Forming limit diagram for steel, brass and aluminium by KWI-test

(1)

Forming limit diagram for steel, brass and aluminium by

KWI-test

Citation for published version (APA):

Salem, F. B. (1974). Forming limit diagram for steel, brass and aluminium by KWI-test. (TH Eindhoven. Afd. Werktuigbouwkunde, Laboratorium voor mechanische technologie en werkplaatstechniek : WT rapporten; Vol. WT0338). Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven.

Document status and date: Published: 01/01/1974 Document Version:

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(2)

. Division of Production ... Engineer ing

PT 0338

. EI N DHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

,Forming limit Diagram for Steel, Brass and Aluminium

by

KWI- test

. by

FAWZIA B. SALEM

M. Se.

CAIRO UNIVERSITY

supervised

by

Ir. J.A.G. KALS

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Divaiorl of ~tion

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PT 03S8 EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

BIBL. TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT

II

*

EINDHOVEN ' .

RRI<

91 lJPR

, bsw

. Forming limit Diagram for Steel, Brass and Aluminium

by KWI- test

by

FAWZ IA B. SALEM

M. Sc. CAIRO UNIVERSITY

s.upervised by Ir. J.A.G. KALS

(24)

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VORMGEVING.

---

-MArE~IAALONOERZOEK (PLAAT) T.R.V,I Mr~S SALEM, (AUGUST 1974)

SEPAL

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xPlfNENTfEL.EV£ RSTE V I G I NGSr:UNK TIES (MET EN ZaNDER VOORDEF"ORMAT IE)

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(27)

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)

362 N/MM2 (GEM.) . . O I L T 4 - K HIT. - 0,19:1'

ORIENTATIE T~EKSTRtPI 90 nEGREES wITH ROLLING DIRECTION

B}'(Ul ll 10.284 .tlNUL·-c- 0.994 jA:Ni.ll - 10.222

SCMM) n(MM) ACMM2) F(N) DELTAS(-) DELlAO'·) 10.21'5 0 • 99 3 10.203: . 20eO~ .. 0 liQO 08 8 - 0 . _ 00101 10.240 0.9~Q 10.138 2300 ·0.00429 ·0.00403 . 10-d800,980 ··9.916· 25.10: -Otlll016-0.01418 10.095 0.965 9,142 2140 ·0.01655 -0.02961 9.9950.950 9.495 - ·3010= .... 0.02650-.~.... . ... _ .. -0.04528 9.8?8 0.923 9.011 3270 ·0.04535 ·0.07411 9HJ 1 0 0 1 1 . 8 9 4 8 . 5 0 9 3 4 -4 f} .. 0.06571:",0. 1 0 6 0 3 9 • 5 0 0 0 •

e

l' 3 8 • 294

3580"

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o.aOQ1'tltJA

··:3830 "Oi13559 ··:-0.211:13 SIGMA - C

*

(DELTA

**

N) C - 612.8 NIMM2 0,251 R(-) 0.81 ) .Q~. 0.72 0.63 0.63 0.61 0.62 0.61 0.62 N - 0.224 EPS.SlGMAe OELTAI<RIT. -SIGMA-C* (DEL fA *.- N l 356 N/MM2~ (AEK.) 375 N I M Me (G.E M • ) . 0.224 C - 656.4 N/MM2 EPS.-A • N- O.:260SIGMA-S-- - - ---- -. .jlft-TA-Ki't! T,' 41).-2-91 c-. 0.297 356 -~-... NlMM2 (SEA.) _._--_ .. . 393 N/.MM2 (GEM.) ~i260::

st~_MA _a. C • «(OELT A: +tl:E:t.,TA.N UL:>.

C • 820.5 N/MM2 EPS.A -f\t"--0.,O.4:,:SfGJU-a " DELTANUL. 0.03984 0: •. 591 365tilMM2 362 I\/MM2 DE-ll.A-,Oll Til-- . ----

----0,4+64

K(~~ DELTAC-) SIGMA(N/MM2) SIGZOC~IMM2)

0.01 0.00188 201.9 150.2: ·0.03 0.00832 220.i 209,6 0,17' (),.02415251,b2b6.6~·::-: 0.23 0,04816 81.3 310.6 0.23 o.~ll18.. 1.7,0

3

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4-31

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'SIGMA •

C • ((DELTA

+

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N)

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-fCCEL1A C • 816.1 N/MM2 N. 0.413

OELTANUL -

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(28)

- fUMM) 0.975 0.910 0.955 0.91JO 0.950 0,<#45 0.940 0.935 0.930 ·0.915

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(29)

10.614 - .--- -. -10.515 10.l85 10.21'5 10 .. ~12-O 9.817 -9,385 8.835 ·tG96010.247 0.953 10.021 0.-943' - 9 . 79~~ 0.930 9.55~ '0.92399341 0.900 8.889 .0.8656.118 O.EUO 7-156 SfG-MICa C w:

cpt:

l T A C .. ~55.2 N/MfoI2 26()0 28110 lOnO 3060 31-50 3230 3280 3200

-'ii

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ORIEN:iAtJE:: TftE'!(S TRIP i 900EGifEE.~WJTH fHJLl.IN(;OlRECTION

~NUL. 12.000 DNUl

=

0~980 ANUl. 11.160

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11~960

0.970 11.601 21500 ·0.00334 -0.01026.:--:

<h.33,"J

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l'

70> O. 955~11' 2'!0 2140 -0,01935 -0.0258-4 0-.711)9.14 0 .Q4§19 --. 241.-8 2:.14.0-11.1~0 0.955 11.221 2810 ·0.02105 ·0,02584 0.81 0.10 0.04689 250.4 275.6 Tt.6600.~50. 11..07., _2960 -€h021r14 ·0 ... 03109 0 . 9 2 0 . 0 4 0,0,983 267.2: 28'&:*2 11 • 6 1 5 0 • 950 11 • 0 34 30 :3 0 - • 0 • 0

32

6 1 ... 0 • 0 J 1 0 ~ 1 • 0'5 ...

0 •

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1

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7

TO

6 -';;;0;66 3 1 e 1 • 2. 2, • 0- • 1 0 0 • 1 40 2 4 3-4 2. • 4 32. 6 • 8 10.74(}..:0~.900 ,?,.66.6 3610-~Ojt-l(}:93'-0-.08516 1.30' -O.t3d.19,609 ' 3 1 5 . 5 . ; 3 : - 4 4 . 3 10.150 0,800 8.120 3480 ·0.16743 -0.20294 0.83 0.10 0,37037 428.0 3~0.1 .. -2'52.0 281.5 ;30.4 .. 3 323,9 339-2 366.7 ItO 4 .~ 444.2 S'IGfIIOCN1MM2 ) 119,3 180-.9 208.2 241'.8 244.5 2'114-0 2&;6.0 210.1 214.0 ·218*2 294,3 '304.3 333-9 ·:165.8 438.4

SIGMA .Cw(CELTA· * * N l S I G M ' A .~e*l(-D~l.'fAc+oELTANUl.)

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N*-

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THE- VAKGROEP PROOUK T I ETEC HNDLOtHE MATERIAALDNOEHZUEK (PLAAT) T.~~v

••

..

LAElORATORIUM VOOR f'LASTISCHE VORMGEIiING.

~ISS SALEM (JULY 191&)

. SEPAL I NG EXPONENT I EL[ V£RS TE. VI G I NGSF'UNK T 11:.5 (MET EN ZONDER VOOROEFORMATIE>_

vERLODP ANISQTI~OPIErAKTOH (R)~ THEKSTERKTE (SIGMA-a), INSNOtRREK (OELTA-KRIT.), AXIALE REK (EPS.~A)

ONOERZOCHTE ~ATERIAALSOOHTI ALUMINIUM ORIENTATIE TREK~rRIPI nOLLI~GDIRECTION

aNUL" 11.980 DNUL· 0.960 ANUL· B,MM) OCMM) ACMM2) Fct,j) uELTABC-)

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KC-)

-~2 "0.76 0.32 0.52 0.24 0.61 0.42 0.40 0':40 0.43 0.37 0.46 DElTAe-) 0,00094 0'00689 0.01298 0.04519 0.05940 0.01178 SIGMACN/MM2) 76.6 95.4 105.7 11l,7 113,5 114.0 S I Gzue NI ~tM2) 79.6 95.0 100.5 112-2 114.9 116.9 SIGMA • C

*

(DELTA

**

N) C l1li 147.5 N/MM2 EPS.-A

=

-,,~--:; .. 0.092

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OftIENTATIE TRlKSTftIPt HOLLING oI~ECT~ON

BNUL • 9.9~7 DNUl = 0 . 9 6 5 ANUL II 9.647

B(MM) O(MM) ACMM2l F(N) UELTA8C·) oELrAOC-)

9,990 0.960 9.590 10uO ·0.00070 "0.00519 9.980 0.963 9.618 1060 ·0.00090 ·0.00207 9.980 0.96~ 9.601 1112 ·0.00170 ·0.00311 9.96b 0.95& 9.549 1132 ·0.00291 ·0.00128 9,952 0.954 9.494 1140 -0.00451 -0.01146 9.913 0,94b 9,378 1137 ~o.00844 ·0.01969 9.650 0.928 9,141 1130 ·0.01481 ·0'03910 ~.65~ 0,&75 8.it46 1114 ·0.03461 ·0.09790 ~(

..

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KC·) DELTAC·) SIGMACN/MM2) SIGZD(N/~M2)

o

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=

C

*

(DELTA

**

N) C III: 144.3 Nh~t~2

- . ; ) · ' · U SIGMA III C* «DELTA + DELTANUL.)

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N)

S I GMO( NniM2) 76.6 98.1 102.7 112.0 114.1 115.5 SIGMOCN/MM2) 112.7 109.6 111.7 115.5 lUhO 121.4 125.4 13it 3 N It 0.048 EPS."A :; SIGIi'IAuS !ill 0.1)49 ~.:,l ~ ·:".~~_~-,~~~MM2 EPS.-A l1li 0.052 119 N/MM2 (S(Fh;) [ N l1li 0.052 "'-',\ SIGMA"S" 119 N/MM2

118 N/MM? (GEM.) D. ELTANUL. l1li 010010 .. 3 I 118 N/MM2

DELTA-KrUT. = 0.04ti . _ J OELTA'""KRIT. II 0.051

(SER.) (GEM a)

dldENTATIE TFH ..

r<STRIP:

45 I)EGHEES WITH ROLLING OIREc'JION BNUL" 11.960 ONUL = 0.96S ANUL III 11.561

B(MM) OCMM) A(MM2) FtN) U~LTAB(-) OELTAOC·) RC-) K~-) OELTAC-) SIGMA(N/MM2) SIGZDCN/MM2) 11 • 960 a • 960 11 • 4 B 2 8 b 0 - a • 00 1 67 -0 , 0 a 5 19 lh 32 0 • 5 1 0 • 0 0687 76 • 6 76 • 3

11.960 0.960 11.482 910 ·0.00167 ·0-00519 0,32 0.51 0.00687 79.3 76~3

11,950 0,955 11,412 980 ·0.00251"0-01042 0.24 0.61 (h01292 85.9 /:S8,3

11~950 0.950 11.353 1040 ·0.00251 -0.01567 0.16 0.72 0.01817 91.6 95.5

11.940 0.94!) 11.283 1070 ·0.00334 ·0.020940-16 0.72 0,02429 94.8 102.1 11.940 0.945 11.2&3 I1S0 ·0.00334 ~O.02094 0.1~ 0.72 0.02429 101.9 102.1 11.935 O.94~ 11.279 1170 ·0.00376 ·0.02094 0.18 0.70 0.02471 103,7 102.5 11.930 0.940 11~214 1220 ·0.00418 ·0.02625. 0.16 0.73 0.03043 106.6 107.6 11.930 0-940 11.214 12~0 ~O.00418 -0.02625 0.16 0.73 0.03043 . 111.5 lQ7~6 11.920 O~940 11,205 1290 -0.00502 ·0.02625 0.19 0.6~ 0.03127 115.1 108.3 11,820 0.930 10.993 1300 "0.013it5 ·0.Ol694 0.36 0.47 0.05039 118.3 120.9 SIGMOCN/MM2) 71.1 71.1 87.8 94,9 101.7 101.7 102.1 107.5 107.5 108.2 122.2 SIGMA III: C ,. (DELTA

**

N) ,--.

f ....

IJ<2Q( S " "I.GM ... A = C .. ((DELTA + DELTANUL)

**

N)

C III. 2~1 . MM2 EPS,·A It 0.260 ;. O,~ C == 273.5 N/MIi'I2 EPS.-A l1li 0'.313

N III: 0.231 1, SIGMA-B III: 136 N/Mtvl2 (BER.) . [ --~'N l1li 0.275 SIGMA"S II 146 N/MM2 (BER.)

<_~

OELTA-KRIT. III:

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0,00319 DELTA-KRII. III

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(GEM.)

.. ORIENTATIE

TRlKSTRIPI

90

DEGREES

"11TH ROLLING DIRECTION

(31)

B(MM) D(MM) A(MM2) peN)

DELTA8C")

DELTAD(·)

11<-) KC·) DELTAC") SIGMACN/MM2) i:>IGZDCN/.1M2) SIGMOCN/MM2)

11.~80 0-960 11.501

loeo

"().OOO~2 ·0,00519 0.08 0,85 0.00561 93,9 101hO 93,9 11.97::> 0,960 11.496 1210 "'0.00083 "0.00519 vd6 0.72 0.00603 105.3 104.5 105,2 11,950 0,960 11.472 1230 "0.00292 "0-00519 /(j.~ 0.28 0,00812 107.2 106.7 110,8 11.920 0.95~ 11 ;; 38~ 13~O "0.0(,)544 ·0.01042 0.52 Otl1 0.01585 118.6 111.8 115.5 @----liT880 ·o.95t;J ·ll.286 . 13S0 ·0,00880 ·0'01507 (,).56 0.28 0'02447 119.6 11$-2 111.6 11,65::> 0,950 11.262 1350 -0.01091 -0'01567 0.70 0.16 0'02657 119.9 115.9 118,0 11-cS1~ O.94~ 11 d65 1340 ·0.01429 ·0-02094 0.68 0-19 0.03523 120.0 118.2 119.2 11.730 0,930 10.90'1 1300 "0.02151 ·0.OJ694 (h58 0.26 0.05845 119.2 122-4 121,2 11.670 O·~10 10.620 12bO ·0.0C!663 ·0.05868 u .. 4-S- 0.38 0'08532 120.5 125,7 122.7 SIGMA II C

*

(DELTA

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N) r"C)' ( C III 149.2 N/MM2 EPS."A II 0,072 ~

0.070 SIGMA-a III llb N/MM2 CUER.>

117 N/~~l!o12 (GEM. )). O[LTA-KrnT. !;II _0.070

SIGMA II _C

'*

(DELTA

**

N)

C III _148,8 _Nlt-ni2 _EP~.-A:: _0.084

# N III 0.060 SIGMA-B III 112N/MM2

(IlER.>

117 N/""M2 'GEM .) Dt:LTA-KHIT. II _0.080

(32)

ni£ • VAKGROEp· PRODUKT rETEC HNOLOG It.:" LABORATORI UM vOOR PL AS T 1 SCHE VOHMGEVI NG.

MAT£RIAAlONOEHZOEK (PlAATL T.i;;.V.1 Ml.SS:)AlEM (JULY 191£+)

at:PAL!NG~EXPOi .. ENTIELE VtRSTEV1GIN\iSrUi~KTlt.S (MET EN ZONOEr<VOOROEFORMATIE)

vERLUOP AN1SOTRO~IEFAKTnH (RJ~ TkEKSTERKTE CSIGMA-a), INSNOERREK (DElTA-KRIT.), AXIALE R~K (~PS.MA)

ONOERlOCHTE Mi~Tt:.Rl:~ALSOORT: BRASS

OHIEtHATI£ TRt:K£TRIPs ROLLING OIR£c·r LON

SNUl D 12.010 DNUL D 0.997 ANUL D 11.974

8(MM) DCMM) ACMM2) F(NJ JELTA~(WJ OELTADC-l

11.240 0.96j 10.824 470J ·0.06626 ·0.03470 10.990 0.91110.012 4800 ·O.08d75 ·0-09021 10,883 0.900 9,795 ~900 -O.6~854 ·0.10236 10.575 0.67~ 9.253 4960 ·0.12725 ·0-13053 lu.520 0.865 9.100 496U ·0.13246 -O.14~02

9.910 0.860 8,523 4940 ·0.19220 ·0.14782

9.636 0.l8S 7.566 4YOO ·O.22~03 ·O.239U1

SIGMA D C

*

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=

OHIENTATIE TR~KSTRJP: ROLLING OIriECT!~N

418 N/MM2 (8ERtl 41'+ N/MM2 (GEM.)

0.275

aNUL D 12.000 DNUL:: 0.995 ANUL:: 11.940

B(MM) D'MM) ACMM2) F(N) OELTAB(-) DECTAO(-)

11.26~ 0.930 10~476 4600 ·0.00321 -0.06156 11.040 0,910 10.046 4800 ·0.00338 -Q.Q8930 11.000 0.900 9.900 4900 ~a.J8701 -0.10035 10,690 0.890 9.6~2 4980 -o.o~706 ·0.11152 10.830 0.880 9.530 SOlO -0.IJ259 ·0.12202 10.140 0.880 9.451 5050 ·0.11J93 ·~.12282 y.980 0.8Z0 8.184 5030 ·0.18432 ·0.19344 SIGMA

*

C

*

(DELTA** N) , =840.8 N/M~2 EPs.-A • 0.373 tH'" ) 0.94 O. Y~. o.tH 0.87 i.). 84 0.90 0.95 423 N/MM2 CGEM.) OELTA-KRIT.:: 0.317

GHIEN1ATIE TREKSTRIPS 45.JEGREES wITrl ~O~LING DIRECTION

BNUl. 12.GIO ONUL:: 0.995 (NUL D 11-950

8 0.1 M ) D eM M ) A ( M M 2 ) ·1="00 JE L r AS c- ) 0 E L.T A 0 ( - ) 11*530 O~'60 11.~69 4250 ·0.04079 ·0.03581 11.340 0,940 10.660 4400 -0.05740 ~0.05686 11.080 0,920 10.194 4550 ·0.08000 -0.01837 10,970 0.910 9.9~3 4~30 -O.OiOS8 "'0.08930 10.880 0.910 9.901 4610"0.09tHH ·0-06930 1 0 .72

a

0 • 890 9 II ') 4 1 4040'" 0 • 11 363 ..

0

d 1152 10.680 0.890 9.505 4700 ·0.11737·0.11152 !-*-l.4,: 1.01 l'O~ 1,0 l 1 .11 1.02 1.05

SIGMA lie" CoEL.TA **N) C II 608.4 N/MM2 N I: 0.232

EPS .... A

:= SIGMA""S D 0.261 f 3j9 N/MM2 (BER;' 393 N/MM2 (GEMi) DELTA~KRIT.

=

0.232

ORl~NTATIE

TREKSTRIP:

90 DEGREES kITH ROLLING

DIRECTION

BNUL D 12.000· ON~l II 1.000 A~uL. 12.000

BCMM) OCMM) A(~M2) FOO CELTASC"') OELTAOC-)

11.880 0.980 11.642 4100 ·0,01005 ·0.02020

11-800 0.965 111387 4150 "'01101681 -0'03503 11.760 0.955 11.231 4200 "'0.02020 :"'0.04604

K(-) DELTAC·) SIGMACN/MM2) 5IGZO(N/~M2)

·0.31 0.10096 434.2 417,9 0.01 0,17896 479.4 489.3 0,02 0.20089 500.3 505.1 0.01 0.25777 536.0 541.0 0.03 0.27446 545.1 550.4 "'0.13 0.34001 579.6 583.9 0.04 0.45909 647.0 6J4.2

I.

1 SIGMA D C

*

«Dfl'rA + OELTANUL)

**

N)

. C D 774.1 N/MM2 EPS.-A D 0.389 S I GMl)(NI MM2) 433.0 484,6 498.5 533-5 543.5 581.1 647.5 . N II: 0.619 i~_1 SIGMA-a:: 414 N/MM2

I

DELTANUL D 0.29050 414 N/~M2 I . ~_ ElTA-Kfur. II: 0.329 -... ~-~---.-"---(BER.) (GEMd -'""-.~ ... ~---,~, . .,"~~~~. -~-.~ I«e) 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.02 N II: DElTAC-) 0'13076

o

t1 1268 0.18736 0.20858 0.22541 0.23375 0.a7116 SIGI.;ACN/MM2) 439,1 1+77.8 494.9 513.S 525.7 534.3 614.6 SIGMA-S D SIGZU(N/-tM2) 441-0 4tH.7· 494,3 511.4 524.2 530.3 617.5 425 N/MI'42 (BER.)

KC-' CELTAC-) SI~MA(N/MM2) 5IGZDCN/MM2)

-0.06 0.07660 384.0 a79.~ -0.00 0.11427 412,8 416.6 ·0.01 0.15897 446.4 449.1 ·0.01 0.17987 463.6 462.a ·0.05 O~la811465.6 461~~ -0.01 0.22515 486.3 461.5 ·0.03 0 . 2 2 8 6 9 4 9 4 . 5 459.!

l/SIGMA • C .. «DELTA + OELTANUL) **N) , C D 172.9 N/MM2 EPS~-A. OJ'60 SlGMOCN/MM2) 437.7 482.0 495,2 512,8 525.6 531.7 615,4 SlGMOCN/MN2) 383.4 414 t1 446.1 ·460.9 466.4' If89.7 492.0 ---N-~ 0 • 4 1 7 ~ 51 G MA'" B D 395 N I M M2

t

OEL TANUL D .

O.10~,~~~.

'. .... , . 3 9 3 N/MM2

(SER.) (GEM.) .--'._"~_." __ .'~.'"'_" .. __ .. _. __ .. - eEL T A KR I I. D O . 301 K ( .. ) , 0.34 0,36 0.39 DElTAC") 0.03025 0.05243 0.06625 SIGMACNIMM2) 352.2 364.5 J14.0 ~lGZO(NIMM2) 3\)6.5 347., 366,6 SIGMOCN/MM2) 350.1 365.3 374.6

(33)

1,·01V O''1jU lU.(Y( '1:300 ·0.0';j04 -0.O'~:>7 u .4e,- O'.H V.1V::>Ol .,",o,t! ,+VUtc IoIVVt::;l 11.S10 0.9(10 10.644 4330 ·0,03649 ·0.06338 u.44 0.39 0111987 406,0 420." 409.7 11.1+90 0,910 10.456 4370 ·0.04343 ·0.09431 v.46 0.37 Ott3714 411.9 433.t' 421.0 11.490 0.910 10.456 4390 "0.,0'1343 ·0.09431 \,).46 0.31 0,13714 419,9 4:,)3.8 421.0 11 • 4 30 0,900 10.287 4420 -0.04867 -0.10536 tJ.46 0.37 0.15403 ... 29.7 445.1 431.2 11-380 0.900 10.242 4470 ·0.0:>305 ·0,10536 0.50 0,33 0.15841 436.4 447.9 433.9 11,300 0.880 9,944 4500 "'0.06010 ·C.127t)) u.47 0.36 0,18194 452.5 405.6 452.0 11.180 0.870 9.727 4560 ·0.07078 ·0.13926 v.51 0.33 0.21004 466.8 477,(, _465.3 11.120 0.860 9,563 4566 "0,07616 ·0.150tl2 v.SO 0,33 0'22698 416,8 4b6./J, 415,4 11.020 0.850 9.367 4590 "0.0~519 -0.16252 0.52 0.31 0.24111 490.0 496.3 481.5 10."60 0.&30 9.097 4610 "0.011065 ·0.le633 C.49 0.35 0.21698 506.6 509.1 504.5 10.810 0·610 6,156 4610 ·0.10444 ·0.21072 ...:,.50 0.34 0.31516 526,5 5~4.~ 526.1 10.780 o.tH 0 8.732 4590 ·0,10'721 -0·21072 \, .51 0.33 0.31194 525.7 525.~ 521.6 10,530 0.785 8.266 4570 -O.1j068 -0.?4201 .;·.54 0,30 0.31275 552,9 545.0 551,8 10-120 0,720 1.286 4560 "0.17039 "'0.3t:850 l. • 'j 2 0.32 0.49890 625,8 5~2.6 624,3

SIGMA

=

C

..

(DELiA

_**

N) ---., _SIGMA

₌

_{C '*} _«DELTA ₊ _DELTANlJL.)

**

N)

C

₌

683.2 N/MM2 EP;;.-A

=

0.257 C

=

123.0 N/MM2 EPS,-A

=

0.426

N

=

0.229 SIGMA-a

=

388 N/MM2 (aEf~. J N

=

fo."~

SlGMA-S ;: _{384 N/MM2} (BER.)

384 N/MM2 (GEM. ) DELTANUL :: _0.30065, _{384 N/MM2 (GEM.)}

DELTA-KRIT. = 0.229 DELTA-KRIl·

=

0.355 SIGMA

='

C

_*

(DELTA

_**

N) SIGMA ;: _C

..

«

_{DELTA .. OEL.TANUL.)}

**

N)

C _{==-_I~Jt~~J'J(}M M 2 EP&."A

=

0.296 C ;: _{198.4 N/MM2} _EPS.-A

₌

_0.369

iN :: _0.259: _SIGMA-S

₌

₄₀₂ _N/MI>12 _(BER,) _{IN ;:} . 0.452 / SIGMA .. ti ;: _{401 N/MM2 (BER-)}

_ _ _ • _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ c

;

421 N/MM2 (GEM.) DEL TAN

In.-'

iii .' (f~T2:f48· 421 N/MM2 (GEt-h) DEL 1.A-I<R1T. ;: _0.259 _DELTA-KRIl.

=

_0.329

TIJDMELDINGENI

(x.TIMEa

55.4dO IO-TIMEt 21311

Forming limit diagram for steel, brass and aluminium by KWI-test