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Ethics in practice: responding to an evolving problematic situation of nanotechnology in society.

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(2)   . Ethics in practice: responding to an evolving problematic situation of nanotechnology in society. Žƒ”‡Š‡ŽŽ‡›Ǧ‰ƒ.

(3) Graduation committee:. . Šƒ‹”ǣ ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ǣ  ”‘‘–‘”ǣ  ••‹•–ƒ–’”‘‘–‘”ǣ  ‡ˆ‡”‡‡•ǣ     ‡„‡”•ǣ   . ’”‘ˆǤ†”ǤǤ Ǥ ǤǤ˜ƒ‘‘ ’”‘ˆǤ†”ǤǤ Ǥ ǤǤ˜ƒ‘‘  ’”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ Ǥ‹’ †”ǤǤ‹”‡Œ œ›  †”ǤǤ ‹•Š‡” †”ǤǤ˜‘ Š‘„‡”‰  ’”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ‹”ǤǤǤǤ ‹•• Š‡” ’”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ Ǥ ǤǤ–‡‘Ž†‡”.  . ’”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ•ŒǤ™‹‡”•–”ƒ †”Ǥ‹”Ǥ

(4) ǤǤ˜ƒ†‡‘‡Ž. ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ™‡–‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ™‡–‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ™‡–‡ ”‹œ‘ƒ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–› —”‘’‡ƒ‘‹••‹‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ™‡–‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ™‡–‡Ȁƒ‰‡‹‰‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒƒ•–”‹ Š– ‡ Š‹• Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–‡‹– ‡Žˆ–.    Š‹• –Š‡•‹• ™ƒ• ’”‹–‡† ™‹–Š ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•. ”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ǡ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‘†‡”—Ž–—”‡ȋȌƒ† –Š‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ  ‹‡ ‡ǡ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ‘Ž‹ › –—†‹‡• ȋ‡Ȍǡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ™‡–‡Ǥ Š‡ˆ”‘– ‘˜‡”†‡•‹‰™ƒ•†‘™Ž‘ƒ†‡†ˆ”‘•–‘ Ǥš Š‰ȋ™™™Ǥ•š ǤŠ—Ȍ ˆ”‡‡ ‘Ž‹‡ ‹ƒ‰‡ ”‡’‘•‹–‘”› ƒ† ‹• —•‡† ‹ ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡ Ž‹ ‡ ‡ƒ‰”‡‡‡–’‡”‹––‹‰‹–•”‘›ƒŽ–›ˆ”‡‡—•‡‹’”‹–‡†’”‘‘–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† „‘‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡ ™ƒ• —’Ž‘ƒ†‡† „› ”‘”‡̴† ȋ”‡ƒŽ ƒ‡ Š‹††‡Ȍƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡†”‘›ƒŽ–›ˆ”‡‡–‘•–‘ Ǥš Š‰Ǥ Š‡ ‘˜‡”™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ‡–‡”ƒ‡”‡ŽǤ  ”‹–‡†„›

(5) ’•ƒ’”—‡”•ǡ• Š‡†‡  ̹Žƒ”‡Š‡ŽŽ‡›Ǧ‰ƒǡʹͲͳͳ.

(6) .  

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(9) ǣ

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(16)    . 

(17) 

(18)    –‘‘„–ƒ‹ –Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ†‘ –‘”ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ™‡–‡ǡ ‘–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ –‘”ƒ‰‹ˆ‹ —•ǡ ’”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ Ǥ”‹•ƒǡ ‘ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‹‘ ‘‹––‡‡ǡ –‘„‡’—„Ž‹ Ž›†‡ˆ‡†‡† ‘ ”‹†ƒ›ͳ͵–Šƒ›ʹͲͳͳƒ–ͳʹǣͶͷ  „›   Žƒ”‡Š‡ŽŽ‡›Ǧ‰ƒ   „‘”‘ʹͻ–Š’”‹Žǡͳͻͺʹ ‹‘”ǡ

(19) ”‡Žƒ†     .

(20) Š‹•†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ’’”‘˜‡†„›–Š‡’”‘‘–‘”’”‘ˆǤ†”Ǥ”‹‡‹’ ƒ†–Š‡ƒ••‹•–ƒ–’”‘‘–‘”†”ǤǤ‹”‡Œ œ›Ǥ .

(21) Acknowledgements Š‹• –Š‡•‹• ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ‡˜‡” •‡‡ –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ †ƒ› ™‡”‡ ‹– ‘– ˆ‘” –Š‡ •—’’‘”–ƒ†‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ—‡”‘—•’‡‘’Ž‡‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–ˆ‘—”ƒ†ƒ ŠƒŽˆ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

(22) –‹•ƒ’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡–‘ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†–Šƒ–Š‘•‡™Š‘ƒ†‡–Š‹• –Š‡•‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ

(23) ‘™‡›†‡‡’‡•–‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡–‘›•—’‡”˜‹•‘”ƒ†‡–‘”ǡ”‹‡‹’Ǥ•ƒ ƒ•–‡” ”ƒˆ–•ƒǡ”‹‡‰—‹†‡†–Š‹•ƒ’’”‡–‹ ‡‹–Š‡ ”ƒˆ–‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ

(24)  †‘‹‰ •‘ǡ Š‡ ™ƒ• —•–‹–‹‰ ‹ Š‹• •—’’‘”– ƒ† ‘•– ‰‡‡”‘—• ™‹–Š Š‹• –‹‡ƒ†™‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ

(25) Šƒ˜‡‡Œ‘›‡†”‹‡ǯ•™‹––‹ ‹••ƒ†ƒ —–‡ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ƒŽ™ƒ›• Ž‘‘‡† ˆ‘”™ƒ”† –‘ ‘—” –”ƒ˜‡Ž• –‘‰‡–Š‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡  ’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ  ”‹‡ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒ ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ ›‘—” ƒ› aio’s.

(26)  ƒ ˜‡”› ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž –‘ ƒ”–ƒ ‹”‡Œ œ›ǡ › •‡ ‘† •—’‡”˜‹•‘”ǡ ™Š‘•‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ‡›‡ ƒ† ‘•–”— –‹˜‡ ”‹–‹ ‹• ‰”‡ƒ–Ž› ‡”‹ Š‡† › –Š‹‹‰ ƒ† ™”‹–‹‰Ǥƒ”–ƒǯ••—’’‘”–‹–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ‘–Š•ƒ†™‡‡•‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡–‹‰–Š‹• –Š‡•‹• ‹• ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡†Ǥ ƒ”–ƒǡ

(27)  ƒ ˜‡”› ‰Žƒ† ›‘— Œ‘‹‡† –Š‡ Ǯ–‡ƒǯǤ Š‹•–Š‡•‹•™ƒ•„‘”‡‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ‹™Š‹ Š

(28) ™ƒ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‡–‡ ’ƒ”–‡” –‡ƒ ˆ‘” ƒ ‡Œ‘›ƒ„Ž‡ –Š”‡‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

(29)  ™ƒ• ˜‡”› ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ† –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ™‘” ™‹–Š ‰”‡ƒ– • Š‘Žƒ”• ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ †‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• ƒ† –‘ „‡‡ˆ‹– ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡š’‡”–‹•‡ ƒ† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ

(30) †‡‡†

(31)  ™‹•Š –‘ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Š‡‹” ‹’—– ‹–‘ –Š‹• ™‘”Ǥ

(32)  ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ””‘ˆǤŽˆ”‡†‘”†ƒˆ‘”‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ ‡–‘’—”•—‡›‹–‡”‡•–‹• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ’”‘‹•‹‰ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‹–Šƒ†„‡‡ ’—–‘–Š‡„ƒ Ǧ„—”‡”Ǥ‘”‹ƒƒƒ†ƒ”ƒŠǡ

(33) ”‡ƒŽŽ›‡Œ‘›‡†‘—”–‹‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ•Œ—‹‘””‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•ƒ†

(34) Ž‘‘ˆ‘”™ƒ”†–‘•‡‡‹‰›‘—ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ– ˆ—–—”‡ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡•Ǩ

(35) ƒ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž–‘•ŒƒŽŽ‹‰™‹‡”•–”ƒˆ‘”Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž†‹• —••‹‘•ƒ„‘—–‡–Š‹ •Ǥ

(36)  ™‘—Ž† Ž‹‡ –‘ –Šƒ –Š‡ ‡ ‰”‘—’ ˆ‘” ƒ •–‹—Žƒ–‹‰ ™‘” ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ

(37)  ™‘—Ž† Ž‹‡ –‘ –Šƒ ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‡ŽŽ› —†•Š‘‘” ƒ† ‹••ƒ‘„‡”–•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‹–‡”‡•–‹›™‘”ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ ƒ›–Šƒ•–‘–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡•–ƒˆˆƒ–‡Ǧ˜‡Ž‹‡‹‡–„‡”‰ǡ ‹Ž†‡ ‡‹Œ‡” ƒ† ƒ”Œƒ––ƒ ‡’’ƒ‹‡ Ǧ ˆ‘” –Š‡ •—’’‘”– ƒ† ’ƒ–‹‡ ‡ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ ‡Ǥ ˜‡Ž‹‡ǡ ›‘—ǯ”‡ ƒ •–ƒ”Ǩ

(38)  ƒ ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž –‘ › ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™ ‹.

(39) Š•–—†‡–•ƒ––Š‡†‡’ƒ”–‡–ˆ‘”•Šƒ”‹‰‹–Š‡–”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†–”‹„—Žƒ–‹‘• ȋ‘–ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰–Š‡‰‘‘†–‹‡•ǨȌ‘ˆ–Š‹•‰”‡ƒ–Šƒ†˜‡–—”‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ ˆ‡™ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ ™Š‘

(40)  •Š‘—Ž† ‰‹˜‡ ƒ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‡–‹‘Ǥ ‘ › ”‘‘ƒ–‡• ƒ”Œ‘ǡ –‡ˆƒǡ ƒ‹ ‘ǡ ‘—‹• ƒ†

(41) ‰ƒ Ȃ het was gezellig! ‘ ƒ„”‹ƒǡ ˆ‘” ƒ‹‰‘—”–”‹’–‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘‡˜‡‘”‡ˆ—Ǩ ‹•‡ǡ‘—”†ƒ‹Ž›Ž— Š‡• ƒ† Šƒ–• ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›ƒ†‡–Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›Ǯ•Ž‘‰ǯ‘”‡‡Œ‘›ƒ„Ž‡Ǩ

(42)  ™‘—Ž† Ž‹‡ –‘ –Šƒ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ ƒ‘‡† ˆ‘” •–‹—Žƒ–‹‰ ƒ† ‡Œ‘›ƒ„Ž‡ †‹• —••‹‘• ƒ„‘—– ƒŽŽ –Š‹‰• ƒ‘Ǥ ’‡ ‹ƒŽ –Šƒ• –‘ › ƒ‘ Ǯ ‘Ǧ ‘•’‹”ƒ–‘”•ǯ  ƒ‹ ‘ –‡ —Ž˜‡ǡ ‘—‰ ‘„‹•‘ǡ ”ƒ ˜ƒ †‡” ‘•–ǡ ƒ”–‹ —‹˜‡ƒ’ǡ ‘––‡ ”ƒ„„‡„‘”‰ǡ Ž‹”‡œƒ ƒ”ƒ†‹ƒ ƒ† ƒ”Ž‘‡• ˜ƒ ‡”‘Ǥ Šƒ ›‘— ƒŽ•‘ –‘ ‡†‡”‹ ƒ — ‹˜‡”‘ǡ ˆ‘” ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ †‹• —••‹‘•ƒ„‘—–‘—””‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†ˆ‘”•Šƒ”‹‰‹–Š‡Ǯ‰”‘™‹‰’ƒ‹•ǯ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ƒ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”Ǧ‹Ǧ–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ

(43)  ™‘—Ž† Ž‹‡ –‘ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Š‡  ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ • Š‘‘Ž ƒ† ‹–• ”‘Ž‡ ‹ „”‘ƒ†‡‹‰ ƒ† ‡”‹ Š‹‰ › Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ Šƒ• ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” –‘ ƒŽŽ› ›ƒ––ǡ Ž• ‘‡• ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‡ ƒŽˆˆƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‰—‹†ƒ ‡ ƒ† ‡–Š—•‹ƒ•Ǥ

(44)  ƒ ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡•• –‘ •Šƒ”‡ –Š‡‹” ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡™‹–Š‡Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ

(45)  ™‘—Ž† Ž‹‡ –‘ ‡š’”‡•• › Š‡ƒ”–ˆ‡Ž– ‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡ –‘ ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ† ˆ”‹‡†•ǡ™Š‘Šƒ˜‡•–— ™‹–Š‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‹ ƒ†–Š‹Ǥ

(46)  Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡ •‘‡ ™‘†‡”ˆ—Ž ˆ”‹‡†• ™Š‘ Š‡Ž’‡† ‡ –‘ ‡• ƒ’‡ –Š‡ ‘•–ƒ– Ǯ ƒŽŽ‹‰ǯ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š †—”‹‰ › –‹‡ Š‡”‡ ‹ • Š‡†‡Ǥ ’‡ ‹ƒŽ –Šƒ•–‘ ”ƒǡ™Š‘Š‡Ž’‡†‡•‡––Ž‡‹–‘›—– ŠŽ‹ˆ‡Ǣ–‘‘‘‘•ǡˆ‘” ”‡‹†‹‰‡–‘–ƒ‡›Š‡ƒ†‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡„‘‘•‡˜‡”›‘™ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǣƒ† –‘‡–‡”ƒ†‘‹‡ǡ™Š‘™‡”‡‰”‡ƒ– ‘’ƒ›Dz‘dz–Š‡Dz™‡‡endsdzǤ

(47)  ™‘—Ž† Ž‹‡ –‘ –Šƒ › „”‘–Š‡” ‡ž ȋDz ‘‘Žǡ ‘‘ŽdzȌ ˆ‘” Š‹• •—’’‘”–ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ™”‹–‹‰Ǥ ‡•ǡ mo chroí, ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ › ”‘  ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•– ˆ‡™ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

(48)  ƒ •‘ –Šƒˆ—Ž –‘ ›‘— ˆ‘” ›‘—” –‹”‡Ž‡•• ’ƒ–‹‡ ‡ ƒ† •—’’‘”– ƒ† ›‘—” —ˆƒŽ–‡”‹‰„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹‡Ǥ

(49) Ž‘‘ˆ‘”™ƒ”†–‘‘—”‡š–ƒ†˜‡–—”‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǥ Š‹• „‘‘ ‹• †‡†‹ ƒ–‡† –‘ › ’ƒ”‡–•ǡ ™Š‘•‡ Ž‘˜‡ǡ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ† •—’’‘”–Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ™ƒ›••—•–ƒ‹‡†‡Ǥ ‹‹.

(50) Table of Contents 1. Introduction. ͳ. ͳǤͳ ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–‡–Š‹ •ƒ†‡™ƒ†‡‡”‰‹‰• ‹‡ ‡ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ͳǤʹ Š‡Ǯ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǯ ͳǤ͵ ‡•’‘•‡•–‘‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǣƒ—Ž–‹ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ͳǤͶ —–Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•. ͸ ͻ ͳͲ.  .  .  . 2. Literature and research design. ͳ͵ ͳ͵ ͳͺ ʹͷ ͵͵ ͵ͻ.  .  . 3. The ‘problematic situation’ constituted by the call for increased accountability/responsibility: findings with scientists.   . ʹǤͳ ʹǤʹ ʹǤ͵ ʹǤͶ ʹǤͷ. –Š‹ • Š‡‘”ƒŽ•–ƒ ‡•‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹•–• Š‡‘”ƒŽ•–ƒ ‡•‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–• ƒ›‡–Š‹ •ƒ†‘–Š‡” ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‡•‡ƒ” Š‡•‹‰ƒ†‡–Š‘†•. Ͷ. ͵Ǥͳ

(51) –”‘†— –‹‘ ͵Ǥʹ Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•–ƒ†ƒ”†”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡•‹–Š‡Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ȁ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ͵Ǥ͵ Š‡Ǯ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǯ ‘•–‹–—–‡†„›–Š‡ ƒŽŽˆ‘” ‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ȁ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‹‘‰‘‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ͵ǤͶ

(52) ‘ Ž—•‹‘. Ͷ͵ Ͷ͸. ͷͻ.  .  .  . 4. Nanotechnology as an occasion for business to explore responsible development. . ͷ͵. ͶǤͳ

(53) –”‘†— –‹‘ǣ–Š‡’”‡•‡–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡Ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǯ‘ˆƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ͶǤʹ ‡•‡ƒ” Š†‡•‹‰ƒ†‡–Š‘†• ͶǤ͵ ‹†‹‰• ͶǤͶ ƒŽ›•‹•ƒ†‘ Ž—•‹‘•. ͸͹ ͸ͻ ͺͲ. . . . 5. Taking stock and a forward view. ͷǤͳ ͷǤʹ ͷǤ͵ ͷǤͶ.

(54) –”‘†— –‹‘ ‘‘‹‰„ƒ ǣ–ƒ‹‰•–‘  ‘‘‹‰ˆ‘”™ƒ”† —‹Ž†‹‰„Ž‘ •ˆ‘”•‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ‘”‡†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹“—‹”› ‹‹‹. ͸͵.  ͺͷ ͺͷ ͺ͹ ͺͻ.

(55)  .  . 6. The ambivalence of promising technology.   . ͸Ǥͳ ͸Ǥʹ ͸Ǥ͵ ͸ǤͶ . „‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡•‘ˆ’”‘‹•‹‰ ‘•‹–‹‘•‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–• †‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ„‘—”

(56) ‘ Ž—•‹‘ ††‡†—. ͻͳ ͻͷ ͻͻ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͳ.  .  .  . 7. From enhancing reflexivity to stimulating articulation of reflexivity. ͹Ǥͳ ͹Ǥʹ ͹Ǥ͵ ͹ǤͶ.

(57) –”‘†— –‹‘. ‡‡”ƒŽ‹••—‡•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‹–› Šƒ ‹‰”‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‹–›ƒ†ƒ‰‡ › ‡•‹‰ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡š‡” ‹•‡–‘•–‹—Žƒ–‡–Š‡ ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‹–› ͹Ǥͷ ‘ Ž—•‹‘•ƒ†‹• —••‹‘  .  . 8. Division of moral labour. ͺǤͳ ͺǤʹ ͺǤ͵ ͺǤͶ ͺǤͷ.

(58) –”‘†— –‹‘ ‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ„‘—”ˆ‘”• ‹‡ ‡‹•‘ ‹‡–› ‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ„‘—”ˆ‘”‹†—•–”› ‹ƒ‰‘•‹‰–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰Ȁ‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ„‘—” ’‡‹‰—’‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ‡Ǧˆ‘”Ǧ‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰ †‹˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ„‘—” ͺǤ͸

(59) ‘ Ž—•‹‘. ͳͲ͵ ͳͲ͸ ͳͲͻ ͳͳͷ ͳͳͻ.  . ͳʹ͵ ͳʹͶ ͳʹ͹ ͳʹͻ ͳ͵ͳ ͳ͵͵.   9 ͻǤͳ ͻǤʹ ͻǤ͵. Conclusion and Discussion

(60) –”‘†— –‹‘ Š‡•–‘”›•‘ˆƒ” —–—”‡•–‘”›Ž‹‡•ǫ.  ͳ͵͹ ͳ͵ͻ ͳͶ͵.   .  .  .     . References. ͳͶ͹.  . . Appendix. ͳͷͻ.  .  . Summary. ͳ͸ͳ. ‹˜.

(61) 1. Introduction.   Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ‡™ƒ†‡‡”‰‹‰• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ȋȌ •— Š ƒ• ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ’‘•‡• ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ‹–”‘†— ‡•‘˜‡Ž–›ƒ†— ‡”–ƒ‹–›Ǥƒ”‹‘—•ƒ –‘”•ƒ”‡ˆƒ ‡†™‹–ŠŠ‘™–‘ ”‡•’‘† –‘ –Š‹• ‘˜‡Ž–› ƒ† — ‡”–ƒ‹–›Ǥ ‡•’‘•‡• –‘ –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡Ž–› ™‹ŽŽ ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› –ƒ‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ Ǯ–”‹‡† ƒ† –‡•–‡†ǯ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• –‘ ’”‡˜‹‘—• ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ™Š‡ ‘ ‡” ‡‡”‰‡† ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ† •ƒˆ‡–› ”‹•• ‘ˆ ƒ‘’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ ‘ˆ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› ƒ –‘”• ™ƒ• –‘ ˆƒŽŽ „ƒ  ‘ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š ‡™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ––Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡ǡ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘‡™ƒ†‡‡”‰‹‰ • ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› –ƒ‡ –Š‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹  ’ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™‡”‡ ’Žƒ›‡† ‘—– ‹ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ™‹–Š ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ȋ™‹‡”•–”ƒƬ‹’ǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ . – –Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽȀ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ Ž‡˜‡Žǡ Dz‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ‹””‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›dz ‹• ƒ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ ‘˜‡Ž–› „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ƒ† ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ•– ƒ› ‘– „‡ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡™ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Dz”‰ƒ‹œ‡†‹””‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›dz‹•ƒ‡›ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‡ ǯ•ȋͳͻͻͷȌ†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•‘ˆ ”‹••‘ ‹‡–›ǢŽƒ–‡‘†‡”•‘ ‹‡–›ƒŽŽ‘™•• ‹‡–‹•–•ǡ‡‰‹‡‡”•ƒ†‹†—•–”› –‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ†‹–”‘†— ‡ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡ –‹‡‹–Žƒ •–Š‡‡ƒ•–‘Š‘Ž†ƒ›‘‡ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•‹•‘– ‡ƒ•›–‘†‘„‡ ƒ—•‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–• ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡ –Š‡™‘”‘ˆƒ›ƒ –‘”•ƒ†–Š‡‘—– ‘‡†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡‹”‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡‘—– ‘‡‘ —”•ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž‡˜‡Žǡˆ‘”™Š‹ Š‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ –‘” ƒ„‡Š‡Ž†”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ȋ‘ Š‘„‡”‰ǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤŠ‹Ž‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹‰Š– ƒ – ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž›ǡ •— Š ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‡‡† ‘– ƒ†† —’ –‘ ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ‘—– ‘‡• ƒ– –Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ

(62)  ‘”†‡” –‘ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ Dz‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ‹””‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›dzǡ ‘‰‘‹‰ ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘ —”• ȋ‡”šǡ ʹͲͲͺȌ „—– –Š‹• ƒ‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‡‡’ ’ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š ‘‰‘‹‰ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡•‹• ‹‡ ‡ǡ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‹†—•–”›Ǥ 

(63)  ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ Ǯ‘”‰ƒ‹•‹‰ǯ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹ †‹• ‘—”•‡ ‘ –Š‡ Ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǯ ‘ˆ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ȋ‹’ Ƭ Š‡ŽŽ‡›Ǧ‰ƒǡ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ Š‹• †‹• ‘—”•‡‘Ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǯ‹••–”‹‹‰ƒ•‹– ‘’”‹•‡•ƒ‘˜‡Ž ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž–› ƒ† — ‡”–ƒ‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ– –Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ  – ’”‡•‡–ǡ Ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǯ ‹• ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ƒ ’‘Ž‹ › †‹• ‘—”•‡ ƒ† ‹• ƒ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ‡Ž‡‡– ‘ˆ —””‡– †‡„ƒ–‡ ‘ ƒ‘’‘Ž‹ ›ȋ ‡””ƒ”‹ǡʹͲͳͲȌ. Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆǮ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǯŠƒ• „‡‡ ‡š–‡†‡† –‘ Ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǯ ȋ‘„‹•‘ǡ ʹͲͳͲȌ ƒ• ‹ –Š‡  ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ‘†— – ˆ‘” ‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ƒ‘• ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ͳ.

(64) ‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤͳ Š‡ ‘†‡ Dzƒ••‹‰• ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• –‘ ƒ –‘”• „‡›‘† ‰‘˜‡”‡–•ǡƒ†’”‘‘–‡•–Š‡•‡ƒ –‘”•ǯƒ –‹˜‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ „ƒ †”‘’‘ˆƒ•‡–‘ˆ„ƒ•‹ ƒ†™‹†‡Ž›•Šƒ”‡†’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ƒ† ‡–Š‹ •dzȋ‘ Š‘„‡”‰ǡʹͲͳͲǡ’Ǥ͸͸ȌǤ  – –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Žǡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ –‘”• ƒ”‡ ˆƒ ‡† ™‹–Š Š‘™ –‘ ”‡•’‘† –‘ –Š‡†‹• ‘—”•‡‘ˆǮ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǯ‘ˆƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š Ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǯ ‹• ‘– ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•‡† ƒ† –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ǡ†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹–ǡƒ –‘”•‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ˆ‡‡Ž–Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡ –‘ ”‡•’‘†Ǥ  –‘”• ™Š‘ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ’—”•—‡ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ƒ‘• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Šƒ˜‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹–‡”‡•–‹‰’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹–Š‹•”‡‰ƒ”†„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡ ‘Ǧ ‘•–”— –‹‰–Š‡‘˜‡Ž–›ƒ†ƒ”‡–Š—•ƒ ‡›’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡†›ƒ‹ •–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ†–‘Dz‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†‹””‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›dzǤ 

(65)  –Š‹• –Š‡•‹•ǡ

(66)  ™‹ŽŽ ˆ‘ —• ‘ • ‹‡–‹•–• ƒ† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ –Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡› ˆ‹† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‹ǡ „‘–Š ƒ• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†‘ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ

(67) ™‹ŽŽƒ’–Š‡”‡•’‘•‡•‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹•–• ƒ† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž–› ƒ† — ‡”–ƒ‹–›‘ˆƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡‹””‡•’‘•‡•™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”† –‘ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ƒ† ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ”‡•’‘•‡• ™Š‹ Š ‰‘ „‡›‘† Œ—•– ƒ††‹‰ –‘ Ǯ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ‹””‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ǯǤ Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ™ƒ• ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǯ–Š‹ • ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒŽ ‘”Ž†ǯ ™‘”’ƒ ƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡  Ǧ ˆ—†‡†  ȋ‡‡’‡‹‰ –Š‹ ƒŽ ‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ† ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‡”‰‹‰ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ȍ’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥʹ ͳ—”‘’‡ƒ‘‹••‹‘ʹͲͲͺǤ ‘†‡‘ˆ ‘†— –ˆ‘””‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ƒ‘• ‹‡ ‡• ƒ† ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ  ‘‹••‹‘ ‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ͳ͹ȀͲʹȀʹͲͲͺǤ ‡‡Š––’ǣȀȀ‡ Ǥ‡—”‘’ƒǤ‡—Ȁƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ȁ’†ˆȀƒ‘ ‘†‡Ǧ”‡ ̴’‡ͲͺͻͶ ̴‡Ǥ’†ˆ 2 Š‡  ’”‘Œ‡ – ™ƒ• ƒ –Š”‡‡ ›‡ƒ” —”‘’‡ƒ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ’”‘Œ‡ – ™Š‹ Š ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• ˆ”‘ ‡–Š‹ •ǡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ƒ† –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ • ‹‡ ‡• ƒ† ƒ‹‡† ƒ– †‡‡’‡‹‰ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ †‹‡•‹‘• ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰‹‰ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ˆ‘” ‹˜‹Ž•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ƒ† • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ȋƒ˜‹‡•ǡ ƒ ƒ‰Š–‡ǡ Ƭ ‡ƒ”‡•ǡ ʹͲͲͻȌǤ

(68)  ”‡–”‘•’‡ –ǡ ’”‘Œ‡ –’ƒ”–‡”• ‘‡–‡†‘–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ•Šƒ˜‹‰„”‘—‰Š––‘‰‡–Š‡”†‹˜‡”•‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ’ƒ”–‡”• ™Š‘ •Šƒ”‡† ƒ ˜ƒ‰—‡ †‹••ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ƒ•– ƒ• –Š‡ Dz”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ƒ‘• ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•dzƒ†™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ†–Š‡”‘Ž‡•ƒ••‹‰‡†–‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ • ‹‡–‹•–• ƒ† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ȋ‘”†ƒ Ƭ ƒ ƒ‰Š–‡ǡ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ Š‹• †‹••ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ Ž‡† –‘ ‡™ ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ Dz”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–dz –Š”‘—‰Š •‘ ‹ƒŽ • ‹‡ ‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ Š‘™ ‡–Š‹ • ƒ† ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒ”‡ —†‡”•–‘‘† ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ‘• ‹‡ ‡ ‘—‹–› ƒ† –Š‡ „”‹‰‹‰ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ • ‹‡ ‡ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ƒ‹‡† ƒ– —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ Š‘™ Žƒ› ’—„Ž‹ • ˜‹‡™ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‹’‘”– ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰‹‰ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ –Š‹• ‹–‡”†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”› ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ‹‡† ƒ– †‡‡’‡‹‰. ʹ.

(69)  ‹‡–‹•–•ƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–•ƒ”‡ƒ –‹˜‡•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ –‘”• Šƒ˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ƒ† †‹˜‹•‹‘• ‘ˆ Žƒ„‘—”ǡ –Š‡‹” ™‘”Ž†• †‘ ‹–‡”•‡ –Ǣ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–‹‡• ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ Ž‹• ™‹–Š „‘–Š ™‘”Ž†• ƒ – ƒ• ƒ ‘†—‹– ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ „‘–Š ™‘”Ž†•ǡ ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰ Ǯ–”ƒ†‹‰ œ‘‡•ǯ ȋ ˆǤ ƒŽ‹•‘ǡ ͳͻͻ͹Ȍ „‡–™‡‡–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•’Š‡”‡•‘ˆƒ –‹‘Ǥ

(70) –Š‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ –Š‡ Ǯ–”ƒ†‹‰ œ‘‡•ǯ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ –Š‡”‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ‘• ‹‡–‹•–• ‘˜‹‰ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‘ˆ ‹†—•–”›Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡ƒ„Ž‡†„›–Š‡—„”‡ŽŽƒǦ–‡” Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆǮƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǯ™Š‹ Šƒ –•ƒ• ƒ ‘†—‹–„‡–™‡‡• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†‹†—•–”›Ǥ‘–Š–›’‡•‘ˆƒ –‘”•ƒ”‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ‘•–”— –‹‰–Š‡‘˜‡Ž–›‘ˆƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ 

(71) ”‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–Š‡†‹• ‘—”•‡‘ˆ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ• ‹‡–‹•–•ƒ† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–• ™‹ŽŽ ˆƒŽŽ „ƒ  ‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ ‡• ƒ† ‘‹–‡–• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” ”‘Ž‡ ƒ† ‘–‡š– ƒ• ƒ • ‹‡–‹•–‘”‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‹”‡–Š‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ ‡•ƒ† ‘‹–‡–• ƒ› ‘ Ž‘‰‡” „‡ •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡™ ’”‘„Ž‡• „”‘—‰Š– ‘ „› ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǤŠ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–”ƒ†•‹–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ •‘ ‹‡–› ƒ† ‘”ƒŽ‹–› †‘ ‘– ‘˜‡ ‡“—ƒŽŽ› “—‹ Ž›Ǥ • ‘–‡† ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ǡ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ ‡• ƒ› Žƒ‰ „‡Š‹† –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ  ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• •Šƒ’‡ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–‹‡• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‹–”‘†— ‡† ƒ† vice versaǤ Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† •‘ ‹‡–› ȋ‹’ Ƭ ‡’ǡ ͳͻͻͺȌ ‹ Ž—†‡•‘”ƒŽ‹–›ȋ™‹‡”•–”ƒǡ–‡‡”†‹‰ǡƬ‘‡‹ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤŠ‡‘˜‡Ž–› ‘ˆ ‡™ ƒ† ‡‡”‰‹‰ • ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ȋȌ ƒ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ –Š‡ —’”‘‘–‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ ”‘—–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ”‘—–‹‡• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ‘ ‡ —’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ ‡’–‡† ƒ› „‡ ‘’‡‡† —’ „› ‡™ ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ† †‹Ž‡ƒ• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ „› –Š‡ ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ȋ™‹‡”•–”ƒ Ƭ ‹’ǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ

(72) –Š‡Žƒ––‡”ǯ•’ƒ”Žƒ ‡ǡ‘”ƒŽ‹–›„‡ ‘‡•‡–Š‹ •ǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ‡–Š‹ • ‘•–‹–—–‡• ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ ƒ† †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ ‘”ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ –Š‹ • ‹• ǮŠ‘–ǯ ‘”ƒŽ‹–›™Š‹Ž‡‘”ƒŽ‹–›‹•Ǯ ‘Ž†ǯ‡–Š‹ •ȋ™‹‡”•–”ƒƬ‹’ǡʹͲͲ͹Ǣ™‹‡”•–”ƒ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͻȌǤŠ‡ Ǯ ‘Ž†ǯ ‡–Š‹ • ‘ˆ ƒ –‘”• ƒ› „‡ ǮŠ‡ƒ–‡† —’ǯ „› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ . ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ‹••—‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ‡‡”‰‹‰ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ† ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡™’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‘‡–Š‹ • ȋ ‡””ƒ”‹Ƭ‘”†ƒǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›Ǥ†—”Ǥƒ Ǥ—Ȁ”‘Œ‡ –•Ȁ‡ˆƒ—Ž–Ǥƒ•’šǫƒŽ‹ƒ•α™™™Ǥ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š› Ǥ†—”Ǥƒ Ǥ—Ȁ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ȁ†‡‡’‡ . ͵.

(73) ‘™ ™‹ŽŽ –Š‹• ™‘”ǫ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† •‘ ‹‡–› –ƒ‹‰ ’Žƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž–› ƒ† — ‡”–ƒ‹–› ‘ˆ ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• •— Š ƒ• ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ› †‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹•‡ Ǯ–”‹‡† ƒ† –‡•–‡†ǯ ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ ‡™ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ  –‘”• ™‹ŽŽ –”› –‘ ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ Š‘™ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† •‘ ‹‡–›™‹ŽŽ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž˜‡ǡ–‘„‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ‘”‡˜‡–—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ƒ†Ȁ‘”‹ƒ‘”‡ ”‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‡™ƒ›ǡƒ•‹•˜‹•‹„Ž‡‹–Š‡‘˜‡–‘™ƒ”†•Ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǯ ‘ˆƒ‘• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ— Š”‡•’‘•‡••Šƒ’‡ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ† Š‘‹ ‡• „—– ƒ”‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‡„‡††‡† ‹ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ”‘Ž‡•ǡ ”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡• ƒ† —–—ƒŽ †‡’‡†‡ ‹‡•Ǥ

(74)  –Šƒ– •‡•‡ǡ ˆ—–—”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• ƒ”‡ Ǯ‡†‘‰‡‘—•ǯȋ‹’Ƭ‡—Ž˜‡ǡʹͲͲͺǢ‘„‹•‘ǡʹͲͳͲȌǡ’”‡†‹ ƒ–‡†‘ȋ„—– ‘– ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› †‡–‡”‹‡† „›Ȍ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡ˆ‹‡Ž†• ƒ† †›ƒ‹ • ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡–Ǥ  Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›‹•ƒ ‘‘–Š‡‡‹ ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› –—†‹‡•Ǥ —•– ƒ• ‘”ƒŽ‹–› ‹• ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† Ǧ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ Dz†‘‡•‘–ŠƒŽ–ƒ––Š‡†‘‘”‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹–›dzȋ™‹‡”•–”ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͻǡ’ǤͳʹͲȌǦ–Š‡ ‹•‹‰Š–•‘ˆ•Š‘—Ž†‘–ŠƒŽ–ƒ†”‡ˆ—•‡–‘ ‘•‹†‡”‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ•’‡ –•Ǥ

(75) †‡‡† ‹‡” ȋͳͻͻ͵Ȍǡ ƒ††‡” ȋͳͻͻʹȌ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ †‹ƒ‰‘•‡† ƒ Dz‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡ˆ‹ ‹–dz ‹ Ǥ

(76) – ‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”› –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• „—– ‘– Œ—•– ƒ› ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǣ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•– ‡–Š‹ • ‘ˆˆ‡”• ƒ ’”‘‹•‹‰ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ•‹–”‡ ‘‰‹•‡•–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ† ‘•‹†‡”• –Š‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ȋ‡—Žƒ”–œǡ ‘”–ŠƒŽ•ǡ Š‡”‡”ǡƬ™‹‡”•–”ƒǡʹͲͲʹȌǤ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–‡–Š‹ • ‘•–‹–—–‡•ƒ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ‘™• ˆ‘” ƒ ‘’‡ –”‡ƒ–‡– ‘ˆ ‘˜‡Ž–› ƒ† — ‡”–ƒ‹–›Ǣ –Š‹• ‹• ‹ ‘–”ƒ•– –‘ ƒ †‡‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‹ ™Š‹ Š ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘‘˜‡Ž–›ƒ†— ‡”–ƒ‹–›ƒ”‡Œ—†‰‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‰‹˜‡”—Ž‡• ‘”’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ  Š‹Ž‡’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–‡–Š‹ • ƒ„‡—•‡†–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡–‘’‹ ‘ˆ›–Š‡•‹•ǡ ‹– ‡‡†• –‘ „‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ˆ—”–Š‡”ǡ ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” „› ƒ††‹‰ ƒ •‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‹‡•‹‘ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡

(77)  ƒ†‡’Ž‘›‹––‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘•‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•Ǥ

(78)  ™‹ŽŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‹•‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‡ –‹‘••‘ƒ•–‘•Š‘™Š‘™›”‡•‡ƒ” Š “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‡„‡††‡† ‹ ƒ †‹ƒ‰‘•‹• –Šƒ– †”ƒ™• ‘ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› †›ƒ‹ •ƒ†’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–‡–Š‹ •Ǥ  . 1.1 Pragmatist ethics and new and emerging science and technology ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•– ‡–Š‹ • •–ƒ”–• ™‹–Š ƒ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡’Šƒ•‹•‡• –Š‡ ƒ‡” ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ –‘”• ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‘˜‡Ž ‘•–”— –• ƒ† Š›’‘–Š‡•‡• ™‹–Š ™Š‹ Š –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‡‡”‰‡– ’”‘„Ž‡• ȋ‡—Žƒ”–œǡ  Š‡”‡”ǡ ‘”–ŠƒŽ•ǡ Ƭ ™‹‡”•–”ƒǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǤ Ͷ.

(79) Š‹• ‹• ‹ ‘–”ƒ•– –‘ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡–Š‹ • ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ ‡™ ‘”ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ• –Š‡› ‡‡”‰‡ ȋƒ †‡ ‘‡ŽǡʹͲͲͺȌǤ  ”‹ ‹’Ž‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡–Š‹ • ‘ˆˆ‡”• ƒ Ǯ–”‹‡† ƒ† –‡•–‡†ǯ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡• ™Š‹ Š  ƒ „”‹‰ –‘ Ž‹‰Š– „—– –Š‡ Ǯ–‡•–‡†ǯ ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ ƒ› ‘ Ž‘‰‡” „‡ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ”‹ ‹’Ž‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡–Š‹ • †‘‡• ‘– ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† •‘ ‹‡–› ƒ† –Š—• Ž‘•‡• ȋƒ– Ž‡ƒ•–ǡƒ––‡’–•–‘ Ž‘•‡Ȍ™Šƒ–‹••–‹ŽŽƒ‘’‡ǡˆŽ—‹†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–•ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ–‘‡•Š‘—Ž†‘–‡š’‡ –Ǯ–”‹‡†ƒ†–‡•–‡†ǯ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘„‡ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ǥ—‡–‘–Š‡‘’‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ•— Š”‡•’‘•‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† „› •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‹ Š ’”‡•‡– —‡š’‡ –‡† ’”‘„Ž‡• ‘” ‘„•–ƒ Ž‡•Ǥ

(80) †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –Š‡ ˆ‹† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‹ ƒ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”‡˜‹•‡–Š‡‹”„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†Šƒ„‹–•Ǥ—‡–‘–Š‡‡‡”‰‡–ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡› ƒ”ƒ”‡Ž›„‡•‘Ž˜‡†„›‡’Ž‘›‹‰‡š‹•–‹‰”—Ž‡• ƒ†”‘—–‹‡•„—–‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡‡™ ‘ ‡’–•ƒ†˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”‹‡•ȋ‡—Žƒ”–œ‡– ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲʹȌǤ  ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•– ‡–Š‹ •ǡ ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” –Š‡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡”‹ ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡” ‘Š ‡™‡›ǡ ‡’Šƒ•‹•‡• ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ƒ† ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‹“—‹”› ™‹–Š‹ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ’”‘„Ž‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ȋ‹–‡‡”ǡ ‘”Ž‡›ǡƬƒ‹‰ǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ͵  ‘” ‡™‡›ǡ ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡ – ƒ––‡” ‹• ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ Dz•‹–—ƒ–‹‘dz ȋƒ’’ƒ•ǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǤ ‘”ƒŽ –Š‡‘”› •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‰”‘—†‡† ‹ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǯ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ ‘”ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ Dz‘– ƒ ƒ–ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ‘ˆ ƒ –• ‘” ƒ •‡– ‘ˆ ”—Ž‡• –‘ „‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† Ž‹‡ †”—‰•–‘”‡ ’”‡• ”‹’–‹‘• ‘” ‘‘Ǧ„‘‘ ”‡ ‹’‡•dz ȋ‡™‡›ǡ ͳͻʹͲǡ ’Ǥ ͳ͹ͲȌǤ ‘”ƒŽ –Š‡‘”› ‹• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ˆƒ –• ƒ† –Š‡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹  ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘”ƒŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ȋƒ’’ƒ•ǡͳͻͻͺȌǤ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –Š”‡‡ ƒ‹ •–ƒ‰‡• ‹ ‡™‡›ǯ• ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ ‹“—‹”›Ǥ

(81)  –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •–ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡– ˆ‹†• Š‹ ‘” Š‡”•‡Žˆ ‹ ƒ ‘”ƒŽŽ› ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǣ ƒ ‘”ƒŽŽ› ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘‡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ Dzˆ‡Ž– ‘”ƒŽ ͵‡™‡›™ƒ•ƒ†‘‹ƒ–‹‰’”‡•‡ ‡‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†•‘ˆ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‘”›ǡ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›. ƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŠ‹•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡™‡–‹–‘‡ Ž‹’•‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‘”Ž†ƒ”

(82)

(83) Ǥ ‡™‡›ǯ• ‹•‹‰Š–• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ”‡‡™‡† ƒ––‡–‹‘ ˆ”‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”•ƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”•‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡ͳͻͺͲ•‘™ƒ”†•ȋƒ•’ƒ”›ǡ ʹͲͲͲǢ ‹ ƒǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǤ

(84) –‡”‡•– ‹ ‡™‡›ǯ• ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•– ‡–Š‹ • ‹• ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ‹ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ • ȋ ˆǤ ‹‰Š– Ƭ ƒ–œǡ ͳͻͻ͸Ȍǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ • ȋ—’’‡”ǡ ʹͲͲͻǢ  ‡ƒ Ƭ ‹‰Š–ǡ ʹͲͲͶȌ ƒ† ‡–Š‹ • –ƒ‹Ž‘”‡† –‘ ‘†‡” –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ȋ‡—Žƒ”–œ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲʹȌǤ. ͷ.

(85) ’‡”’Ž‡š‹–› ‘–”‘Ž• ƒ† ’‡”˜ƒ†‡• –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ ™Š‘Ž‡dzȋƒ’’ƒ•ǡͳͻͻͺǡ’ǤͳͳͺȌǤ

(86) –Š‡•‡ ‘†•–ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‡‰ƒ‰‡•‹ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(87)  –Š‡ –Š‹”† •–ƒ‰‡ǡ Š‡ ‘” •Š‡ ƒ””‹˜‡• ƒ– ƒ Œ—†‰‡‡––Šƒ–”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒ Š‘‹ ‡ȋƒ’’ƒ•ǡͳͻͻͺȌǤ  ‘” ‡™‡›ǡ DzŽŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹“—‹”› •–ƒ”–• ˆ”‘ ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘dz ȋ‡™‡›ǡ ͳͻʹͻǡ ’Ǥ ͳͺͻȌǤ ”‘„Ž‡• –”‹‰‰‡” ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹“—‹”› ƒ† –Š‘•‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹“—‹”› •‡‡ ‘—– ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ –Š‡› ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹œ‡–Š‡‹”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‘”‡ ˆ—ŽŽ›ȋ ‹‡„‡”–‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ  Š‡ „ƒ•‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ‘ˆ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹“—‹”› ƒ „‡ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† ƒ• ͳȌ ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†Ǣ ʹȌ –Š‡ ‹“—‹”‡” •–ƒ†• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‡‰ƒ‰‡• ™‹–Š ‹–Ǣ ƒ† ͵Ȍ ‹“—‹”› ’”‘ ‡‡†• ˆ”‘ †‘—„– –‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‘—„– ƒ• ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ȋƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›Ȍ ”‡•‘Ž˜‡†ȋ ‹‡„‡”–‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻ͸Ǣ Š‘Dž ǡͳͻͻʹȌǤ  ‘” –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‹• –Š‡•‹•ǡ ‡™‡›ǯ• ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•– ‡–Š‹ •ǡ ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” Š‹• ‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ Ǯ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǯ ƒ† Š‹• ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹“—‹”›ǡ‘ˆˆ‡”•‹’‘”–ƒ–‡–”ƒ ‡’‘‹–•Ǥ  Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆǮ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǯ‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ‡ƒ•‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ƒ –‘”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ ‘˜‡Ž–› ƒ† –‘ ”‡•’‡ ––Š‡‹”ƒ––‡’–•–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(88) ™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘—•‡–Š‡‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ǯ™‹ ‡† ’”‘„Ž‡ǯ ȋ ˆǤ ‹––‡Ž Ƭ ‡„„‡”ǡ ͳͻ͹͵Ȍ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‡’Šƒ•‹•‡ –Šƒ– •‘‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• –Š”‘™ —’ „› –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž–› ƒ† — ‡”–ƒ‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ›„‡‹–”ƒ –ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ‡™‡›ǯ•‘–‹‘‘ˆǮ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡‹“—‹”›ǯ ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ• –‘ „‡ ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡† ˆ—”–Š‡” „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹ ‡™‡›ǯ• ™”‹–‹‰• ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹“—‹”› ‡–”‡• ‘ ƒ –‘”• ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰ ™‹–Š ‹– ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ †‡˜‹•‡ •‘‡ •‘”– ‘ˆ •‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ •

(89)  ™‹ŽŽ ƒ”‰—‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •‡ –‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• ˆ‘” ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹“—‹”› ‹‰Š– ‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›• „‡’”‡•‡–Ǥ

(90) Šƒ’–‡”ʹǡ

(91) ™‹ŽŽ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡‘Š‘™

(92) ™‹ŽŽ—•‡–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ Ǯ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡‹“—‹”›ǯ‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•Ǥ . 1.2 The ‘problematic situation’  ‘” › ’—”’‘•‡• ‘ˆ ƒ’’‹‰ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ ‡• ƒ† ‘‹–‡–• ‘ˆ ƒ –‘”• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡™‡›ǯ• ‘–‹‘ ”‡“—‹”‡• •‘‡”‡Ǧ–Š‹‹‰Ǥ‡™‡›•—’’‘•‡•–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ‘”‡‘”Ž‡••‘˜‡”•‡‡ –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ˆ‹† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ƒ –‘”• ™‹ŽŽ know ™Š‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ˆƒ ‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ –‘”• Ž‘‘ ƒ–Ȁ”‡•’‘† –‘ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ Š‘™ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǣ –Š‡‹” Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‹‰Š– ’”‡ Ž—†‡ –Š‡ ˆ”‘ ”‡ ‘‰‹•‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ͸.

(93) ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(94)  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ ™Šƒ– ‹• Dz‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›dz ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ˆ‘” ‘„•‡”˜‡”•Ȍ ƒ Ǯ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǯ ƒ› ‘– „‡ ”‡ ‘‰‹•‡† ƒ• •— Š „› ƒ –‘”• ‹ –Š‡ ‹†•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ‡˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡› do ”‡ ‘‰‹•‡ –Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡›ƒ›•–‹ŽŽ”‡•’‘†™‹–Š–›’‹ ƒŽ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ ‡•ƒ† ‘‹–‡–•™Š‹ Š–Š‡›†‘‘–•‡‡ƒ•’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ‘” —’”‘†— –‹˜‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡›ƒ›ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›„‡•‘ǤͶ— Šƒ”‡•’‘•‡ƒ› ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ†‹ƒ•‡•‡ǡ•‡ ‘†Ǧ‘”†‡”ǡ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•„‡Š‹†™Š›ƒ†Š‘™–Š‹•Šƒ’’‡• ƒ„‡–ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ“—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†•‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰›ǤŠ‹•‹•‘––Š‡™Š‘Ž‡•–‘”›ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡‡˜‡” ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›„‘—†„›–Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†”‘Ž‡ƒ†•‘‡’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ –ƒ‡ ƒ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ †‹ƒ‰‘•‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ‹‰ ‘–Š‡”• ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ‹–Ǥ

(95) •–‹–—–‹‘• ȋ‹ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •‡•‡Ȍ ‡š‡”– ‘•–”ƒ‹–•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹””—Ž‡•ǢŠ‘™‡˜‡”ƒ –‘”•ƒ––Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž‡˜‡Žƒ› „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ –ƒ‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• –Šƒ– ”‡ƒ–‡ ‘’‡‹‰• ˆ‘” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ –‘”• ‹ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ™Šƒ– Šƒ’’‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’—•Š ˆ‘” ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ › ”‡Ǧ–Š‹‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡™‡›ǯ• ‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ Ǯ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǯ ‹’Ž‹‡• ƒ ‡‡† ˆ‘” •‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‹–›ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‘‡ ‹• ‡„‡††‡† ƒ† ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ƒ– –Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ

(96)  ƒ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡ –Š‹• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ ‡– ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ  Ͷ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ƒƒŽ‘‰› ™‹–Š —‰Š‡•ǯ ȋͳͻͺ͵Ȍ ‘ ‡’–• ‘ˆ Ǯ”‡˜‡”•‡ •ƒŽ‹‡–•ǯ ƒ†. Ǯ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•ǯǤ

(97) ƒ‡š’ƒ†‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡ȋ‹Š‹• ƒ•‡ǡ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–› ‡–™‘”•ˆ”‘–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳͻ–Š ‡–—”›‘™ƒ”†Ȍǡƒ”‡˜‡”•‡•ƒŽ‹‡– ƒ‘ —”™Š‹ Š ‹’‡†‡•–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ†™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†”‡“—‹”‡†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ –‹‘‹ˆ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •›•–‡ ‹• –‘ ‘–‹—‡Ǥ ‰‹‡‡”• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” •›•–‡ „—‹Ž†‡”• ƒ› ‘” ƒ› ‘– ”‡ ‘‰‹•‡ –Š‡ ”‡˜‡”•‡ •ƒŽ‹‡– ˆ‘” ™Šƒ– ‹– ‹•Ǥ

(98) ˆ –Š‡› †‘ǡ –Š‡› †‡ˆ‹‡ ‹– ƒ• ƒ Dz ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡dz ™Š‹ Š Šƒ• –‘ „‡ ƒ––‡†‡† –‘Ǥ

(99)  –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ• ‹‡–‹•–•ƒ† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–•‘ˆ–‡–Š‹‹–‡”•‘ˆ‘„•–ƒ Ž‡•–‘ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹ˆ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ ȋƒ –—ƒŽ ‘” ‡š’‡ –‡†Ȍ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ • ‹‡–‹•–• ƒ† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–• ™‹ŽŽ ˜‹‡™ –Š‹• ƒ• ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡ –Šƒ– Šƒ• –‘ „‡ ƒ––‡†‡† –‘ǡ „› ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‰ ‘ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ‹–• ’”‘‹•‡• ƒ†Ȁ‘” ƒ ‡’–‹‰ –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ ƒŽ•‘ ‘•‹†‡” ”‹••ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‹•‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ‹–‹••–‹ŽŽ’”‡†‹ ƒ–‡†‘ –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ ”‡‘˜‹‰ ‹’‡†‹‡–• –‘ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ Š‹• ‰‘ƒŽ ‹• ‘– ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹œ‡†ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ȋ‘”Œ—•–”‡Ž— –ƒ ‡–‘‰‘ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡’”‘‹•‡•Ȍ”‡Žƒ–‡• –‘–Š‡’”‡•—’–‹‘‘ˆˆ—”–Š‡”‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ –‹‘•–‘ƒ••—”‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘ƒ›–Š‡ ‘–„‡’”‘†— –‹˜‡Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡› ‘•–‹–—–‡ƒ‹••‡†‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘””‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹“—‹”›ƒ„‘—––Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ. . ͹.

(100) Š‡ ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” Ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǯ ‘ˆ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• Šƒ• ƒ †—ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘‡ Šƒ†ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒ ”‡•’‘•‡ǡ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ƒ– ’‘Ž‹ › Ž‡˜‡Žǡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž–› ‘ˆ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ƒ ƒ––‡’– –‘ ’—– Ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ǯ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡†ƒǤ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ –Š‡ ƒŽŽ ‹• •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹’‹‰‡• ‘ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– ”‘Ž‡• ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘ˆ ƒ –‘”• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‘Ǧ™‘”Ž†Ǥ

(101)  –Š‹• ™ƒ›ǡ ‹– ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ –‘”•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ›‘––Š‹ ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡Ž–› ƒ• Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†•‡‡‘‡‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡–Š‡‹”™ƒ›•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡› ƒ‘–Œ—•–‡‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ”‘ –Š‡‹” ’‘‹– ‘ˆ ˜‹‡™ǡ –Š‹• ‹• ƒ‘–Š‡” ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ’”‡••—”‡ –Šƒ– Šƒ• –‘ „‡ ƒ††”‡••‡† •‘‡Š‘™ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‘ ’ƒ’‡”Ȍǡ‹‘”†‡”–‘ ‘–‹—‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǤŠ‡„”‘ƒ†‡”’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•‘ ‹‡–›‹•”‡†— ‡†–‘–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆŠ‘™ –‘Šƒ†Ž‡ˆ—”–Š‡”‡š–‡”ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡ǤŠ‡”‡‹•Ž‹––Ž‡•‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‹–›Ǥ  Š‹• ‹• ‘– –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ •–‘”›ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” Ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǯ ‹• †‹ˆˆ—•‡ǡ ‹– ‹• ‘™ „‡ ‘‹‰ ‘”‡ ‘ ”‡–‡ǡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‹ –Š‡  ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ‘†— – ˆ‘” ‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ƒ‘• ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ› Ž‹–‡”ƒŽŽ› ‹’‹‰‡ ‘ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ™Š‡‡„‡”–ƒ–‡•ƒ ‡’––Š‡‘†‡ǤŠ‡ƒ”‰—‡–•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘†‡‹–•‡Žˆ ‹ Ž—†‡ ƒ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ ƒ Ǯ‰‡‡”ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ‘ˆ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ǯ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”› ‹ ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ — ‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡• ’‘•‡† „› ƒ‘• ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ Š‹• ’Žƒ ‡• –Š‡ ‘†‡ •“—ƒ”‡Ž› ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ problématique ‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ‹””‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† Š‘™ –‘ †‘ „‡––‡”Ǥ Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‡ Šƒ• ‡”–ƒ‹ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ– –Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ

(102) †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ –‘”• ƒ‘– ƒ”‰—‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹–„—– ƒ–”›–‘’‘•‹–‹‘‹–ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‘–Š‡” ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–‘ƒ†˜ƒ ‡• ‹‡ ‡Ǥ  Š‹Ž‡ –Š‹• ƒ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ƒ •–”—‰‰Ž‡ ™‹–Š ’”‡•‡– ’‘•‹–‹‘• ƒ† ‹–‡”‡•–•ǡ ‹– ƒ ƒŽ•‘ Ž‡ƒ† ƒ –‘”• –‘ ‘•‹†‡” ƒ „”‘ƒ†‡” †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹œ‹‰ –Š‡‹” ’”‡•‡– ”‘Ž‡• ƒ† ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡› ‹‰Š– ‡‡† Š‡Ž’ –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‹• ‘˜‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› „‡‹‰ –”‹‡† ‘—–ǡ ‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž› ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ‘†— –ǡ ‹ ‘•–”— –‹˜‡  ‡š‡” ‹•‡• ȋ‘„‹•‘ǡ ʹͲͳͲȌ ƒ† ‹ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• ™‹–Š •‘ ‹ƒŽ • ‹‡–‹•–• ƒ† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”• ‘ –Š‡ Žƒ„ ˆŽ‘‘”ǡ ƒ• ‹• Šƒ’’‡‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ Š‹ ƒŽ

(103) –‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‡•‡ƒ” Šȋ

(104) Ȍ’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥͷ.  ͷ. ‹’ ȋʹͲͲͻȌ ‘ˆˆ‡”• ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǡ „”‘ƒ†Ž› •—„•—‡† —†‡”  ȋ–Š‹ ƒŽǡ ‡‰ƒŽ ƒ† ‘ ‹ƒŽ •’‡ –•Ȍ •–—†‹‡•ǡ ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘‘‰‘‹‰”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†–‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ‰‡†ƒ•Ǥ. ͺ.

(105) 1.3 Responses to new technologies: a multi-level perspective Š‡”‡‹•ƒ •‡ ‘†•–‡’–‘„‡–ƒ‡‹›•‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ‡™‡›ǯ• ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–‡–Š‹ •ǤŠ‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡”‡•’‘•‡•–‘‘˜‡Ž–›ƒ†–Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‘ˆƒ –‘”•‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡” ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ  Š‡ —Ž–‹ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ ‹ •‘ ‹‡–› ȋ‹’ Ƭ ‡’ǡ ͳͻͻͺǢ ‡‡Ž•ǡ ʹͲͲͷȌ ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ †›ƒ‹ • ƒ† ƒ•

(106)  ™‹ŽŽ •Š‘™ǡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒŽŽ‘™• ƒ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡š’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‘™ ‘”ƒŽ‹–› ƒ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ  ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• ƒ”‡ •‹–—ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ landscape, ‘’”‹•‹‰ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ† ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡƒŽŽ‘ˆ™Š‹ Š Šƒ‰‡‘Ž›•Ž‘™Ž›Ǥ‰‘‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ”‡•Šƒ’‡†„›–Š‡‹”•‘ ‹‘Ǧ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽregimesǡ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰• ȋƒ• —Šǡ ͳͻ͸ʹǡ ’Š”ƒ•‡† ‹–Ȍ ‹ • ‹‡ ‡Ǥ ‡‰‹‡• –‡† –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ‹ ”‡‡–ƒŽ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ – –Š‡ niche Ž‡˜‡Žǡ ‘˜‡Ž–‹‡• ‡‡”‰‡ ƒ†ƒ”‡—”–—”‡†‹’”‘–‡ –‡†•’ƒ ‡•ȋ ‡‡Ž•ǡʹͲͲʹȌǤ  Š‡•ƒŽ‹‡–’‘‹–‘ˆ–Š‡—Ž–‹ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‹•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣDz–Š‡ˆ—”–Š‡” •— ‡••‘ˆƒ‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•‘–‘Ž›‰‘˜‡”‡†„›’”‘ ‡••‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‹ Š‡ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘„›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ––Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰”‡‰‹‡ƒ†–Š‡ •‘ ‹‘–‡ Š‹ ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡dzȋ ‡‡Ž•ǡʹͲͲʹǡ’Ǥͳʹ͸ͳȌǤ  Š‹• —Ž–‹ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ „‡ —•‡† –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ƒ• –‡‡”†‹‰ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͳͲȌ Šƒ˜‡ ‘—–Ž‹‡†Ǥ ––Š‡ƒ ”‘ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–› Šƒ• •–ƒ„‹Ž‹•‡†ǡ ƒ• ‹• ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ —””‡– †‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ Žƒ„‘—” ‹ • ‹‡ ‡Ǥ  –Š‡ ‡•‘ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ ”‡–‹•ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‹• †‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ Žƒ„‘—”ǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š •–ƒ†ƒ”† ”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡• ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ”‡’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ”‡‰‹‡•Ǥ  –Š‡ ‹ ”‘ǦŽ‡˜‡Žǡ ƒ –‘”• —•– ˆ‹† ‘˜‡Ž ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ‘ ”‡–‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• „”‘—‰Š––‘Ž‹‰Š–„›–Š‡‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ  Š‡ ƒ ”‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ ȋ™Š‹ Š ‹ Ž—†‡• –Š‡ —””‡– †‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ Žƒ„‘—”Ȍ ˆ‘”• –Š‡ „ƒ †”‘’ –‘ –Š‡ ‹ ”‘ ƒ† ‡•‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ Š‡ ‡•‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ† ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‡ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ† ‘•–”ƒ‹•ƒ –‘”•‹–Š‡‹””‡•’‘•‡•–‘–Š‡‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ƒ –‘”• ƒ› Šƒ‰‡ ƒ• –Š‡› ƒ––‡’– –‘ ”‡•’‘† –‘ –Š‡ ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” Ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǯ ‘ˆ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ

(107) – ‹• ‘ –Š‡ ‹ ”‘ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ‘ ”‡–‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–‘˜‡Ž Š‘‹ ‡•ƒ††‡ ‹•‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡ Šƒ‰‡• ͻ.

(108) ƒ›„‡Ž‘ ƒŽƒ†‹ ‹†‡–ƒŽǡ–Š‡›ƒŽ•‘ƒ††—’ƒ†‹‹–‹ƒ–‡‘”‡•–”— –—”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡‘–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ”‡‰‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡‘”ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǥ. 1.4 Outline of the thesis Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‹• –Š‡•‹• ‹• –‘ ƒ’ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ ‡• ƒ† Š‘‹ ‡• ‘ˆ • ‹‡–‹•–•ƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–•‹–Š‡‹””‡•’‘•‡•–‘ƒ‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡•‡”‡•’‘•‡•‹ –Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ’”‘†— –‹˜‡™ƒ›•‘ˆǮ‘”‰ƒ‹•‹‰ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ††‹˜‹•‹‘• ‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ„‘—”Ǥ  ›–™‘”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ”‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡„”‘ƒ†‡”ƒ‹•ǣ  x Šƒ– ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ ‡•ǡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ Š‘‹ ‡• ƒ† Œ—•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡•–•ƒ†’‘•‹–‹‘•‘ˆƒ –‘”•ȋ• ‹‡–‹•–•ƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–•Ȍ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ƒ•–ƒ‡‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǫŠƒ–‹†•‘ˆ ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘–Š‡‘˜‡Ž–›‘ˆƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›†‘–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ǫ Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ —””‡– ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ ‡• ƒ† Š‘‹ ‡• ‹ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǫ o Š‡•‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ‘ ‡” ƒ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒ– –Š‡ ‹ ”‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ Ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǯ‘ˆƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›  x ‹˜‡ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ ‡• ƒ† Š‘‹ ‡• ‘ˆ ƒ –‘”• ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‘ˆ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–Š‡†›ƒ‹ •‘ˆ–Š‡ —””‡–†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ Žƒ„‘—”ǡ ™Šƒ– ‹†• ‘ˆ Š‘‹ ‡• ƒ† ”‡•’‘•‡• ‹‰Š– Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ‡™ ™ƒ›•‘ˆǮ‘”‰ƒ‹•‹‰ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†ƒǮ„‡––‡”ǯ†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ Žƒ„‘—”ǫ ‘™ ƒ–Š‹•„‡†‘‡ǡ‹ˆƒ–ƒŽŽǫ o Š‹• “—‡•–‹‘ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –• ƒ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒ– –Š‡ ‡•‘ ƒ† ƒ ”‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ȋƒ– –Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ Ž‡˜‡ŽȌ ‘ˆ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‘–‡š– ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ† –Š‡ —””‡– †‹˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ Žƒ„‘—”ǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ  . Chapter outline. Šƒ’–‡”ʹƒ††”‡••‡•–Š‡†‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–‘–”ƒ ‡ƒ†ƒ’ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ ‡• ƒ† ‘‹–‡–• ƒ– –Š‡ ‹ ”‘ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ”‡•’‘•‡• ‘ˆ • ‹‡–‹•–• ƒ† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–• –‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž–› ƒ† — ‡”–ƒ‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ

(109) †‡• ”‹„‡Š‘™Ǯ‡–Š‹ •ǯ‹•—•‡†‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•Ǣ–Š‹•‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ• › —•‡ ‘ˆ Ǯ‡–Š‹ •ǯ ‹ˆ‘”• –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ Š‡

(110)  ƒ’ ™Šƒ–‹•‘™‹–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡‘”ƒŽ•–ƒ ‡•‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹•–•ƒ† ͳͲ.

(111) ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–• ‹ –Š‡‹” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘–‡š– ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡•‡ ƒ –‘”• ƒ”‡ ‡„‡††‡†Ǥ ‡š–ǡ

(112)  †‡• ”‹„‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•• ‹‡–‹•–•ƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–•„”‹‰–‘ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† †‹• —•• –Š‡ ™ƒ› ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡•‡ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• †‹ˆˆ‡” ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡” ƒ –‘”• •— Š ƒ• ‘•—‡”• ƒ† ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ

(113)  •‡– ‘—––Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š†‡•‹‰ƒ†‡–Š‘†•Ǥ

(114)  Šƒ’–‡” ͵ǡ

(115)  ”‡’‘”– ‘ ˆ‹†‹‰• ˆ”‘ †‹• —••‹‘• ™‹–Š –™‘ ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ • ‹‡–‹•–•‘ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ȁ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹•–•ǤŠ‡‡’Šƒ•‹•‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ȁ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ • ‹‡–‹•–• ‘’”‹•‡• ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ Ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǯ ‘ˆ ƒ‘• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ

(116) †‡• ”‹„‡Š‘™‘‡‰”‘—’‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹•–• ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡ȀŒ—•–‹ˆ› –Š‡‹” ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ȁ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ”‡’‘”– ‘ ƒ †‹• —••‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ •‡ ‘† ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ • ‹‡–‹•–• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ Ǯ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǯ ‘•–‹–—–‡†„›–Š‡ ƒŽŽˆ‘”‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ȁ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ‹‘‰‘‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹• ‹‡ ‡ǤŠ‹• Šƒ’–‡”‘ˆˆ‡”‹•‹‰Š–•‹–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ • ‹ • ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ • ‹‡ ‡ˆ‘”• ‹‡–‹•–•ǯ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

(117)  Šƒ’–‡” Ͷǡ

(118)  ’”‡•‡– ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ™Š‹ Š †‡• ”‹„‡• Š‘™ Ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǯ ‘ˆ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‹• ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡† „› ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ƒ –‘”•Ǥ

(119)  †‡• ”‹„‡ Š‘™ ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǯ™‹ ‡†ǯ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ Š‘™–‘Ǯ†‘ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–˜ƒ”‹‡•ˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡ –‘”•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–‘†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‹•’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ

(120) ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‡†‘‹ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ •Š‘”–Ǧ–‡” •‡ŽˆǦ‹–‡”‡•– ƒ‡ ȋ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽȌ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ǯ™‹ ‡†ǯ’”‘„Ž‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‡™’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•™‹–Š•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”••Š‘™’”‘‹•‡‹–‡”• ‘ˆ ‘’‡‹‰ —’ •’ƒ ‡• ˆ‘” Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡ „”‘ƒ†‡‹‰ ‘ˆ ”‡•’‘•‡• ƒ† ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ –‘”•Ǥ  Šƒ’–‡” ͷ ‹• ƒ Ǯ„”‹†‰‹‰ Šƒ’–‡”ǯ ‹ –Šƒ– ‹• •—ƒ”‹•‡• –Š‡ ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ ˆ‹†‹‰• ƒ† •‡–• –Š‡ • ‡‡ ˆ‘” ƒ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ—”–Š‡” “—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”Šƒ•–Š”‡‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ‹–•›–Š‡•‹•‡•–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘ ’”‡˜‹‘—•‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ Šƒ’–‡”•‹‘”†‡”–‘•‡‡–Š‡Ǯ„‹‰‰‡”’‹ –—”‡ǯ‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ– –Š‡ ‹ ”‘ǦŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ ‡ ‘†ǡ –Š‡ Šƒ’–‡”‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒˆ‘”™ƒ”†Ž‘‘„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒƒ”‰—‡–ˆ‘”™Š› Šƒ‰‡‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”› ƒ† ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” Šƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‹”†ǡ –Š‡ Šƒ’–‡” ‘ Ž—†‡• ™‹–Š ƒ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •Šƒ’‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ’ƒ––‡”•ƒ††›ƒ‹ •ƒ–‡•‘Ǧƒ†ƒ ”‘ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡‹“—‹”›ƒ– –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘” ‹ ”‘ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ƒ† •‡–• ‘—– „—‹Ž†‹‰ „Ž‘ • ˆ‘” •‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ‘”‡†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡‹“—‹”›ǡ–‘„‡–ƒ‡—’‹ Šƒ’–‡”•͸ǦͺǤ    ͳͳ.

(121) Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Ž—•–‡” ‘ˆ „—‹Ž†‹‰ „Ž‘ • ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ‹ Šƒ’–‡” ͸ǡ •–ƒ”–• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘‹•‹‰ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǣ ’Š”ƒ•‡† ƒ• ƒ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ‹••—‡ ‹– ‹• ƒ„‘—– ™Š‡–Š‡” Dz–‘ ‡šƒ‰‰‡”ƒ–‡ ‘” ‘– –‘ ‡šƒ‰‰‡”ƒ–‡dzǤ Š‹• ‹• ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹••—‡ „—– ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• ‡š‹•–‹‰ ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡• ƒ• ’”‘‹•‡• ™Š‹ Šƒ›–—”‹–‘Š›’‡ƒ†‹–”‘†— ‡•‡™ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡••— Šƒ•Dz•‹œ‡ ƒ––‡”•dzƒ†Dzƒ‘‹•‹†‡dzǤ„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡•Dz‹’Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘•‹’Ž‡ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǣ ƒ ƒ––‡’– –‘ ‰‘ ˆ‘” ‘‡ •‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡ ‡ „”‹‰• ‘—– –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• Ž‹‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” •‹†‡dz ȋ™‹‡”•–”ƒ Ƭ ‹’ ʹͲͲ͹ǡ ’Ǥ ͳ͸ȌǤ Š—•ǡ‹–ˆ‘” ‡•ƒ –‘”•–‘„‡•‘‡™Šƒ–”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–‘ ”‡ ‘‰‹•‡ ‹–• ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǥ —”–Š‡” †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‹–Š ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–• ȋ•‡‡ Šƒ’–‡” ͶȌ ƒ”‡ —•‡† –‘ ƒ’ –Š‡‹” ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ –Š‹• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ —‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ —Ž–‹ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ

(122)  ‹ Ž—†‡ ƒ ƒ††‡†— „› †‹• —••‹‰ –Š‡ ‡•‘ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǯ”‡‰‹‡‘ˆ‡ ‘‘‹ •‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ǧ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ’”‘‹•‡•ǯǤ  Š‡•‡ ‘† Ž—•–‡”‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰„Ž‘ •‹Šƒ’–‡”͹†‹• —••‡•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• –‘‡Šƒ ‹‰‡–Š‹ ƒŽ”‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‹–›ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘†—Žƒ–‹‰”‡•’‘•‡•ƒ––Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ Šƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ • ‹‡–‹•–• ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ǮŠ‡ƒ–‹‰ —’ǯ ‘ˆ • ‹‡–‹•–•ǯ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• „› ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹””‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‹–›ƒ†‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰–Š‡–‘‘Ž•–‘†‘•‘Ǥ ‹‡–‹•–•ƒ”‡ ƒ‡›’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡†›ƒ‹ –Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ†•–‘Dz‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†‹””‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›dzǤ‹–Š –Š‹• ‹ ‹†ǡ

(123)  †‹• —•• ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ‡Šƒ ‹‰ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ • ‹‡–‹•–•ȋƒ––Š‡‹ ”‘ǦŽ‡˜‡ŽȌƒ•ƒŽƒ”‰‡”’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡š‹˜‡‡••ȋƒ––Š‡ ‡•‘ǦŽ‡˜‡ŽȌǤ  Š‡ –Š‹”† Ž—•–‡” ‘ˆ „—‹Ž†‹‰ „Ž‘ •ǡ ƒ††”‡••‡† ‹ Šƒ’–‡” ͺǡ ‘ ‡”• —””‡–†‹˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ„‘—”ˆ‘”• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†‹†—•–”›™Š‹ Šˆ‘” ƒ „ƒ †”‘’ –‘ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ˆƒ ‡† „› • ‹‡–‹•–•ƒ† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–• ƒ† ƒ”‡ ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ȋ ˆǤ Ǯ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ‹””‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ǯȌǤ

(124) †‹• —••™Š‡–Š‡” —””‡–†‹˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ„‘—”ƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž–› ƒ† — ‡”–ƒ‹–› ‹–”‘†— ‡† „› ‡™Ž›‡‡”‰‹‰• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†ƒ”‰—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘’‡‹‰—’‘ˆ –Š‡–ƒ‡Ǧˆ‘”Ǧ‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰†‹˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ„‘—”Ǥ  Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ Šƒ’–‡”ǡ Šƒ’–‡” ͻǡ Ž‘‘• „ƒ  ƒ– –Š‡ •–‘”› •‘ ˆƒ” ƒ† ‘ˆˆ‡”• ƒ †‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ‡™‡›ǯ•’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹•–‡–Š‹ •ƒ† ƒ„”‹‡ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡‹“—‹”›‹–‘–Š‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ

(125) –Š‡•‡ ‘† ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ’–‡”ǡ

(126)  †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ƒ ˆ‘”™ƒ”† Ž‘‘ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‘™ —””‡– ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ƒ† ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ Ǯ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǯ ‘ˆ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹‰Š–’Žƒ›‘—–‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ    ͳʹ.

(127) 2. Literature and research design Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ƒ††”‡••‡•–Š‡†‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–‘–”ƒ ‡ƒ† ƒ’–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ ‡•ƒ† ‘‹–‡–•ƒ––Š‡‹ ”‘ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ”‡•’‘•‡• ‘ˆ • ‹‡–‹•–• ƒ† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•–• –‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡Ž–› ƒ† — ‡”–ƒ‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ

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