Law and Ethics:
Gustavo GUTIERREZ GONZALEZ
I have the exam questions of 7 students from our year: A. Bonn convention
What do I think about MPAs in the high seas? Compensatory measures from the EU
B. High seas
Whaling convention Antropocentrisms
If you were an international organization, how would you protect an
area in the high seas
C. Territorial seas and MPAs whithin them Bonn convention
D. EEZs, SACs, IUU, TEEB, Millenium Impact Asssessment and Ecocentrism
E. Coastal waters, Territorial Seas, EEZ, Ramsar,
Soft Law Whaling
D. Turtles protection --> which convention? Blue fine tuna case --> internation law Whaling convention
E. Antartic
Birds/Habitat Directive
How to protect killer whales?
1, coastal waters, territorial seas, EEZ 2, Ramsar
3, soft law 4, Whaling
In-situ Remote Sensing Tools:
If I remember well we had 1 hour to reply both questions (the teacher said it was OK to make a drawing to explain how the instruments work)
1) Imagine you're in UK and the government ask you advise to protect a sandbank of aprox. 14.000 km2. They ask you a report of which subareas they can protect of the sandbank habitats. You have 2 weeks to make the study. Outline the plan, which instruments will you use, why and explain briefly how do they work.
2) You need to study the sediment transport just 1m above the seabed. Which instruments/tools would you use, why and explain briefly how do they work.
1, What is the wavelength range for visible light? 400-700nm What are the wavelengths of blue, green and red? Blue: 450nm, green: 550nm, red: 600nm
2, Give the typical units:
TSM: mg/L (dry weight/volume of water) or g/m3 Chl a: µg/L or mg/m3
Backscatter coefficient: backward scattered/w*incident (m-1) Spectral radiance: Wm-2 sr-1 nm-1
Spectral irradiance: Wm-1 nm-1
Remote sensing reflectance: steradians (sr) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steradian)
3, Apparent optical properties: are properties that depend both on the medium and the light field (eg: reflectance)
Inherent optical properties: are properties that depend only on the medium (eg: absorption coef)
4, The Bible refers to a dinoflagellate bloom.
5, The vial should be gently inverted to keep the particles suspended, but to avoid of generating bubbles that would otherwise scatter the light and give wrong reading.
6, chl a absorbs at 680nm, CDOM at 355nm (???)
7, The colour that we observe is that which is not absorbed by the medium. Rank: c (1), a (2), b (3), d (4)
(If bubbles are added the affect of scattering increases and the water appears whitish.)
A, backscatter – low, especially for green and red
B, absorption – dominant absorption in red and near infrared C, remotes sensing reflectance maximal – in blue
9, Downwelling irradiance (the light received by a flat sea surface) is measured in energy units or quantum units. Quantum units are more appropriate when atmospheric optics is used. (???)
10, On a cloud free day the sky appears blue because the short wavelength/high frequency blue is scattered by N2 molecules and radiated all around. (Rayleigh scattering) The sky appears white due to the high amount of aerosol particles that scatter light. (The sky appears red during sunset and sunrise because the light has to travel through greater volume of air, the Rayleigh scattering affect is increased, and all blue is removed leaving only the long wavelength red to appear.) 11, Optical remote sensing of the sea requires atmospheric correction due the affects of atmospheric gas absorption and scattering, and the air-water interference (sunglint, sky reflection, foam/whitecap).
12, Satellite based thermal infrared sensors have wavelength at 10-12µm because that range can be used during day and night (O2 and CO2 80% transmits), 6-7µm (near infra) could be only used at night (increased daytime atm water vapour absorbs). Atmospheric transmissivity varies with wavelength.
‘Atmospheric window’ refers to wavelength where the atmosphere is fully transparent and the radiation can reach the surface, which then radiates back in the form of reflecting sunlight or emitting heat. This radiation is picked up by the satellite at the range of 10-12µm.
13, High cirrus clouds are absorbing heat from the Earth, while low level stratus and cumulus clouds reflect the incoming Sun. Multilook method (nadir and forward view),
spatial coherency method (correlation of different signals at different points in space) temporal coherence method
(correlation of different signals at different time – verifying SST measurement with in situ measurement).
14, From thermal infrared remote sensing global temperature can be estimated. It is important to use different wavelength
and viewing angle in order to detect cloud coverage and diurnal warming differences.
15, a, 8ºW, 48ºN; b, 2ºW, 45ºN; c, 2ºE, 51ºN; d, offshore 16, a, chl a (at cold water upwelling areas); b, the South Equatorial Current moves from the Benguela Current towards the Caribbean somewhere around the Equator.
17, Diffuse attenuation coefficient indicates the turbidity of the water. It is related to the presence of the particles
within the water column. LIDAR (Light detection and ranging) is the laser system used in marine environment. It is operated in blue/green spectrum with a wavelength of 532nm. The amount of laser energy an organism is exposed to is a function of the organism’s location in the water column from an above water source, or distance from the laser when the source is
underwater. Laser energy attenuates rapidly through the water column, thus the higher in the water column (shallower), or closer to the source, the greater the amount of energy
exposure. Marine mammals and sea turtles have the greatest damage potential due to direct ocular exposure when the animal has surfaced, with damage most likely occurring to the retina. 18, The Jackson Candle method was used to measure of the
length of a column of water needed to completely obscure a candle flame viewed through it. The more water was needed, the clearer the water. It was used for testing the colour and
transparency of the drinking water.
19, Climate Data Record: a time series of measurements of sufficient length, consistency, and continuity to determine climate variability and change. In optical remote sensing the basis parameter is phytoplankton, and in thermal infrared remote sensing the carbon cycle. Thermal infrared remote
sensing is more useful due to the increased anthropogenic CO2 emission.
20, Level 2 data is atmospherically corrected. Flag is the data taking value either 0 or 1 to donate a certain condition. ATMFAIL – atmospheric correction failure, DARKPIXEL – negative Rayleigh-correction.
21, When sea bottom affects the remote sensing reflectance water transparency, bottom reflectance spectrum and bottom
depth must be considered. Optical remote sensing can be used for mapping coral reefs and seagrass beds.
22, Ocean colour sensors: MODIS – 1 image per day, MERIS – 1 image every 3 days, GOCI – gives data 1 image per hour. GOCI can monitor tidal effects, movement of dust and sea fog.
23, a, reflectance, absorption and backscatter; b, chl a is the main absorber in open ocean
24, a, eutrophication: chl a concentration; b, sediment transport: near surface TSM
