Win-wins in forest product value chains? How governance impacts the sustainability of livelihoods based on non-timber forest products from Cameroon - Appendix 1: Exchange rates

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Win-wins in forest product value chains? How governance impacts the

sustainability of livelihoods based on non-timber forest products from Cameroon

Ingram, V.J.

Publication date

2014

Link to publication

Citation for published version (APA):

Ingram, V. J. (2014). Win-wins in forest product value chains? How governance impacts the

sustainability of livelihoods based on non-timber forest products from Cameroon.

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Appendix 1 Exchange rates

If not quoted in US$, prices were converted from FCFA to US$ using the historical,

inflation-linked equivalent US$ exchange rate, to provide equivalent terms for 2010 and enable

comparison. The following rates were used:

September 2007

262 Nigerian Naira = 1000 FCFA 1 Nigerian Naira= 3.80 FCFA 1 US$ = 115.50 Nigerian Naira 1 Nigerian Naira = 0.00865 US$

1 € = 655.957 FCFA 1 FCFA = 0.00152449 €

1 US$ = 481.275 FCFA 1 FCFA = 0.00207 US$

1 € = 1.36 US$ 1 US$ = 0.7337 €

September 2008

1 € = 655.957 FCFA 1 FCFA = 0.00152449 €

1 US$ = 502.4202 FCFA 1 FCFA = 0.00199 US$

1 € = 1.46 US$ 1 US$ = 0.6847 €

September 2009

1 € = 655.957 FCFA 1 FCFA = 0.00152449 €

1 US$ = 441.192 FCFA 1 FCFA = 0.00226658 US$

1 € = 1.456130 US$ 1 US$ = 0.686752 €

Source: www.xe.com Retrieved 10 September 2011

KEY:

US$ = United States Dollars FCFA = Central African Franc € = Euro

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For historical rate conversion, the following rates were used:

FCFA

US$

XAF Average _Average

bid ask 1990 0 ₀ 1991 0 ₀ 1992 0 ₀ 1993 0 ₀ 1994 544.6582 545.10032 _544.87925 1995 498.922 500.17475 _499.54837 1996 510.379 512.49433 _511.43667 1997 582.1685 584.2639 _583.216195 1998 589.2666 590.21368 _589.74013 1999 615.2975 616.01871 _615.6581 2000 647.9161 648.64968 _648.282905 2000 709.5236 713.45719 _711.490415 2001 725.7181 741.4718 _733.59495 2002 677.7969 724.61205 _701.204475 2003 564.7325 590.97447 _577.85347 2004 507.2896 549.16393 _528.226775 2005 522.2248 532.74656 _527.485675 2006 505.8538 539.56097 _522.707405 2007 466.0924 492.72244 _479.407415 2008 439.3087 457.07335 _448.19103 2009 462.7569 480.69199 _471.72444 2010 466.5664 484.99532 _475.780875

Source: http://www.xe.com/ict/ Retrieved 10 September 2011

2005-2009 average FCFA to 1 US$

489.9032

FCFA US$ exchange rate fluctuations in the period 2005 to 2007 were 1.10, making the 2005 and 2007 figures comparable and inflation rates stable at 1 to 2% (Konings 2009).