a i n a p p r o a c h t o t h e A r a b s w a s r o m a n t i c , s i m p l i s t i c a n d e v e n i d e a l i s t i c .

' A ra b s as p o r t r a y r d in th e Is ra e li H e b re w lite r a t u r e siiicc th e .Second W o rld W a r. P o tr h r ls tr o o n i I9B I.

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A few w r i t e r s h a d a n e y e for t h e p r o b l e m a t i c si d e o f t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e J e w s a n d t h e A r a b s , b u t th e y r e m a i n e d in t h e m i n o r i t y . D u r i n g t h e y e a r s o f t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r a n d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r w a r d s , diíTerent t r e n d s c a n b e d i s c e r n e d . S o m e o f t h e w r it e r s , ch ie f ly t h e o l d e r w r it e r s , t r i e d to k e e p t h e r o m a n t i c i s m o f t h e first p e r i o d a liv e , d e s p i t e t h e h a r s h re a l it ie s o f t h e i r t i m e . O t h e r s , e s p e c i a ll y t h e n a t i v e - l x ) r n w rit e rs , p r e s e n t a n a m b i v a l e n t a p p r o a c h . T h e r e is s o m e t h i n g o f t h e r o m a n t i c a p p r o a c h in t h e i r l i t e r a t u r e o n t h e o n e h a n d a n d e v e n e n v y o f t h e A r a b s t h a t a r c so c o m p l e t e l y a t h o m e in t h e c o v e t e d l a n d . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d th es e w r i t e r s w e r e c o n f r o n t e d w i t h t h e r e a l i t y o f t h e a p p r o a c h i n g w a r a g a i n s t t h e A r a b s a n d t h e y felt r e v u l s i o n a t t h e p r i m i t i v e lifestyle a n d t h e filth o f t h e A r a b s in t h e i r s e t t l e m e n t s . I n t h e s e c o n d p e r i o d , sin c e t h e J e w i s h W a r o f L i b e r a t i o n o f 1948, t h r e e m a i n t r e n d s c a n b e d e f i n e d . T h e first o n e is e n c o u n t e r e d in t h e l i t e r a t u r e a i m e d a t t h e y o u t h t h r o u g h o u t th is p e r i o d . It is a n a i v e a p p r o a c h to t h e p r o b l e m , e x p r e s s i n g a y e a r n i n g f o r t h e g o o d o l d d a y s o f f r i e n d s h i p t h a t a r e n o m o r e . T h e s e c o n d t r e n d c a n b e se e n in t h e l i t e r a t u r e o f t h e t i m e i m m e d i a t e l y fo l l o w i n g t h e W a r o f L i b e r a t i o n , a n d also in l i t e r a t u r e fo l l o w i n g t h e s u b s e q u e n t w a r s b e t w e e n I s r a e l a n d t h e A r a b s t a te s . T h e A r a b p r o b l e m is a d a i l y r e a l i t y fo r th e s e w r it e r s . T h e p o l i t i c a l p r o b l e m s , t h e a l i e n a t i o n b e t w e e n J e w s a n d A r a b s a n d t h e e x p u l s i o n o f t h e P a l e s t i n i a n A r a b s r e s u l t e d in r e m o r s e a n d feelings o f g u i l t in t h e m i n d s o f t h e s e I s r a e li H e b r e w w rit e rs . T h e so cial d i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e A r a b s is n o t e d a n d li n k e d to t h e p o li ti c a l a n d m i l i t a r y p r o b l e m s . T h e t h i r d t r e n d in t h e p e r i o d s i n c e t h e W a r o f L i b e r a t i o n a p p e a r s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e S ix ties , w h e n a n e w g e n e r a t i o n o f w r it e r s , t h e so - c a lle d C a n a a n i t e s , c a m e to t h e fore. T h e w r i t e r s o f t h e first p e r i o d w r o t e a g a i n s t t h e b a c k d r o p o f t h e D i a s p o r a a n d t h e w r i t e r s o f t h e y e a r s fo l l o w i n g t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r p a i d s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o b o t h t h e D i a s p o r a a n d t h e H o l o c a u s t . 'I'h e s e w r i t e r s o f t h e n e w g e n e r a t i o n s a w t h e i r w o r k as a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f B ib l ic a l tim e s , i g n o r i n g t h e D i a s p o r a . T h e y r e g a r d e d t h e c o n f r o n t a t i o n b e t w e e n A r a b a n d J e w as a p a r t o f a life a n d d e a t h s t r u g g l e , su c h as f a c e d t h e I s r a e l i t e s a t t h e t i m e o f t h e i r e n t r a n c e i n t o t h e p r o m i s e d l a n d . T h e I s r a e li te s h a d to fa c e t h e P h i l i s t i n e s , t h e M o a b i t e s a n d all t h e o t h e r h o stile n a t i o n s o f C a n a a n in t h e i r s t r u g g l e for s u r v i v a l a n d t h e n e w I s r a e li te s h a v e to face t h e A r a b s . F o r th e s e w r i t e r s t e r r o r i s m is p a r t a n d p a r c e l o f t h e i r d i a l y life, l e a d i n g t o f i i r t h e r a l i e n a t i o n b e t w e e n A r a b a n d J e w . T o t h e m t h e A r a b s a r e a m e n a c e t h a t o n e h a s to o v e r c o m e b y force. T h e w r i t e r s o f t h e first p e r i o d h a i l e d m a i n l y f r o m E a s t e r n E u r o p e . T h e

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s t r a n g e s u r r o u n d i n g s o f I s r a e l m a d e d e e p im p r e s s i o n s o n t h e m , c r e a t i n g t h e f e e h n g t h a t t h e y w e r e c a r r i e d b a c k t o t h e a n c i e n t E r e t z I s r a e l o f t h e Bible. T h e r o m a n t i c i d e a t h a t h e A r a b s w e r e t h e J e w i s h p e a s a n t s t h a t w e r e fo rced to a b a n d o n t h e i r f a i th a p p e a r s w i t h s o m e f r e q u e n c y in t h e i r w o rk . T h e m a i n e x p o n e n t o f th is r o m a n t i c a p p r o a c h w a s M . S m i l a n s k y . H e w a s i n d e e d a f r i e n d o f t h e A r a b s . I n his s e n t i m e n t a l a p p r o a c h to t h e A r a b s h e w as c h a r m e d b y t h e i r r o m a n t i c i s m a n d sim p lic ity .

T h i s r o m a n t i c a p p r o a c h c a n c l e a r l y b e d i s c e r n e d in t h e m a n y s t o r i e s o f t h e sen tries . T h e s e n t r ie s b e c a m e w ell a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e A r a b s a n d e v e n c o p i e d t h e i r w a y o f life a n d l a n g u a g e . T h e y w a n t e d to b e s h e p h e r d s a n d ti llers o f t h e soil — a n d t h e A r a b s g a v e t h e m a n e x a m p l e to c o p y . F r i e n d s h i p b e t w e e n A r a b a n d J e w is a c o m m o n t h e m e . T h e l i t e r a t u r e o f this p e r i o d re v e a l s a n i n t i m a t e k n o w l e d g e o f t h e A r a b w a y o f life, o f A r a b t h o u g h t , a s p i r a t i o n s , v a l u e s a n d v ir tu e s . T h e t r a g i c s i d e o f t h e A r a b i c e x i s t e n c e is t h e o b j e c t o f m a n y s y m p a t h e t i c p o r t r a y a l s b y w r i t e r s s u c h as S m i l a n s k y a n d C h u r g i n . T h e s e w r it e r s , a n d e s p e c i a ll y S m i l a n s k y , w e r e i n s p i r e d b y a s t r o n g d e s i r e for a p e a c e f u l a n d f r ie n d ly c o - e x i s t e n c e w i t h t h e A r a b s . T h i s id e a l is t h e s t a r t i n g - p o i n t o f m a n y storie s f r o m this p e r i o d . T h e n e g a t i v e si d e o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n J e w s a n d A r a b s w a s t o u c h e d o n b y a s m a l l e r g r o u p o f w r i t e r s f r o m th is p e r i o d , w i t h S t e i n b e r g a n d B r e n n e r as t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t figures. T h e y h a d a n e y e f o r t h e h u m a n s i t u a t i o n o f s t r a n g e r s , ri v als, c l a i m i n g t h e s a m e m o t h e r l a n d . T e n s i o n a n d m i s t r u s t m u s t b e seen b e n e a t h t h e s u r fa c e . A m o n g s th e s e w r i t e r s w e r e q u i t e a fe w n a t i v e - b o r n w r i t e r s w h o h a d t h e d e s i r e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e A r a b s , b u t w h o r e m a i n e d s u s p ic io u s o f t h e m . T h e p r o b l e m c a m e m o r e to t h e fo re w i t h t h e a w a k e n i n g o f A r a b n a t i o n a l consciousne.ss, w h i c h le d to t h e rio ts o f 1929 a n d 1939. T h i s slow ly e r o d e d t h e J e w i s h r o m a n t i c illusions a l x i u t t h e A r a b s . T h e m a i n s t u m b l i n g - s t o n e s w e r e o w n e r s h i p o f t h e l a n d , c o m p e t i t i o n b e t w e e n A r a b a n d J e w i s h l a b o u r e r s a n d t h e a l i e n a t i o n o f t h e j e w i s h fa r m e r s f r o m t h e i r J e w i s h w o r k e r b r e t h r e n . T h e s e p r o b l e m s r e s u l t e d in a m o r e r e a l is t ic a n d c r i t i c a l a p p r o a c h to t h e w h o l e m a t t e r . T h e A r a b s w e r e seen as p a r t o f t h e ho stile l a n d s c a p e , as a p h y s i c a l fa c t o r t h r e a t e n i n g t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e j e w i s h m i n o r i t y in t h e L a n d o f Is ra e l. As a re s u lt o f th is B r e n n e r w as q u i t e c r i t i c a l o f t h e r o m a n t i c a n d o p t i m i s t i c a p p r o a c h o f S m i l a n s k y a n d o t h e r s like h im , B r e n n e r s a w t h e c h a s m t h a t e x is te d b e t w e e n J e w s a n d A r a b s , e v e n d e s c r i b i n g t h e A r a b s as a v o l c a n o a b o u t to e r u p t . I n t h e t r a n s i t i o n p e r i o d f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r till t h e e n d o f t h e W a r o f L i b e r a t i o n t h e r o m a n t i c a p p r o a c h c o n t i n u e d , e s p e c i a ll y in t h e w o r k s o f t h e o l d e r w r i t e r s t h a t w e r e u n a b l e to a d a p t to t h e n e w m e n a c i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s . S o m e w r it e r s , like S h a r o n i a n d R a v i n a , still s t r o v e for a

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b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e A r a b s l i n k e d w i t h a n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h t h e p r i m i t i v e A r a b w a y o f life, as s o m e t h i n g r e m i n d i n g t h e m o f t h e b ib l ic a l past. A n e w d e v e l o p m e n t c a n , h o w e v e r , b e d i s c e r n e d in t h e w r i t i n g s o f t h e y o u n g e r w r i t e r s o f t h a t t i m e . A n a m b i v a l e n t a p p r o a c h a p p e a r s in t h e i r w o r k . S o m e t h i n g o f t h e r o m a n t i c a p p r o a c h o f t h e first p e r i o d l i n g e r e d o n in t h e i r w o rk , ' r i i e y also e x p r e s s e d t h e d e s i r e t o live in p e a c e w i t h t h e A r a b s . T h e r e a r e e v e n t r a c e s o f e n v y o n t h e i r p a r t o f t h e A r a b ’s a t t a c h m e n t to t h e w a y s o f t h e l a n d . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e y w e r e fa c e d w i t h t h e r e a l i t y o f t h e m i l i t a r y p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r t h e c o m i n g w a r a g a i n s t t h e A r a b s . T h e y also felt r e v u l s i o n a t t h e l l lt h o f t h e A r a b s e t t l e m e n t s , a n d t h e i r p r i m i t i v e n e s s . T h i s a m b i v a l e n c e c a n e v e n b e f o u n d in t h e s e c o n d p e r i o d , a f t e r t h e W a r o f L i b e r a t i o n . T h e r e is a y e a r n i n g for t h e f r i e n d s h i p a n d b r o t h e r h o o d o f d a y s g o n e by, set a g a i n s t t h e d e p r e s s i n g r e a l i t y o f t h e i r o w n t i m e . T h e m o t i v e o f l o v e a n d h a t r e d a p p e a r s f r e q u e n t l y in t h e l i t e r a t u r e o f th is p e r i o d . T h e t h r e e m a i n m o t i v e s o f t h e A r a b w a y o f life t h a t a r e d e s c r i b e d a r e v e n g e a n c e , s e x u a l lust a n d t r e a c h e r y . I n t h e s e c o n d p e r i o d , a f t e r t h e W a r o f L i b e r a t i o n o f 1948, s ev er al a p p r o a c h e s to t h e A r a b s a p p e a r in t h e I s r a e l i H e b r e w l i t e r a t u r e . A n a i v e a p p r o a c h c a n be di.s cern ed in w o r k s w r i t t e n fo r th e y o u t h . T h e l i t e r a t u r e for t h e y o u t h consists o f t w o m a i n tyjjes, n a m e l y le g e n d s , folkta les, t r a v e l a n d a d v e n t t i r e s to ries w i t h a d i d a c t i c p u r p o s e o n t h e o n e h a n d a n d storie s in w h i c h t h e a u t h o r re m i n i s c e s a b o u t b y g o n e d a y s o n t h e o t h e r h a n d . I n th e s e s t o r ie s t h e A r a b p r o b l e m is t o u c h e d o n in a n a i v e a n d s i m p l i s t i c m a n n e r . T h e b r o t h e r h o o d b e t w e e n J e w s a n d A r a b s is o f t e n e m p h a s i z e d , li n k e d to t h e i d e a o f p e a c e f u l c o - e x i s te n c e . T h i s is e s p e c i a l l y t r u e o f t h e st o rie s a b o u t t h e e a r l y s h e p h e r d s a n d p io n e e r s . T h i s c a n b e se e n f r o m t h e r e p e t i t i o n o f o n e o f t h e i d e a s o f t h e e a r l y w r i t e r s in a w o r k o f A g m o n o f 1960, n a m e l y t h a t - t h e fe i l a h i n a r e n o t o t h e r t h a n t h e H e b r e w s left b e h i n d in t h e l a n d a f t e r t h e exile. R o m a n t i c i s m is i n d e e d o n e o f t h e i m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t s o f th e s e stories. A c l e a r d i s t i n c t i o n is o f t e n m a d e b e t w e e n t h e A r a b s as a g r o u p — c h ie f ly a h o s t il e g r o u p — a n d t h e i n d i v i d u a l A r a b — b e i n g o f t e n q u i t e f r i e n d l y a n d p e a c e f u l . F o r d i d a c t i c p u r p o s e s t h e h u m a n r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f m u t u a l r e ­ sp o n s ib il it y , n e i g h b o u r l i n e s s a n d p e a c e a r e o f t e n e m p h a s i z e d . T h e s to ries in w h i c h t h e a u t h o r s r e m i n i s c e a b o u t t h e t i m e o f t h e i r y o u t h c o n s t i t u t e a n i m p o r t a n t l a n d m a r k in I s r a e l i l i t e r a t u r e in t h e t r a n s i t i o n to a p r o b l e m a t i c a l a p p r o a c h to t h e A r a b s . T h e a u t h o r s o f th e s e s to ries w e r e s a b r a s f r o m t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e P a l m a c h . T h e y k n e w t h e A r a b s as a n in s c |) a r a l ) l r p a r i o f tlu- w a y o f life o f t h e i r c h i l d h o o d . A y e a r n i n g a f t e r t h e w o r l d o f c ii il d is h s i m p l i c i t y c a n o f t e n b e f o u n d in t h e i r storie s. T h a t w o r l d d i s a p p e a r e d d u e to t h e n e w te n s io n s . T h a t w o r l d t h a t w ill b e n o m o r e , w i t h

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its p c a c e a n d b r o t h e r h o o d , is r e m e m b e r e d w i t h n o s t a lg i a . T h e c o m ­ p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e s i t u a t i o n a f t e r t h e W a r o f L i b e r a t i o n a r e f o r g o t t e n in t h e m e m o r i e s o f th e l i m e t h a t was. A n o t h e r s e c t io n o f t h e w r i t e r s o f t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e P a l m a c h f a c e d t h e p r o b l e m s o f t h e i r o w n ti m e s s q u a r e l y . T h e y c o m m e n c e d w r i t i n g in t h e y e a rs o f t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r a n d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r w a r d s a n d w e r e a l m o s t e x lu s iv e l y g r a d u a t e s o f t h e p i o n e e r y o u t h m o v e m e n t . M a n y o f t h e m h a d ties w i t h K ibbutzim . T h e i r w o r l d v ie w w a s socialistic, s t re s s in g t h e id eals o f t h e e q u a l i t y o f m a n , t h e b r o t h e r h o o d o f n a t i o n s a n d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e class s t r u g g l e . T h e s e v a l u e s s t a r t e d to d i s i n t e g r a t e d u e to I s r a e l ’s c o n f r o n t a t i o n w i t h t h e A r a b s . T h e i r s t a r t i n g - p o i n t w a s t h e i r o w n w a r e x p e r i e n c e s . T h e A r a b s w e r e p a r t o f t h e i r c h i l d h o o d e x p e r i e n c e s , b u t t h e y b e c a m e e n e m i e s in w a r . T h i s r e s u l t e d in c o n f u s i o n in t h e i r souls, c o n f u s i o n t h a t is o fte n e x p r e s s e d in t h e i r w ritin g s. T h e p o l i t i c a l p r o b l e m s t h a t s t a r t e d w i t h t h e a w a k e n i n g o f A r a b n a t i o n a l i s m b e f o r e t h e S e c o n d W o r l d W a r i n c r e a s e d t h e ho stility b e t w e e n J e w s a n d A r a b s . T h i s in c r e a s e in h o s t il it y p l a y s t h e c e n t r a l ro le in m a n y stories. T h e e n m i t y o f t h e A r a b s is e v e n a s c r i b e d t o e n v y o n t h e p a r t o f t h e A r a b s o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d o t h e r succes ses o f t h e J e w s . B efo re t h e W a r o f L i b e r a t i o n t h e r e w e r e s o m e b i n d i n g fac to rs, s u c h as t h e c o m m o n s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t t h e B ritis h a u t h o r i t i e s , b u t a f t e r t h e w a r t h e a l i e n a t i o n in c r e a s e d r a p i d l y . I ’his c a u s e d c o m p l e x feelin gs o f g u i l t in t h e m i n d s o f s o m e o f th e s e w r it e r s , r e m o r s e , c o n f l i c t i n g e m o t i o n s a n d e v e n s e lf-f la g e lla tio n . T h i s r e m o r s e w as c a i i s c d b y t h e a c t i o n s t h e J e w s h a d to t a k e a g a i n s t t h e A r a b s . Y i z h a r for e x a m p l e s a w t h e m o r a l p r o b l e m s q u i t e c le a r ly , m a t t e r s o f c o n s c i e n c e p l a y i n g a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e in his w r i t i n g s . H e p o i n t e d o u t t h e e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e J e w s d u r i n g t h e H o l o c a u s t a n d d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e J e w s d i d c o m p a r a b l e t h i n g s to t h e A r a b s a f t e r t h e W a r o f L i b e r a t i o n . I n his sto ry H irbet H izca (1949) h e i l lu s tr a t e s t h e r o u g h h a n d l i n g o f t h e A r a b s b y t h e J e w i s h soldiers. H e t o u c h e s o n t h e m o r a l p r o b l e m in th is m a n n e r a n d h a s a n e y e fo r t h a t w h i c h is w r o n g in o n e ’s o w n m i d s t . T h e d i d a c t i c a i m s o f this d e s c r i p t i o n a r e q u i t e c le a r . T h i s st o ry s t i r r e d u p q u i t e a c o n t r o v e r s y , t h e p u b l i c s e e i n g in t h e v e r y fact o f t h e e x p u l s i o n o f t h e A r a b s a f a i l u r e i n h e r e n t in t h e I s r a e l i v i c t o r y ’. A l t h o u g h t h e e x p u l s i o n c a n b e m i l i t a r i l y j u s t i f i e d , it a m o u n t s t o t h e re p r e s s i o n o f o n e n a t i o n b y a n o t h e r t h a t h a s e x p e r i e n c e d

’ M r F r ie d m a n 's stu d y is a v a i la b le Iro m th e lib r a r y o f th e U n iv e rs ity o f P o lrh efstiT O m , R e p u b l ic o f S o u th A frica , T h e re fe re n c e s to th e p r im a r y m a te r ia l o n w h ic h M r F r ie d m a n ’s v iew s a r e b a se d , c a n be fo u n d in his s tu d y . F o r th e sak e o f b re v ity , re fe re n c e s a r e o m itte d in th is p a |x -r.

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r e p r e s s i o n in its o w n h i s to r y . T h e s e m o r a l p r o b l e m s also f in d e x p r e s s i o n in t h e w o r k s o f o t l i c r a u t h o r s o f th is p e r i o d , s u c h as J . b a r Yosef. T h e y w e r e f a c e d b y a s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n t w o p e o p l e s for th e r i g h t to o n e h o m e l a n d . T h i s t e n d e n c y c a n al so be d i s c e r n e d a f t e r t h e s u b s e q u e n t w a r s b e t w e e n Is ra e l a n d t h e A r a b states. T h e A r a b re f u g e e s a r e o f t e n r e f e r r e d to b y th e s e w r i t e r s a n d t h e i r s i t u a t i o n is c o m p a r e d t o t h e e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e J e w s t h r o u g h t h e ages. T h i s w h o l e m a t t e r o f t h e A r a b refugees b e c a m e a c e n t r a l p o l i t i c a l p r o b l e m in t h e I s r a e l i - A r a b c o n llic t. T h e a t t e n t i o n , e v e n s y m p a t h e t i c a t t e n t i o n as in t h e case o f A M e g e d , p a i d to this p r o b l e m n e e d th e r e f o r e n o t c a u s e su r p ris e . C l o s e r to t h e p r e s e n t t i m e t h e ties o f a c q u a i n t a n c e s h i p w h i c h t i e d t h e H e b r e w w r i t e r t o t h e p e r s o n o f t h e A r a b s a n d t o t h e i r w a y o f life g r a d u a l l y lo o s e n e d . T h e s e ties c a n still b e s e e n in t h e w o r k o f Y i z h a r , b u t s in c e his t i m e it h a s g r a d u a l l y f a d e d . T h e focus is d i r e c t e d to t h e A r a b s w h o r e m a i n e d in t h e l a n d w i t h t h e i r d e m a n d s fo r e d u c a t i o n , t h e i r d e s i r e to flee o r t o c h a n g e t h e s i t u a t i o n b y w a y o f .social p ro g r e s s . T h e o l d A r a b w a y o f life is n o m o r e . T h e so ci al c h a n g e s a r e d e s c r i b e d . T h i s c a u s e d a s t r u g g l e in t h e m i n d s a n d life o f t h e A r a b s . T h i s s t r u g g l e b e t w e e n t h e w o r l d o f a p r e v i o u s e r a a n d t h e n e w s i t u a t i o n is o f t e n q u i t e s y m p a t h e t i c a l l y d e s c r i b e d . T h e p o l i t i c a l a n d s e c u r i t y i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e A r a b p r o b l e m also rec e iv e s d u e a t t e n t i o n in t h e l i t e r a t u r e . I 'h e id e a l t o d i s p l a c e h o s t i l i t y w i t h f r i e n d s h i p by w a y o f p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t b e t w e e n A r a b s a n d J e w s is f r e q u e n t l y e x p r e s s e d . T h i s id e a l is o f t e n t h w a r t e d b y m u t u a l r e t i c e n c e , a s c a n b e s e e n in s t o r ie s d e a l i n g w i t h lo ve b e t w e e n m e m b e r s o f t h e t w o pe o p le s . S i n c e t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e 1 9 6 0 ’s a n e w g e n e r a t i o n o f w r i t e r s h a v e a p p e a r e d o n t h e s c e n e , t h e Y o u n g G u a r d , a ls o c a l l e d t h e G e n e r a t i o n o f t h e S t a t e . I m p o r t a n t fi g u re s a m o n g s t t h e m a r e Y. R e t u s h a n d A . A m i r . I n t h e i r w o r k s a s p i r i t u a l s e v e r a n c e f r o m t h e J e w is h c u l t u r a l h e r i t a g e o f t h e D i a s p o r a a n d a r e t u r n to t h e a n c i e n t C a n a a n i t e m y t h o l o g y , t o t h e s o u r c e s o f t h e C a n a a n i t c H e b r e w c u l t u r e o f t h e b i b l i c a l p e r i o d c a n b e d i s c e r n e d . T h e p e o p l e o f t h e s e t t l e m e n t s a r e for t h e m t h e C a n a a n i t e s o r t h e H e b r e w s . T h e y .saw t h e i r w o r k as a n o r g a n i c c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e B ib l e a n d its a n c i e n t C a n a a n i t e - S e m i t i c l i t e r a t u r e . T h e r e a r c a ls o m a n y t h e m e s o f t h e w r i t e r s o f t h e first p e r i o d t h a t r e c u r in t h e w o r k o f t h e s o - c a lle d C a n a a n i t e s , e s p e c i a l l y t h e r o m a n t i c c h a l u t z i c id eals o f t h e S e c o n d A li y a h . T h e fa t e fu l m e e t i n g b e t w e e n t h e t w o p e o p l e s a n d t h e s t r u g g l e for t h e i r b i r t h r i g h t in tlie h o m e l a n d a r e e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s o f a d e c is iv e life a n d d e a t h c o n f r o n t a t i o n . T h e r e is a p o l i t i c a l a n d m i l i t a r i s t i c t r e n d in t h e i r a p p r o a c h a g a i n s t t h e r o m a n t i c a n d l e g e n d a r y s o l u t i o n to t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r o b l e m s

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o f t h e first p e r i o d . T h e A r a b s a r e for t h e m a n e x is te n t ia l c o n d i t i o n a n d a n l i is to ric a l d e s t i n y w i t h w h i c h o n e h a d t o s t r u g g l e , a n d o v e r c o m e b y force. T h e fight a g a i n s t t e r r o r i s m p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t ro le in t h e i r w o r k . S o m e o f th e s e w r i t e r s e v e n d i s p l a y a t e n d e n c y to c h a u v i n i s m , S h a m i r e .g., f u r t h e r i n g h a t r e d a n d a l i e n a t i o n b y a o n e - s i d e d a p p r o a c h to t h e p r o b l e m . T h e s e feelin gs o f h a t r e d a n d a l i e n a t i o n d i d m a k e t h e i r first a p p e a r a n c e in t h e first p e r i o d , e s p e c i a ll y in t h e w r i t i n g s o f B r e n n e r . I n his t i m e t h e J e w s w e r e a m i n o r i t y a m o n g s t t h e A r a b s in P a le s ti n e . T h i s is p a r a l l e l e d in m o d e r n t i m e s b y t h e s t a t e o f I s r a e l b e i n g e n c i r c l e d a n d d is s e c te d b y h ostile A r a b s t a t e s a n d a n i n s e c u r e a n d a r t i f i c u a l b o r d e r . T h e A r a b p r o b l e m h a s i m p l i c a t i o n s for t h e d a i l y e x is te n c e o f t h e J e w s in Is rael. T h e t r a g i c side o f t h e c o n flic t do e s n o t e s c a p e n o ti c e . Y i z h a r s a w t h e m o r a l p r o b l e m b u t for O z t h e A r a b s a r e a n e x i s t e n t i a l c o n d i t i o n . T h e A r a b s a r e a d a i l y t h r e a t , w i t h t h e re s u lt t h a t O z e v e n r e g a r d s t h e l a n d s c a p e as p a r t o f t h e m e n a c e o f t h e e n e m y , t h a t lives in a n d in f iltra te s t h e la n d s c a p e . A l t h o u g h t h e s e w r i t e r s like to see t h e i r w o r k as a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e o f t h e b i b l i c a l p e r i o d th e y c a n n o t t o t a l l y ig n o r e t h e H o l o c a u s t , t h e fa te o f t h e A r a b s b e i n g s e e n as a r e f le c t io n o f t h e h is to r i c fa t e o f t h e J e w s . R e m o r s e al so p l a y s a p a r t in t h e i r w o r k , t h e s t a t e o f I s r a e l h a v i n g b e e n b u i l t o n A r a b ru ins. I t is q u i t e c l e a r t h a t t h e c h a n g i n g m i l i e u o f t h e Is raeli w r i t e r s s in c e t h e b e g i n n i n g o f th is c e n t u r y till t h e p r e s e n t d a y h a s h a d a n i m p o r t a n t — al m o s t d e c is iv e — i n f l u e n c e o n t h e i r v ie w s o n a n d p o r t r a y a l o f t h e A r a b s . I n his d e f i n i n g o f t h e d if f e r e n t t r e n d s in t h e difTerent p e r i o d s B e n j a m i n F r i e d m a n m a d e a n i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n to t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p o r t r a y a l o f th e A r a b s in Is raeli fiction.

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