Appendix 2 - Codebooks Codebook 1
F. Type of article
3. Use of sources
3.2 Sources identified
A source is identified/mentionned but not cited if no information is attributed to them, but they still appear in the story. Their mention needs to be explicit. This type of source is refered to as an actor source. If any of these actor sources are mentioned but not cited, please insert 1 for the type of source.
The sources counted in the category above ( sources cited) cannot count in this category.
O1: law enforcement officer, agency, police report (or other police document)
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O2: Judge, prosecutor, or court document
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O3: Politicians/government/state officials (or document/statistics from the governement)
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O4: member/representant of an international organization
Note: this source category includes non-governmental cooperation organizations, such as members of a religious group, or international organizations for economic or security cooperation, for example.
The category does not include human rights organizations or organizations advocating for the rights of victims of trafficking, or for the rights of sex workers.
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O5: social worker/governement service worker
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O6: advocate for human rights
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O7: advocate for rights of victims of trafficking
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O8: sex workers’ rights advocate
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O9: public health official (nurse, doctor, psychologist, ect.)
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O10: victim of trafficking or their representatives
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O11: sex worker or their representative
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O12: trafficker of their spoke-person
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O13: eyewitness/non-expert/family
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O14: journalist/media
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O15: academic/expert
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O16: celebrity/non-journalist
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O17: employer of victim/customer of victim
Note: if the victim is working for the trafficker, the trafficker is not considered as “employer” of the victim. Here, only consider external employers, such as companies hiring victims of trafficking to work (they might be aware of the trafficking though)
- IS present as an actor source in the article (1) - is NOT present as an actor source in the article (0)
O18: other
If another source than the one’s mentioned above is present as an actor source, please write down the name and information of the source (i.e. what source category they belong to). If not, please leave the space blank
Codebook 2
Categorization used to determine the objective frames for the analysis
We are trying to identify the frames present in the article to discuss trafficking in human beings. In order to determine the presence of a certain frame, we look at the causes, consequences and solutions to trafficking proposed in the article.
2.1 Causes of human trafficking Causes related to crime
I1: Criminal activity/fraud
I2: Organized crime network
I3: Family selling the individual/relative to the victim taking advantage of the victim
Note: relatives include boyfriend/friends/people in the direct surrounding of the victim, etc..
I4: Governement/police/legal corruption
I22: victim hoping for a better life and/or being “fooled” by trafficker/victim’s ignorance
Causes related to policy/legislation I4: Governement/police/legal corruption
I5: Poorly enforced laws that already exist
I6: Lack of international cooperation/collaboration
I7: decriminalization of sex work
I8: criminalization of sex work
I9: sex work legal framework
I11: border patrol or immigration
I12: governement failure to protect its citizens
I15: Lack of protective legislation
Causes related to human rights
I12: government failure to protect its citizens
I13: Lack of sufficient human rights protection for victims
I14: Too strict immigration policy/border control
I15: Lack of protective legislation
I17: Discrimination on the basis of ethnicity/gender/sexuality, low status of women or LGBTQIA+
individuals
I18: Demand for cheap labor/worker without labor rights
I19: Lack of educational opportunities for women and LGBTQIA+ individuals
Causes related to deeper rooted social issues - Alternative frame
I11: border patrol or immigration
I12: government failure to protect its citizens
I14: Too strict immigration policy/border control
I16: Poverty, lack of economic development /socioeconomic conditions
I17: Discrimination on the basis of ethnicity/gender/sexuality, low status of women or LGBTQIA+
individuals
I18: Demand for cheap labor/worker without labor rights
I19: Lack of educational opportunities for women and LGBTQIA+ individuals
I20: Criminalization of sex work
I21: War or armed conflict, or another catastrophe (such as environmental catastrophe or issues related to COVID-19)
I22: victim hoping for a better life and/or being “fooled” by trafficker/victim’s ignorance
Other causes:
I23: Local demand for sex
I24: Local demand for organ
I25: Sex tourism from other countries
I26: Individuals voluntarily drawn to prostitution/sex work/ sex industry, the excitement of urban life
I27: sex worker’s rights organizations
I28: internet making recruitment easier
I29: Another cause
2.2 Solutions proposed Solution related to crime
K1: punishment for workers who are trafficked but who violate laws
K2: punishment for traffickers/pimps
K3: punishment for companies who use trafficked workers
K4: punishment for the person/companies benefitting from the trafficking victim (for example the buyer of sexual services, or the person benefitting from the domestic work, or the person receiving the organ)
K5: punishment for someone involved in the trafficking act
K6: training and/or more resources for law enforcement to prevent/combat the problem
K7: increased arrest of anyone involved in trafficking act
Solutions related to Policy/legislation
K8: better coordination and cooperation among policy, law and advocacy groups
K9: stricter immigration policy/legislation or stricter border control
K10: looser immigration policy/legislation or looser border control
K11: stricter regulation on sex work
Note: “looser” regulation refers to regulation that are leaning towards a decriminalization of sex work, rather than towards a prohibition of sex work.
K13: decriminalize sex work
K14: more international collaboration
K15: more diplomacy
K16: review/change of policy/law
Solutions related to Human rights
K8: better coordination and cooperation among policy, law and advocacy groups
K17: promotion of non-governement organization that advocate and work on prevention efforts
K18: training and/or more resources for human rights organizations to prevent/combat the problem
K19: more assistance/protection/accompanying to victims or their community
K20: more assistance/protection/ accompanying to victims surroundings (family, friends, acquaintance)
K21: investment in human development
K22: treat victims as victims or refugees rather than criminals
K23: reform visa process
K24: increased labor rights
K25: increased human rights
Solution related to deeper rooted social issues - alternative K10: looser immigration policy/legislation or looser border control
K12: looser regulation on sex work
Note: “looser” regulation refers to regulation that are leaning towards a decriminalization of sex work, rather than towards a prohibition of sex work.
K13: decriminalize sex work
K19: more assistance/protection/accompanying to victims or their community
K20: more assistance/protection/ accompanying to victims surroundings (family, friends, acquaintance)
K21: investment in human development
K22: treat victims as victims or refugees rather than criminals
K23: reform visa process
K24: increased labor rights
K25: increased human rights
K28: work on preventing gender inequality
Solution related to awareness
K17: promotion of non-governement organization that advocate and work on prevention efforts
K18: training and/or more resources for human rights organizations to prevent/combat the problem
K26: development of awareness and education campaigns
K27: raise public awareness on trafficking: educate individuals on “real numbers” of trafficking
Note: This refers for example to campaigns that aim to raise awareness on the fact that human trafficking for domestic work is more common than human trafficking for the aim of sexual exploitation or for the aim of forced organ removal.
K29: training niche groups (health care, hotel, airlines, ect.) to recognize and respond to trafficking
K30: more information campaigns to warn potential victims
Other solutions K31: Other solution