Improving mental wellbeing of Balinese orphans

Final Thesis

Improving mental wellbeing of

Balinese orphans

Giving back to the community

Author: Lexy Wagenaar

Semester: 8, study year 4, 2013 /2014 University: HZ University of Applied Sciences Study degree: Vitality and Tourism Management Course: CU11839 / CU11840 Graduation University supervisor: Ester Wisse

Internship company: Escape Haven Company supervisor: Janine Hall Assessors: Bianka Bijkerk

Judith van Poppel Version: 2, July 2014

Improving mental wellbeing of

Balinese orphans

Giving back to the community

Author: Lexy Wagenaar

Semester: 8, study year 4, 2013 /2014 University: HZ University of Applied Sciences Study degree: Vitality and Tourism Management Course: CU11839 / CU11840 Graduation University supervisor: Ester Wisse

Internship company: Escape Haven Company supervisor: Janine Hall Assessors: Bianka Bijkerk

Judith van Poppel Version: 2, July 2014

Preface

This document is my final thesis that I’ve written for my graduation phase of the study program Vitality and Tourism Management at the HZ University of Applied Sciences, commissioned by Escape Haven Retreats.

This thesis is printed with environmental awareness regarding ink and paper use.

During the study program the wellbeing, health and sports aspects started to interest me more and more and this is when I started surfing and practicing yoga. This lead to that for my graduation internship I desired to work for a company that combined these two sports. That’s when I found Escape Haven in Bali, Indonesia. Upon our initial Skype meeting Janine Hall, the founder offered me a graduation assignment I couldn’t refuse: helping to start-up a charity to support orphans. The

research has been conducted on location in Bali, Indonesia.

Thanks to the freedom during the internship period I’ve learned a lot about self-managing and pro-active attitude. Working in a third world country taught me to respect a different culture and not to expect and push stakeholders to work in similar ways I was familiar to. Working for Escape Haven has taught me how to manage the online marketing for a company and how to collaborate with many different suppliers while working on countless different projects.

This has been the most inspiring and instructive 6 months of my life and therefor I want to thank Janine Hall for offering me this amazing opportunity and supporting me throughout the process. Furthermore I would like to thank Ester Wisse who has been of wonderful support and feedback by sharing her knowledge and experience on the subject. Finally I would like to thank everyone else who has been involved with the incredible development of Creating Futures Foundation and mostly to the children who have stolen my heart with their grateful smiles and hugs.

Lexy Wagenaar, Middelburg, Juni 2014

Summary

Escape Haven is a luxury retreat exclusively for women in Bali Indonesia that offers luxury holiday packages with yoga, surfing and fitness. Janine Hall the founder of the company has the ambition to give back to the Balinese community by creating a charity to support the many children living in orphanages and children’s homes on the island. To find out the needs of the children and the possibilities from Escape Haven to support them a research has been set up. The main question of the research was “How can Escape Haven contribute to the needs of orphans in terms of social activities that can improve the quality of life & life satisfaction?”.

Initial research for the theoretical framework showed that the amount of orphaned or

institutionalized children in Indonesia is extremely high, Bali being no exception to that. Most children still have parents but are forced to live in child care institutions such as orphanages and children’s homes as their parents are unable to take care of them. The research has examined some orphanages to see how the living conditions are and what kind of activities are offered to the children. Two orphanages have been investigated on this and results show that the offer of activities differ per institution as all organizations have different resources. As orphanage 1 offers many different activities that are supplied by volunteers, orphanage 2 has limited possibilities to offer activities. In these orphanages the happiness of the children has been measured to determine if support from Escape Haven is actually needed and would be appreciated. Both the children of orphanage 1 and 2 showed to have a neutral mind set, they were neither happy nor unhappy, therefore support from Escape Haven would be beneficial to their mental state of mind. Internal research within Escape Haven showed that there is a possibility to offer the children surfing and yoga classes as the company possesses the knowledge, expertise and supplies for these activities. In collaboration with Perdana Scholastica (an education expert on English and personal development) English classes and team building camps can be offered as a playful educational part of the charity program. A survey has been conducted amongst the children of orphanage 1 to see if these activities are of any interest for the children. Results showed that surfing is the second most liked activity of the kids of orphanage 1, yoga scored a bit lower but was still considered as an activity they like by the majority of the children. To ensure that these activities are actually beneficial for children desk research has been conducted and scientific research showed that any type of physical activity has positive effects on the mental wellbeing of children as it improves confidence and concentration abilities. In addition yoga has shown to have positive effects on negative mental mind-sets as it lowers anxiety, depression and stress. Furthermore yoga has shown significant benefits on children with mental disorders such as ADHD, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder due to these previous mentioned effects. The practice of surfing also showed positive effects on the mental wellbeing of children, by being in nature surfing decreases depression and anger while improving calmness and greater revitalization. Escape Haven envisioned to execute this project separately from the company itself but receives the initial financial support and continuous support of supplies as surf boards and yoga mats. The educational part of the charity program shall be executed in collaboration with the educational expert, Perdana Scholastica. Finally the financial aspect has been researched. The initial cost for starting up are AU$3,073 (table7.1) and costs to run the complete 4 month program (chapter 2 in appendix 7) with 30 children will cost AU$5,952 (table 7.2). To pay these costs research has been done if the government will support non-profit organizations with funding or subsidies but online research lead to no results and an interview it a similar charity clarified that the government doesn’t support non-profit organizations in any way. The initial costs for the charity are all covered by the owner, eventually funding will come from charity events and donations.

Content

Preface...3

Summary...4

1. Introduction...8

1.1 Research and sub Questions...8

1.2 Reading guide...8 2. Company Profile...9 2.1 Target group...9 2.2 Mission / Vision...9 2.3 Concept...9 2.4 Offer...9 2.5 Organizational chart...10 2.6 Press...11

2.6.A Trip Advisor...11

2.6.B Magazines...11

2.7 Contact Details...11

3. Theoretical Framework...12

3.1 Orphans and institutions in Indonesia...12

3.2 The cause of the high amount of orphans in Bali, Indonesia...13

3.3 Quality of life and life satisfaction...13

3.3.A Psychological wellbeing...14

3.4 Influence of activity on mental wellbeing...14

3.4.A Psychological effects of yoga...14

3.4.B Psychological benefits of surfing...15

3.5 Happiness...15

3.5 Starting a charity...17

3.6 Non-profit organizations that support orphans...17

3.7 Fundraising...18

3.8 Summary...19

4. Methodology...20

4.1 Research methods...20

4.2 Qualitative interview Escape Haven...20

4.3 Secondary data research...21

4.4 Qualitative interviews with charities in Bali...21

4.5 Qualitative interviews with orphanage supervisors...21

4.7 Limitations of the research...22

5. Results...23

5.1 Activities in orphanages...23

5.2 Happiness of children...24

5.3 Effects of social activities by children...24

5.4 Favourite activities...26

5.5 Possible execution and financial label for charity...27

5.6 Financial strategy...28

6. Discussion...29

6.1 Balinese orphanages...29

6.1.a Activities in orphanages...30

6.1.b Happiness of orphans...30

6.2 Physical activities...30

6.2.a Effects of yoga...31

6.2.b Effects of surfing...31

6.2.c Favourite activities children...31

6.3 Project implementation...32

6.3.a Financial label...32

6.4 Financial strategy...32

7. Conclusion and recommendation...33

7.1 Answered sub-questions...33

7.2 Answer research question...35

7.3 Recommendations...35 7.3.1 Program...36 7.3.2 Orphanage selection...37 7.3.3 Fundraising...37 7.3.4 Further research...37 Sources...39 Appendix...43

1. Qualitative interview with orphanage supervisors...43

1.a Orphanage 1 Interview...43

1.b Orphanage 2...46

2. Quantitative survey – orphan happiness...48

2.a Answers...48

2.b Orphanage 1...49

3. Secondary data research – effect physical activity by children...50

4. Quantitative survey – favorite activities orphans...52

4.a Orphanage 1...54

4.b Orphanage 2...57

5. Qualitative Interview...57

6. Qualitative interview similar charities...59

6.a Surf Soul Project Bali – Interview transcript...59

1.

Introduction

Escape Haven is a company located in Bali, Byron Bay and soon in Portugal and Morocco. It is founded by Janine Hall who is originally from New Zealand, but has lived and worked all around the world. She built up a company that offers various luxury retreat packages with surfing, yoga and wellness, exclusively for woman. Bali is an island which is described by many as paradise but Indonesia is a country which has a lot of children that are orphan due to poverty and other causes. Good hearted Janine has the ambition to help these children with the activities she is offering in Escape Haven. Her drive to do this is because she was an orphan herself and she believes that if you are doing well yourself you should give something back to the ones that are less fortunate. Approximately 4000 children in Bali are living in 71 orphanages, these orphanages are mostly funded by

non-governmental organizations. A lot of orphanages in Bali do not have a budget for offering physical activities to the children living in the institutions. Therefore most orphanages just offer basic games and sports. This problem mostly effects the orphans themselves but also the people who care for them and external people who are interested in their wellbeing such as tourists, donors and other sponsors. It is easy to say that this problem is not that serious because the children are unknown and live far away but for them it is very important because they never got the opportunity to just be kids and enjoy their lives to the fullest. They were unfortunate enough to lose their parents so they should not live a less prosperous existence due to lack of social and physical activities. If by the help of Escape Haven a lot of orphans can enjoy some different activities they can become more happy and the quality of their lives could improve. But if this idea will not be implemented a lot of children will never benefit from the positive effects on the mental state of mind by physical and social activities. The activities most focused on are surfing and yoga because these are already offered by Escape Haven. In de ideal situation a charity will be set up to offer orphanages a possibility to enjoy these activities for a longer period of time to fully benefit from the effects that come with them.

1.1 Research and sub Questions

Now research has to be done to find out if it is possible to organize something like this and how this could be implemented. The research question for this project will be:

How can Escape Haven contribute to the needs of orphans in terms of social activities that can improve the quality of life & life satisfaction?

To answer this questions the following sub questions will be researched:

I. Which day activities are provided by orphanages in Bali and how satisfied are the orphans living there?

II. Do social activities effect to the quality of life / life satisfaction of orphans and which are the most contributing?

III. What exactly can Escape Haven offer, how can these activities be implemented in the company and what is the financial label?

IV. How will this project be financed, will the government support by funding or subsidies?

1.2 Reading guide

This research has been structured in this thesis. The next chapter describes the company Escape Haven as the commissioning company of the research. In chapter 3 ‘the theoretical framework’ underlying and supporting data and information of the research subject is collected. In chapter 4 the methods that have been used during the research are explained followed by chapter 6 that displays the results the research has delivered. In chapter 6 the results are discussed and compared with the data from the theoretical framework. In the final chapter the research will be concluded and

recommendations for the company are explained. The sources and appendix are found at the end of the document.

2.

Company Profile

Escape Haven is market leader for luxurious woman retreats in Bali, Indonesia and has been operational for 5 years, in March 2013 it opened a sister company in Byron Bay, Australia and will open in Sagres, Portugal and Marrakesh, summer 2014. Before the expansion Escape Haven was known as Surf Haven Bali. Escape Haven offers woman wellness packages that are focused on yoga, surfing and fitness. All these packages are designed to retreat from busy daily life and relax and recharge in the world’s most beautiful places. The Bali retreat welcomes hundreds of women yearly and has a 92% occupation rate. It is Bali’s largest women’s retreat and is ranked #1 of specialty lodging on TripAdvisor in Seminyak. The Byron Bay retreat has been voted amongst the top 6 health retreats worldwide by FairFax media. Escape Haven Bali is located in a highly competitive market and their main competitors are Surf Goddess, Bliss Sanctuary and Salt retreats who offer similar retreat packages for women. Furthermore there are many other companies offering similar services to their guests which makes is difficult to stand out. Escape Haven partnered with Mentari surf school who now works exclusively for Escape Haven.

2.1 Target group

The company targets on high achieving woman who are well travelled and adventurous. The main age lies between 25 and 45 with and they should have an interest in wellbeing. They tend to be living in big cities, mainly in Australia and New Zealand, followed by USA, Canada and a small group from Europe.

2.2 Mission / Vision

“To empower women to become the best versions of themselves.”

2.3 Concept

Bali’s Escape Haven retreat villa is located in the touristic area of Seminyak. The villa features 6 bedrooms and has a maximum occupation of 12 guests at a time. The retreats start on Saturday afternoon and ends Friday afternoon. The week planning depends one of the 3 package chosen by the guests. All packages are a combination of yoga, surfing and fitness, the amount of classes depends on the chosen package. Further inclusions in the package are spa treatments, healing sessions and a day trip to Ubud the cultural art centrum of Bali, which is surrounded by beautiful rice paddies.

2.4 Offer

Escape Haven offers exclusive holiday packages that are focused on health and wellbeing. During a holiday in one of the locations of Escape Haven spa treatments such as Bali Bliss, Body Tonic and Body revolution are included. Furthermore yoga and meditation sessions, healthy food & cooking lessons, exercise in the gym & detox are included depending on the package. Guest can choose a retreat packages as Revive, Refresh and Renew. All packages include:

 Full day cultural tour to see best Bali has to offer

 Luxury accommodation with Butlers on call 24/7

Packages

Revive – surf package Refresh – yoga package

Renew – Fitness and detox package

2.5 Organizational chart

Janine Hall - Founder

Bali Rachel - retreat lead

Yeni - Surf lead

Adele - Yogini Era - Spa

manager Spa staff Wayan - Villa

manager Villa staff Byron Bay Alycia - Retreat lead Katie - Yogini Staff function Guest relations Adele - Inquiries Trudi - Bookings Markting Lexy - Online marketing Karen - SEO &

FB specialist Nicole - visual design Alisa - creative developper Finance Maia Danielle Collaboration PR Red PR Haystack

2.6 Press

The media has discovered Escape Haven and they write full of praise for the retreat and it’s unique combination of wellness, yoga and surfing at the perfect location. Regular lifestyle publications with recipes and health tips provided by Escape Haven are published on online channels as well.

2.6.A Trip Advisor

On tripadvisor.com Escape Haven is ranked #1 of specialty lodging in Seminyak. Previous guests stated that their visit was “an amazing experience” and “everything I wanted + more”. They rated the accommodation and activities with high satisfaction.

2.6.B Magazines

Magazines like Elle, Harpens Bazaar, Marie Clair, Viva, Women’s Health, Life & Leisure, LifeStyle You, Fitness and many more. These magazines mention that Escape Haven is the place to be for women who want to take a step back from their busy lives to and recharge themselves in paradise, meet like-minded women and experience adventures of a lifetime.

2.7 Contact Details

Byron Bay, Australia: +61 44 700 0693 Bali, Indonesia: +62 878 6192 2646 Email: info@escapehaven.com Skype: escapehavenretreats Website: www.escapehaven.com

3.

Theoretical Framework

In this chapter all available information about orphans worldwide and their way of living is explained as well as their mental state of mind. Furthermore the influence of activities on life satisfaction is explained and why it is so important for children. Eventually some guidelines to start a charity are discussed.

3.1 Orphans and institutions in Indonesia

According to recent figures of Unicef, worldwide 132 million children are classified as orphans, only 13 million have lost both of their parents and every day 5760 more children become orphaned. Every day 38.493 orphans age out and will have no family or place to call their home. Studies have shown that 10% – 15% of these children commit suicide before they reach the age of eighteen. These studies also show that 60% of the girls become prostitutes and 70% of the boys become hardened criminals. Another study reported that of the 15,000 orphans aging out of state-run institutions every year, 5,000 were unemployed, 6,000 were homeless and 3,000 were in prison within three years (Orphan Hope international).

Indonesia has worldwide one of the largest numbers of children in residential care, with 5000 to 8000 children’s homes which are caring for approximately half a million children (Sunusi, Byrne &

Rotigliano, 2007). Most of these institutions are private and run by faith based organizations. Most of the children in these care facilities still have either one of their parents but been put in an orphanage due to financial, social or safety problems, with the hope for care and education. Unfortunately most institutions are only providing access to education rather than caring for the children furthermore the emotional aspect for development is lacking. Most of these care institutions have an inadequate amount of (professional) staff which results in children taking care of each other. For the children who still have a family the contact is very limited, only once a year they are able to visit them for

celebrating religious holidays. But the situation in care institutions appear even worse, according to the research done by Sunusi et al., children who violate the rules will endure physical punishments, which vary from cleaning the toilets to slapping and kicking. The need to have a parental figure is another important aspect for psychological development (Wanat, Whisnant, Reicherter, Solvason, Juul, Penrose & Koopman). The physical abuse in combination with the lack of a parent can lead to psychological disorders and can withhold the personal development of a child. Fortunately the research done by Sanusi et al. shows some positive aspects in the care institutions as well. In all researched institutions the children get 3 meals a day, but the quality of the content differs per institution. Most of the institutions offer health care if not on location they have contacts with clinics or hospitals in the area. The accessibility of education in all institutions is very high which means that almost all children are getting educated on elementary, junior or senior level. But when it comes to recreational activities nearly none of the institutions reserves time to practice games or sports. Instead of having fun all children in all institutions are obliged to work. They do chores like cleaning the kitchen and yard but also preparing the food for the other children. If the children don’t do this work they won’t have meals to eat, clean clothes to wear or a neat living environment. Which actually means that the children are the ones that are taking care of themselves while they been provided by shelter, food and education by the institutions. This can be seen as a positive thing because they are learning how to take care of themselves for when they come of age and have to leave the institution. But the lack of fun and recreation can result in a low quality life or even depression (Patten, Wiliams, Lavorato, Bulloch, 2013). Social contacts of the children are not really supported and the connection between the children and the managers and staff is very closed. The high power distance between the staff and the children means that the contact is excessively formal,

inflexible and distant and therefore not comparable to a regular parental figure in Indonesia (Trommsdorff, 2003).

In Bali itself over 4000 children are housed in 71 orphanages. Most of these orphanages run on money from international NGOs (non-governmental organizations) and sympathetic visitors / tourists. These tourists are providing the children with blankets, books, money or other goods that might come to use. Regrettably these objects might be taken from the children and sold as soon as the tourists leave. Most money that is gained by these actions will go directly into the pockets of the directors of the institutions. Since these actions happen so much in Bali there are some organizations (Bali kids, the John Fawcett Foundation, Bumi Sehat and High5) that transfer the donations directly to the kids (Baliadvertiser, 2010).

3.2 The cause of the high amount of orphans in Bali, Indonesia

The ninth International Congress of HIV and AIDS in Asia and the Pacific (ICAAP) was held in Bali August 2009, on the topic of “Caring for Children and Families affected by HIV in concentrated and low level epidemics. During this congress the impact of HIV and AIDS was clearly displayed. It states that a lot of woman who got infected were not considered to be high risk, but their partners might have engaged in high risk practices. This increasing amount of infected women leads to a large proportion of new infections by very young children. This rising amount of women with HIV or AIDS has caused the increasing number of orphans in the region. The estimated amount of children who have lost one or more parents to AIDS in 450.000 in East Asia and the Pacific (Unicef, 2009). At the same time, it is true that the children orphaned by AIDS is still a very small proportion of all orphans in the region since the total amount or orphans due to all causes in Asia Pacific is estimated to be 67.5 million. Another cause for children living in orphanages in Bali is poverty. Parents cannot provide for their children and choose to send them to an orphanage where they are certain to get shelter, food and education. Moreover homelessness is another reason children end up in orphanages. Families of children send them to the touristic areas to beg, this leads kids into a vulnerable position where they easily enroll in crime or prostitution. Additionally a reason that children end up in an orphanage is due to abuse. The Indonesian jurisdictions of Yale Law mentions ”Indonesia reported to the Committee on the Rights of the Child that traditional attitudes persist in which child abuse is seen as a family matter for which intervention is unnecessary (Yale Law, 2005)”. A lot of children living in orphanages have been neglected or abused in any kind of way. In Indonesia child abuse is illegal but besides removing the victim from the abuser no actions are taken (Bali life Foundation).

3.3 Quality of life and life satisfaction

There are many different definitions about the Quality of life and Donald (2001) defines it as a descriptive term that refers to people’s emotional, social and physical wellbeing, and their ability to function in the ordinary tasks of living. Whereas Smith and Puczkó (2009) state that it defines aspects of life that make it good, ensures a happy state of mind and the satisfaction of their life. They divide it into objective and subjective indicators with which you can measure the quality of life.

Objective indicators

Subjective indicators

Life expectancy

Happiness

Employment status

Job satisfaction

Legal rights

Sense of community

Education

Family relationship

Working hours per week

Social relations

House conditions

Stress level

Poverty level

Sense of safety

These aspects are contributing to an overall satisfaction of life, if all these factors are favorable the more likely the quality of life is higher. Life satisfaction is the cognitive component for mental

wellbeing, low life satisfaction is linked to psychological, social and behavior problems, whereas high life satisfaction is associated with optimal mental health and good adaptation among youth. To promote life satisfaction supportive parenting is an important factor just as challenging activities, positive life events and high-quality interactions with others (Park, 2004).

3.3.A Psychological wellbeing

In a research done among orphaned children in South-Africa (Witt & Lessing, 2010), they have a positive view on their future. They cope quite well with their current situation and also experience some happiness, according to literature study followed by questionnaires by orphans. Nonetheless the orphans are experiencing anxiety feelings as well. Orphans may also suffer concentration

problems at school due to worrying , sadness or tiredness (Cluver and Gardner, 2006). Concentration problems can be linked to posttraumatic stress (Witt & Lessing, 2010).

3.4 Influence of activity on mental wellbeing

The positive physical effect of activity are well known but the effects it has psychologically are less obvious. Nevertheless it is proven that physical activity is associated with decreased risk of

developing clinical depression and that aerobic and resistance exercise are effective in treating depression (Fox, 1999). Regular physical activity leads to weight loss or tones the muscles (depends on the type of activity) and according to Donatelle (2012) improves a person’s physical appearance. This can result in more satisfaction about ones looks and can influence the self-esteem in a positive manner. The effects of physical activity according to Donatelle (2012) are de reduction of stress and improvement of the mood, decreasing risk of depression, less anxiety, improving concentration and increased oxygen and nutrients to the brain. A body that is physically fit is able to tolerate distress of all kinds and effectively clears the chemical by-products associated with the stress response

(Donatelle, 2012). As far as the research of Calfas and Taylor (1994) goes no negative effects of physical activities were noticed by the researched group of children between 11 and 21 years.

3.4.A Psychological effects of yoga

Practicing yoga regularly has not only physical effects but also psychological. Practicing yoga for 30 minutes has an effect on the physical and psychological energy and increase feelings of alertness and enthusiasm (Woods, 1993). It creates mental clarity and calmness, increases body awareness, relaxed the mind and sharpens concentration. The focus during yoga lies on the breathing, this gives positive effects on the brain which improves its performance (Yoga benefits, 2013). The research done by Trisha Lamb (2004) gives a clear overview of the physical and psychological benefits of yoga. Improvement of flexibility and strength are the main physical benefits of yoga. The psychological benefits are:

 Mood improves and subjective well-being increases  Self-acceptance and self-actualization increase  Social adjustment increases

 Anxiety and depression decrease  Hostility decreases

 Psychomotor functions improve

 Cognitive function improves (Attention, concentration, memory)

Arpita (1990) states that the main psychological benefits of yoga include an increase in somatic and in esthetic awareness, positive mood, subject well-being, self-acceptance, self-actualization, social

adjustment, decrease in anxiety, depression and hostility. Galantino, Galbavy and Quinn (2008) have researched the therapeutic effects of yoga for children focused on the quality of life. Their research revealed that there is evidence yoga has benefits on the rehabilitation process, but specific measures of quality of life are necessary to provide definitive evidence. The results from a research done by Benavides and Caballero (2009) shows that there has been some changes in self-acceptance, anxiety and depression. The validity of these results can be questioned due to a very low sample size. The results of this research are shown in the following figure (Benavides & Caballero, 2009).

Figure 3.1: Individual participants initial, final, and changes in self-concept, anxiety, and depression scores, Ashtanga Yoga for Youth, McAllen, Texas, May–August 2006

3.4.B Psychological benefits of surfing

Being in the sea reduces the chances of getting skin diseases and even cures some like psoriasis, eczema and more. Sea water also reduces stress and tiredness which contributes to higher well-being. According to the results of a research about surf camps (Smith, 2010) surfing will lead to an higher self-esteem and self-worth. Another result of that same research (Smith, 2010)surfing also leads to behavioral changes in the way that the practitioners became more aware of the environment and improved health.

3.5 Happiness

To improve one’s happiness the definition of the concept needs to be clear. Google defines happiness as: “the state of being happy” (figure 3.2).

WolframAlpha (2014) defines happiness as “a state of well-being characterized by emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy or emotions experienced when in a state of well-being”. According to Richard Layard, labour economist, the definition of happiness is “feeling good, enjoying life and feeling it is wonderful” and the opposite being unhappiness as ”feeling bad and wishing things were different” - Layard (2003, p. 4). As found on curiousity.discovery.com happiness and other emotions all reside from neurochemicals working as receptors on brain cells. Chemicals such as dopamine, endorphins, oxytocin and serotonin play roles in the brain-happiness. Dopamine is a mood controller, endorphins suppress pain but also create some sort of ‘high’ especially after laughing or exercise, oxytocin is related to trusts but is also triggered by actions like giving birth or holding someone’s baby and serotonin gets a boots when you are feeling good. Research results at happify.com say that happiness is a combination of life satisfaction and day-to-day feelings which is for 40% controlled by your thoughts, actions and behaviors, 50% genetically determined and 10% influenced by

circumstances. The same research states that happiness can be increased by nurturing relationships, having new experiences, helping others and being grateful for what you have. Feeling marvelous all the time, having all the money you could ever want, refusing to see the negative things in the world and a final destination are things that happiness is not. Dr. Martin Seligman (2011) states that there are 5 pillars of happiness being: ‘Positive emotion, engagement, positive relationship, meaning and achievement’. In the review about the book Flourish (Seligman, 2011) Paul Oslington (2011) discusses these pillars and states that individuals freely choose their own elements that are important to their happiness such as health, safety, security, hope and control over their own lives.

How to be(come) happy

The 7 habits of happy people according to persuit-of-happiness.org (2014) are: 1. Relationships – people who have close friends are happier

2. Cultivating kindness – people who help others and / or are active in charities seem to be happier and less depressed.

3. Keep moving – regular exercise has been associated with improved mental well-being and lower depression.

4. Find your flow – being deeply involved in reaching your goals and challenging activities you experience a state of ‘flow’ where time seems to be non-existent.

5. Discover meaning – spiritual engagement, finding meaning and religious practice have been linked to happiness.

6. Discover and use your strengths – People who have discovered and regularly use their unique strengths and virtues for a purpose greater than their own personal goals are happier.

7. Treasure gratitude, mindfulness and hope – Being optimistic, mindful and grateful results in grater positive emotion, a great sense of belonging and lower incidence of depression and stress.

Effects of being happy

Research has shown that happy people are more productive (Freitas, 2014) especially when they eat chocolate. Furthermore studies found that happy people have good health, they have lower levels of cortisol, lower blood pressure, lower ambulatory heart rate in men, and reduced neuroendocrine, inflammatory and cardiovascular activity (Scott, 2014). In healthy populations happiness appears to improve longevity (Frey, 2011), however it doesn’t in ill populations. Meaning that happiness can’t cure illness but it does protect against becoming ill (Veenhoven, 2008). Happiness has been

correlated with better health, both in individuals and communities (ABCNews, 27-03-2013). The same source states that happiness affects physical health by lowering stress-related hormones and improve

the immune function. However happiness has a dark side too it when experienced too intensely. While experiencing intense or overwhelming amounts of happiness ones creativity decreases. Furthermore research has shown that too much positive emotion and too few negative emotion decreases peoples flexibility to changes and challenges (Gruber, 2012). Gruber also states that pursuing happiness may actually make you unhappy as the more you try to grasp it the less you seem able to obtain it.

3.5 Starting a charity

Starting up a charity is a lot like starting a business but there are some aspects that need a different approach. There are some guidelines available on the internet that give a clear step to step

explanation on how to commence. On the website of Forbes, Steve Odland (2012) wrote an article about this subject, the steps he explained are as followed:

Develop a vision and mission > Create a name > Differentiate the charity > Write a plan > Register as NGO > Open a website > Raise funds > Establish an Advisory Board > Begin operations > Keep your spending efficient and be patient

Odland (2012) states that the most important thing is that you need to have a passion for what you’re doing. The chance that you will face difficulties is very high but the passion will put you trough. Joanne Fritz (7 tips for starting a non-profit) wrote some tips to follow while starting up a charity. These tips are as followed:

1. Do your research 2. Develop a business plan

3. Make sure that the organization will qualify as non profit 4. Be sure to take care of all legal requirements

5. Keep good records

6. Develop a fundraising plan 7. Build an effective board

Tip number 7 is one that is mentioned on all websites about starting up a charity. It is very important to have a board of people who have knowledge and experience in non-profit organizations including the financial aspects and fundraising. Furthermore it is advised to have an attorney which can provide you with all legal aspects that are related.

3.6 Non-profit organizations that support orphans

On Bali there is a charity that supports orphans by offering them surfing classes. The Soul Surf Project Bali educates up to 5 children per year to become surf instructors as a better chance of a future (onepercentclub.com). This education consists of surf theory and practice, surf yoga, English classes and private surfing instructions to prepare them for being a certified surf instructor. Besides this educational year they offer surf, swim and environmental awareness classes to children living in orphanages. Misión México is a family home for children that are abandoned, orphaned or neglected. When they got some boards donated the family home started to practice some surfing with the children, in the following years they got more donations and support and the Misión Surf México was created. With this concept they introduce surfing to disadvantaged children to improve their

confidence and a believe they can achieve anything they want (lovelifehope.com). The Odyssey surf school in Bali regularly supports orphanages with surf days (Odysseys facebook, surfersvillage), the surf school received support from the organization Surfer Girl to create a fun day in the waves with orphaned children. Indo Jax (2014) is a surf school in North-Carolina committed to empowering disadvantaged, medically fragile and special needs children by teaching them to surf and exposing

them to the ocean environment. They believe the ocean has healing properties and can build self-esteem in children with special needs. A non-profit organization that supports children with yoga is Karma Yoga Project (2014). Their main aim lies in Ethiopia where they use yoga to reduce stress en depression.

3.7 Fundraising

As non-profits are not operational to generate income their funding comes from outside sources. There are many different fundraising strategies for non-profit organizations. In some cases governments support non-profits either with money or essential social services such as housing, human services and education (Foster, Kim & Christiansen, 2009). Other nonprofits rely on major grants from few individuals or foundations and others focus on a cause that is of high importance of a community to generate high amounts of fundraising (Foster et al, 2009).

An article found on wikihow.com introduces several ways to successfully raise funds, it states that preparing before you start a fundraiser is of big importance to succeed. By defining you needs, the way of communication, developing a method to track the donations including donor information and getting volunteers involved you’re off for a great start. Covering legal issues is of big importance too, as you need to understand the tax regulations, track exchange of goods and services, acknowledge donors and get professional advice to cover all legal issues and rules about the law (Wikihow, 2014). Runforcharity.com has some great tips on fundraising, this is their top 5 for raising money offline:

1. Put up posters to promote the charity

2. Ask people in person for support as it is much more powerful than any other way.

3. Give up something you love for a day, a week or a month and get sponsored by friends and family to do so. For example give up your mobile phone, cookies or alcohol.

4. Contact local media and let them know what you are doing, they might mention you in the newspaper or on the local radio station.

5. Approach local businesses who might be of help and offer a hand in return.

Some ideas for fundraising events are marathons, tournaments, charity poker event, gala dinner or out of the box ideas (dojiggy.com, 2014). Successful tools for online fundraising are found in many different ways. One way is through crowdfunding sites, Forbes (2013) stated the top 10 to be as follows: 1. Kickstarter 2. Indiegogo 3. Crowdfunder 4. RocketHub 5. Crowdrise 6. Somolend 7. Appbackr 8. AngelList 9. Invested.in 10. Quirky

Other online fundraising tools to generate donations are Google Wallet & Google Grants, Razoo, Network for Good DonateNow Lite, PayPal and FirstGiving (Koenig, unknown).

3.8 Summary

The amount of orphans in Indonesia is very high due to poverty, abuse and other causes, this means that there are many orphanages to house them. There is not a lot of money to support these orphanages, this leads to insufficient care. In a lot of orphanages the children need to take care of themselves which leaves them no time for social activities. The absence of social activities can have major effects on the psychological state of mind of the children and even lead to depression. The practice of social activities effects the mental wellbeing and boosts self-esteem. Stress levels reduce and mood improves, these factors are contributing to the quality of life and life satisfaction of the children. Giving these orphans a place to enjoy fun activities will lead to a higher life satisfaction, happiness and quality of life. Being happy and satisfied with life has proven to have positive effects on the health and wellbeing of individuals, physical activity is a factor that contributes to this. Starting a charity that can offer this is a big procedure so following tips and advices given by experienced people is an advised. They propose important factors to think about such as what is the mission and vision of the charity, how will it be named and who will benefit from it. But most of all do it with passion. To ensure long term success for a charity a solid fundraising strategy is needed, this can be done online and offline to reach the highest number of donors.

4.

Methodology

This chapter explains the methods, approach, data collection, process and analysing of the research and its outcome.

4.1 Research methods

This research is a combination between deductive and inductive research approach. As the sub questions differ in nature and the method of research as does the approach to the questions. The research question and sub-questions are as follows:

 How can Escape Haven contribute to the needs of orphans in terms of social activities that can improve the quality of life & life satisfaction?

I. Which day activities are offered by orphanages in Bali and how satisfied are the orphans living there?

II. Do social activities effect the quality of life / life satisfaction of orphans and which are the most contributing?

III. How does the company envisions the execution of this project and what is the expected financial label?

IV. How will this project be financed, will the government support by funding or subsidies? To successfully answer these questions both qualitative and quantitative research techniques were used. The research methods that were executed during the research process are:

 Secondary data research  Interviews

 Survey

For some of the sub questions 2 research methods have been used to ensure the most valid result to the question.

Table 4.1 displays the research methods used per sub question.

Table 4.1: Methods and technique used per sub-question

S

Q

Method

Technique

Appendix

1

Multi Method

Qualitative interview

Quantitative survey - Happiness

1

2

2

Multi Method

Secondary data

Quantitative survey - Activities

3

4

3

Qualitative

Interviews

5

4

Qualitative

Secondary data

Interviews

-6

During the research there are 3 important units, being:

 Janine Hall: founder of Escape Haven and a charitable organization

 Orphanage supervisors: being the managers of the orphanages who can share their knowledge and experience of operations inside the orphanages.

 Orphans: the children that the organization will be created for.

4.2 Qualitative interview Escape Haven

The research has been initiated with an interview with the founder of Escape Haven who is initiator for a non-profit organization to support orphans in Bali. In this interview questions are asked about the motive to do this, and practical questions on what Escape Haven can offer, how it will be

financed, who will be cooperating and how it will effect Escape Haven. Throughout the research more questions have been asked on this subject and the answers have been merged in the transcripted interview. The data has been collected in a transcript of the interview and later clarification of the questions have been mixed in the answers. These answers have been analyzed by labelling the important words and sentences that are relevant for answering the question. The interview and transcripted result can be found in Appendix 4.

4.3 Secondary data research

Secondary data research has been conducted to partially answer sub question 2 and 4. To answer sub question 2 secondary data research has been done to find scientifically proven articles on effects of physical activity on children. Multiple sources have been consulted to ensure the reliability of the outcome. The strategy of the search has been using the following sentences:

Positive effects

Physical activity

By children

Benefits of

Sports

On youngsters

Influence

Yoga

Youth

Psychological effects

Surfing

teenagers

Wellbeing and

The focus was on the effects of yoga and surfing on children as these activities are highly likely to be offered as Escape Haven has the knowledge, expertise experience and supplies for these. This data has been collected in writing summaries of the found information. For answering sub-question 4 governmental Indonesian websites have been consulted to find out if the government supports charitable organizations with funding or subsidies. Websites that have been consulted are

www.indonesia.go.id/en and www.baliprov.go.id. No data has been collected nor analyzed for this as no information has been found.

4.4 Qualitative interviews with charities in Bali

The research continued with interviewing the founder of a non-profit organizations in South Bali, to get a better insight on the financial support from the government, to partially answer question 4. The interviews have been conducted according to a list of questions that you can find in Appendix 5. The organizations that have been interviewed are Soul Surf Project Bali and Bali Kids. The reason these organizations where interviewed is because they were willing to collaborate, other NPO’s like Bali Kids, Safe Childhoods Foundation and Sole Man have been contacted but were unable to arrange a meeting with. The purpose of these interviews was to obtain information on starting up and running a charitable organization in Bali, what are the challenges that come with it, will there be any support from the government and how the registration process works. The answers on these questions have been processed in written documents and can be found in Appendix 5.A and 5.B. The outcome of the interviews have been labeled to see similarities in answers, this ensures the validity and reliability of the outcome.

4.5 Qualitative interviews with orphanage supervisors

Qualitative interviews have been held with supervisors of the orphanages 1 and 2, these interviews can be found in Appendix 1, which will answer sub-question 1. The reason these orphanages are chosen is due to their fast initial email response and genuine interest in collaboration. Initially 5 other orphanages have been contacted but no response was received, even after reminders. During the interview questions have been asked regarding structure, operations and daily life of the orphanage, furthermore some more questions regarding the children have been asked such as age, school structure, free time and chores. The main aim of this interview was to acquire information on offered day activities and the operations of the orphanages. The interviews have been processed in

writing and analyzed by labeling relevant words and phrases that are contributing to answering the sub question essentially on physical activities. The transcripted interviews can be found in Appendix 1.A and 1.B.

4.6 Quantitative survey children

To partially answer sub-questions 1 and 2 a quantitative survey has been conducted amongst the children of the orphanages 1 and 2. The supervisors of these orphanages have selected the children that have filled in the surveys. Orphanage 1 had selected 38 children for the survey and orphanage 2 had selected 19 with a total research population of 57. Selecting the population for conducting this survey was out of the influence of the researcher. The aim of this survey was to find out the

happiness of the children and which activities they enjoy, this survey can be found at Appendix 2 and 3. The children of orphanage 2 eventually haven’t filled out the survey about their favourite activities as the supervisor pulled back from the possible collaboration. To examine the happiness Ofsted’s Children’s Happiness Scale (Ofsted, 2012) has been used. The reason this Happiness Measuring tool has been chosen is due to the fact that this Happiness Scale has been developed especially for consultation with children from care centres and children living in residential and boarding schools. In this questionnaire the children tick the boxes that are applicable to them. The scores next to these ticked statements are added and divided by the number of boxes ticked. The result shows their happiness, the outcome will be between 1.68 as the least happy to 4.25 as the happiest score possible (see table 4.2). To detect what the favourite activities of the children are a list with some common activities have been created. These activities have been displayed with pictures and smiley faces next to it to grade how much they like them. The scale is 1-7 where 1 was Super Fun! And 7 was Hate it!. To ensure the children knew what the activities where in the pictures the names of the activities were red out loud in Indonesian before filling out the survey. The data has been processed in google docs with an excel sheet and pivot tables have been created to show the results. These tables show the average outcome of happiness and in percentage how much they like each activity.

Table 4.2: Scores for measuring happiness by children according to Ofsted.

1.68 – 2.53

2.54 – 3.40

3.41 – 4.25

Unhappy

Neutral

Happy

4.7 Limitations of the research

There are some limitations that have appeared during the research. These thresholds are beyond the power of the researcher as the research is being conducted in a 3rd _{world country where the English}

language is not s generally mastered as in the western world. Some thresholds have been

collaboration with orphanage supervisors and this started with the initial contact. Only few responses have been received upon contacting orphanages for interviewing the supervisors, this can be a result of a language barrier. Another example of a langue barrier limitation is with conducting the surveys amongst the children. The researcher needed a translator to explain the children what the purpose is of the survey, how to fill it in and translate all the activities. Besides it being more time consuming the validity of the survey might be less trustworthy as it is not 100% guaranteed nothing got lost in translation. The researcher also has no influence on the population of the survey amongst the children as these kids cannot be forced to fill out a survey and it is ethically irresponsible to enforce this. Other questionable aspects is the reliability of the answers given by orphanage supervisors and the manager of Soul Surf Project Bali. The orphanage supervisor might positively twist the reality to mask poor living conditions of the children and the manager of Soul Surf Project Bali might hold back with truthful answers due to fear for competition.

5.

Results

The performed research has delivered the results that are described in this chapter.

5.1 Activities in orphanages

The activities offered by various orphanages differ as they have different accessibility to resources and have different ideas on the importance of physical, mental or creative activities. Orphanage 1 has an organized daily plan as shown in table 5.1, this planning is being respected from Monday to Saturday as Sundays are holidays.

Table 5.1: Daily schedule Orphanage 1

5:00 AM

Waking up

5:00 – 5:30 AM

Cleaning

5:30 – 6:00 AM

Shower

6:00 – 6:45 AM

Breakfast

6:45 AM

Go to school

1:00 – 2:00 PM

Lunch

2:00 – 2:30 PM

Cleaning

2:30 – 4:00 PM

Volunteer activity

4:00 – 5:00 PM

Reading time / homework

5:00 – 6:00 PM

Shower

6:00 – 7:30 PM

Dinner

7:30 PM

Clean up time

8:00 PM

Bed time 3 – 12 year olds

9:00 PM

Bed time 12 – 19 year olds

The volunteer activities that take place every afternoon differ per volunteer. Orphanage 1

collaborates with 10 volunteers who change frequently. Volunteers need to create their own activity program to offer the children. Table 5.2 shows the activities that have been offered in the past by volunteers and activities that are always available for the children in their free time.

Table 5.2: Activities that have been offered in the orphanage 1

ARRANGED BY VOLUNTEERS

ALWAYS AVAILABLE

Handicraft

Colouring

Painting

Reading

Jewellery making

Football

Yoga

Basketball

Swimming

Jump rope

Surfing

Singing

Music classes

Capoeira

Day trips (to the beach)

Orphanage 2 also operates according to a daily plan (as shown in table 5.3) even though it is less structured than the planning of orphanage 1.

Table 5.3: Day planning orphanage 2

Waking up

Breakfast

School

Lunch

Cleaning

Cooking

Dinner

Free time

Bed time

The planning shows that there is no attention to any type of social activities but in the free time the children are able to play and do sports. The orphanage has a small play garden that can be used by the children. Other activities that are available for the children are shown in table 5.4.

Table 5.4: Activities in orphanage 2

Painting

Music

Dance

Play garden

Weight lifting

5.2 Happiness of children

The outcome of both orphanage 1 and 2 was almost similar. The average outcome of orphanage 1 came on 3.18 and orphanage 2 showed a result of 3.17. According to the scale of Ofsted both orphanages scored Neutral on the scale. Table 5.5 displays the possible obtainable scores for the happiness measurement. The results of this survey show that the children surveyed in both the orphanages are neither Happy nor Unhappy.

Table 5.5: Scores for measuring happiness by children according to Ofsted.

1.68 – 2.53

2.54 – 3.40

3.41 – 4.25

Unhappy

Neutral

Happy

5.3 Effects of social activities by children

Being actively involved in physical activity and moderate to high intensity activities movement has significant benefits on the mental state of mind (Allender, Cowbum & Foster, 2006). Effects that consistently emerged during the research were that physical activity increases the self-esteem and self-concept, this applies for children as well as for adults (Strauss, Rodzilsky, Burack & Colin, 2001). Other returning effects on physical activity by children were decrease of anxiety and depression (Sallis, Prochaska, Taylor, 1999). Young children and teen agers can be withdrawn from participating in physical activities because of boundaries such as group are competitive sports, highly structured activities, negative experiences at school, peer pressure, identity conflict, PE uniforms and lack of teacher support. To motivate the same age group into participating in physical activities are experimenting with new and unusual activities, also support from parents, being in a safe

environment and getting support from family and peers are motivating children and teenagers into participating in physical activity. For teenagers improving their body shape and managing their weight are triggers for engaging in activities.

Yoga

According to researches done between 2008 and 2010 yoga had proven to have positive effect on the mental wellbeing of children (Nayar, 2012). Children who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorders, ADHD and anxiety have shown to benefit from regular yoga practice such as better stress coping abilities, positive behaviour patterns and increased self-esteem and confidence (Galantino, Galbavy

and Quinn, 2008). Regular yoga practice by children improves attention, concentration, spatial memory and higher mental functions which have a positive effect on learning abilities (Nayar, 2012). Table 5.6 gives an overview of all positive effects yoga have on children and on children with mental challenges.

Table 5.6: effects of yoga practice on (mentally challenged) children

Mentally stable children

Mentally challenged children

Improved hand steadiness

Improved stress coping abilities

Better attention

Positive behavioral patterns

Better concentration

Increased self-esteem

Improved spatial memory

Increased confidence

Improved performance in strategic

planning

Improved mental ability

Improved selective attention

Better motor coordination

Improved sustained attention

Better social skills

Decreases stress

Decreases anxiety

Lessens hyperactivity

Research has shown that yoga is a multitasking modality that simultaneously treats physical impairments and psychological issues.

Surf

The positive effects of surfing aren’t merely a result of the physical activity but also because the sport is practiced outdoors in the ocean. Being in the nature has shown to have positive emotional, physical and mental effect (HealthFitnessRevolution) as well as salt sea water (DailyMail), the psychological effects of being outdoors and in the sea are shown in Table 5.7.

Table 5.7: Effects on mental wellbeing of nature and sea / salt water

Nature

Sea / salt water

Sense of calmness

Improves relaxation

Improved relaxation

Lowers blood pressure

Decreased blood pressure

Increased energy

Greater revitalization

Less depression

Less anger

ADHD decrease

Enhances brain connectivity

More efficient focus

Thus surfing already has positive effects on mental wellbeing even before the actual physical activity. The sport surfing has shown to increase tranquillity and relaxation while decreasing fatigue

(Pittsinger, 2009). Another outcome of similar research showed that surfing can be used as therapy by children to improve their mental wellbeing (Huffington post, 2013). In this case the participants shown to be less shy and more confident to make friends after regularly practicing surfing. On top of these findings surfing improves performance on school by children. Overall surfing has a positive effect on the wellbeing and self-worth of kids.

5.4 Favourite activities

To clarify how much the children from orphanage 1 enjoy each activity a table (table 5.8) was created to give a clear overview. This table displays per activity how much the children like it.

Table 5.8: Grading of activities by kids, displayed in numbers

Super fun! Like it a lot Like Neutral Disslike

Don't like

it at all Hate it!

Swimming 19 6 7 5 0 0 0 Surfing 17 4 13 1 2 0 0 Soccer 22 6 5 3 1 0 0 Basketball 8 5 12 8 2 0 2 Gymnastics 2 2 4 11 6 2 10 Yoga 8 8 7 8 2 0 2 Bicycling 17 11 8 1 0 0 0 Baseball 1 7 11 9 5 1 3 Archery 15 6 9 7 0 0 0 Volleyball 9 7 8 8 2 3 0 Tennis 3 6 9 12 3 1 3 Skating 7 8 8 6 5 2 1 Martial arts 15 7 11 2 1 0 1 Jump rope 6 7 12 10 1 0 1

This table shows the following top 5 according to the activities who got the most ‘Super fun!’ votes: 1. Soccer (22)

2. Swimming (19) 3. Surfing / Bicycling (17) 4. Archery / Martial arts (15) 5. Volleyball (9)

To following charts show the favourite activities of the children from orphanage 1. The charts display the activity that got the most votes for ‘Super fun!’ (chart 5.1), the activity which is liked the most on average by the children of orphanage 1.

59.46% 16.22% 13.51% 8.11% 2.70%

Soccer

As chart 5.1 displays 59% of the children of orphanage 1 voted ‘Super Fun!’ for practicing soccer. Followed by 16% of the children who like it a lot and another 14% who like soccer. 8% of the children don’t have an opinion about playing soccer and 3% dislike it.

45.95% 29.73% 21.62% 2.70%

Bicycling

Chart 5.1: Most popular on average

Bicycling is voted the most popular on average as it did not receive any negative votes and 97% of the children from orphanage 1 like, like it a lot or think it’s Super fun!

The top 5 of most popular activities on average is: 1. Bicycling (12)

2. Surfing (11,3)

3. Soccer / martial arts(11) 4. Swimming (10,7) 5. Archery (10)

5.5 Possible execution and financial label for charity

The initiative to create a charity comes from Janine Hall, the founder of Escape Haven, with the aim to create futures for children living in orphanages in Bali. Her motivation comes from being an orphan herself but having received the blessing of adoption parents who made it possible for her to have a prosperous life. She is determined to do the same for the orphans in Bali by offering them the joys of the activities that are offered in Escape Haven being yoga and surfing. The reason Janine Hall wants to offer these activities to the children is because she has seen the positive effects of the sports in the past 5 years of operations with Escape Haven. Another reason to offer these specific activities is because there is easy access to the necessary supplies and experts which can be used and consulted as long as it is not interrupting the retreats. Therefor it is impossible to offer the activities at the retreat. Besides offering physical activities Janine Hall wants to address the educational aspect by offering the children English classes. To execute these she connected with Perdana Scholastica who runs EduCare an English education program and he would love to be involved with the charity project. She also wants to include a team building camp to lower anxieties of children and teach them about values which Scholastica also can provide. She aims to have the charity to stand alone without any support from Escape Haven in the future as the ultimate goal is to realize a micro industry to exclude the need for orphanages in Bali, as most children living there have parents who just can’t afford to take care of them. Orphanages should be selected on the criteria that they are in desperate need of support and would genuinely appreciate the help. To find these orphanages the government can be contacted for more information. The financial label for the charity will depend on the

that will be supported. The costs per English class are Rp200,000 for 3 hours, price per child for the camp is Rp1,050,000 and Rp3,000,000 per month for the salary of Scholastica.

5.6 Financial strategy

The Indonesian or Balinese government does not support charitable and Non Profit Organizations. The charity shall initially be financed on own expenses by Janine Hall. From the moment of being operational 5% of Escape Haven’s profit shall be donated to the charity, all profit made from the Escape Haven shall be donated to the charity, this is expected to be $600 per week. Furthermore fundraising events shall be organized, partners will be approached to ask for support and online donations will be available on the website. The expected amount of financial income for the coming 3 years which Janine anticipates is demonstrated in chart 5.3.

2014 2015 2016 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 Online Offline Events

6.

Discussion

The found results during the research are compared to the results of the previous conducted research which are named in the theoretical framework. The differences and similarities are discussed per sub-question.

6.1 Balinese orphanages

As been found in previous research and stated in the theoretical framework and supported by orphanage supervisors, most children living in orphanages or child care homes still have either 1 or both of their parents (Sunusi, Byrne & Rotigliano, 2007). According to the research done on location this statement is correct and for orphanage 1 this counts for approximately 80% of the children living there. The theoretical framework states that the children are put in these care organizations due to financial, social or safety problems (Sunusi et al, 2007), but according to the research done the main reason for putting children in orphanages in Bali is due to financial difficulties of the parents. The theoretical framework states that the main focus in Balinese orphanages is on education while emotional, social and personal developing aspects are overlooked (Patten, Wiliams, Lavorato, Bulloch, 2013). This statement is not accurate for orphanage 1 where the children are motivated to participate in social activities such as crafts, music, games and sports. Some of the volunteers who come to the orphanage are interns from University studies focused on social work, this means that they know how to take care of children on social and developmental level. Orphanage 1 has 10 volunteers collaborating in daily activities and operations at any time which leads to sufficient care per child thus they don’t have to take care of each other, which has been stated in the contrary in the theoretical framework (Sunusi et. Al, 2009). Unfortunately orphanage2 has a different approach on taking care of the children. It seems that the statement that the main focus is on education rather than social and emotional development is accurate for this institution. The supervisor of the orphanage couldn’t really tell what activities were available for the children living there, he did mention children have access to music and painting but there was no sign of supplies that would enable practicing these activities. The supervisor of orphanage 2 also explained that older children are paired with younger ones while doing tasks and chores around the orphanage, this can be seen as an inadequate number of staff to take care of the children. On the other hand it can be seen as a learning process for the children to explain work processes and it can create strong relationships amongst the children. In neither of the orphanages there was a clear sign of abused children, none of the children had visible bruises or injuries. But in orphanage 2 the children were very calm only acting when they got approval from the supervisor. In the 2 visits to the orphanage only few children where in the social area while there should be 70 children living there. This seemed a bit strange as children are known for being playful and noisy. Therefor it seems that the orphanage supervisor has a high power distance regarding the children, thus the children don’t feel free (or are not free) to play around and be kids. This is as stated in the theoretical framework not comparable to a normal parental

relationship (Wanat, Whisnant, Reicherter, Solvason, Juul, Penrose & Koopman). Regarding helping with chores in and around the orphanages it seems normal to help in moderation, in normal households children are asked by their parents to help with the dishes and clean up their mess as well. But the time invested in doing chores should leave sufficient free time for themselves and enjoyment. This doesn’t seem to be happening at orphanage 2 but due to inadequate time on location this is not certain. Luckily the theoretical framework statement that all children receive education is true and all children receive English classes even though the level of these classes are questionable seeing the level of English the children actually speak. Another aspect stated in the theoretical framework that is proven to be true is that the children receive 3 meals per day (Sanusi et