Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT)
The following section contains seven questions that test basic reasoning skills. Please fill in the blank in numbers.
(1) A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs a dollar more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? ____ cents [Correct answer = 5 cents; intuitive answer = 10 cents]
(2) If it takes 5 machines 5 minutes to make 5 widgets, how long would it take 100 machines to make 100 widgets? ____ minutes [Correct answer = 5 minutes; intuitive answer = 100 minutes]
(3) In a lake, there is a patch of lily pads. Every day, the patch doubles in size. If it takes 48 days for the patch to cover the entire lake, how long would it take for the patch to cover half of the lake? ____ days [Correct answer = 47 days; intuitive answer = 24 days]
(4) If John can drink one barrel of water in 6 days, and Mary can drink one barrel of water in 12 days, how long would it take them to drink one barrel of water together? _____ days [correct answer = 4 days; intuitive answer = 9]
(5) Jerry received both the 15th highest and the 15th lowest mark in the class. How many students are in the class? ______ students [correct answer = 29 students; intuitive answer = 30]
(6) A man buys a pig for $60, sells it for $70, buys it back for $80, and sells it finally for $90.
How much has he made? _____ dollars [correct answer = $20; intuitive answer = $10]
(7) Simon decided to invest $8,000 in the stock market one day early in 2008. Six months after he invested, on July 17, the stocks he had purchased were down 50%. Fortunately for Simon, from July 17 to October 17, the stocks he had purchased went up 75%. At this point, Simon has: a. broken even in the stock market, b. is ahead of where he began, c. has lost money [correct answer = c, because the value at this point is $7,000; intuitive response = b].
Food scarcity scale (AFSS)
Next we would like to know your thoughts on a sustainability issue that has recently been in the news. Below are a number of statements about food scarcity. There are no right or wrong answers. Please read each item and fill in the appropriate space the choice you believe to be true.
1. Food shortages will occur more frequently.
2. Food resources will become increasingly scarce.
3. There will be less food available.
4. Food availability will be more uncertain.
5. More people will be hungry.
6. The demand for food will be higher than the supply.
7. There may not be enough food for everyone.
8. People will compete for food resources.
Negative text
Next, we would like you to read some news about this issue of food scarcity that you just answered questions about.
Please read the following text:
The Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that there are more hungry people in the world now than at any time since 1970. This situation is likely to intensify between now and 2050. The world population is expected to increase by more than 2 billion people, to reach a total of over 9 billion in 2050. Current global crop and livestock areas will become increasingly unsuitable. According to the IPCC report, the impact on food availability and nutritional quality will greatly increase the number of people at risk of hunger, malnutrition, and diet-related mortality. These abrupt losses in food production and access to food have resulted in increased malnutrition in many communities. This will disproportionately affect indigenous peoples, small-scale food producers, low-income households, children, the elderly, and pregnant women. However, these shortages are ultimately likely to affect the world as a whole.
Positive text
Next, we would like you to read some news about this issue of food scarcity that you just answered questions about.
Please read the following text:
Over the last couple of years, new and successful food technologies have been introduced in order to fight food scarcity in the world. Research has shown that efficient irrigation
positively impacts food scarcity and has been told to have the potential to solve world's hworld'sompletely. An example of implementing new innovative farming methods is the UAE (United Arabic Emirates). As you likely know, in the UAE there is no water and all food gets imported. But over the last years, with new technologies they have been able to produce their own food with new farming methods. Trends suggest that conventional agricultural technologies – such as providers of irrigation, genetic technology, fertilizers and pesticides – can also be part of the food scarcity solution.
Food scarcity scale (AFSS)
Now that you have read that information about food scarcity, we would again like to know your thoughts on this issue. Although you already answered this, having read the previous text, we would like to have your perspective again.
Below are a number of statements about food scarcity. There are no right or wrong answers.
Please read each item and fill in the appropriate space the choice you believe to be true.
Indicate how strongly you disagree (1) or agree (7) with each statement 1. Food shortages will occur more frequently.
2. Food resources will become increasingly scarce.
3. There will be less food available.
4. Food availability will be more uncertain.
5. More people will be hungry.
6. The demand for food will be higher than the supply.
7. There may not be enough food for everyone.
8. People will compete for food resources.
New Ecological Paradigm (NEP)
Finally, we would like to know your thoughts about some broader sustainability issues that have been identified.
Below are a number of general statements about the environment. There are no right or wrong answers. Please read each item and fill in the appropriate space the choice you believe to be true.
Indicate how strongly you disagree (1) or agree (7) with each statement.
1. We are approaching the limit of the number of people the Earth can support.
2. Human ingenuity will insure that we do not make the Earth unlivable.
3. The Earth has plenty of natural resources if we just learn how to develop them.
4. The balance of nature is strong enough to cope with the impacts of modern industrial nations.
5. The so-called "ecologic" facing humankind has been greatly exaggerated.
6. Humans will eventually learn enough about how nature works to be able to control it.
7. If things continue on their present course, we will soon experience a major ecological catastrophe.
Process output
Run MATRIX procedure:
***************** PROCESS Procedure for SPSS Version 4.1 *****************
Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D. www.afhayes.com
Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3
**************************************************************************
Model : 6 Y : ZROSY X : ZThinkin M1 : ZBIP M2 : ZSE
Sample Size: 223
**************************************************************************
OUTCOME VARIABLE:
ZBIP
Model Summary
R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
.0961 .0092 .9847 2.0598 1.0000 221.0000 .1526
Model
coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
constant -.0059 .0665 -.0881 .9299 -.1368 .1251 ZThinkin -.0958 .0668 -1.4352 .1526 -.2275 .0358
**************************************************************************
OUTCOME VARIABLE:
ZSE
Model Summary
R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
.0421 .0018 1.0108 .1950 2.0000 220.0000 .8230
Model
coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
constant .0018 .0673 .0272 .9783 -.1309 .1345
ZThinkin -.0424 .0680 -.6230 .5339 -.1763 .0916 ZBIP -.0069 .0682 -.1017 .9191 -.1412 .1274
**************************************************************************
OUTCOME VARIABLE:
ZROSY
Model Summary
R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
.1279 .0164 .9971 1.2138 3.0000 219.0000 .3056
Model
coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
constant -.0007 .0669 -.0097 .9923 -.1324 .1311 ZThinkin -.0154 .0676 -.2279 .8199 -.1486 .1178 ZBIP -.0585 .0677 -.8648 .3881 -.1920 .0749 ZSE .1126 .0670 1.6814 .0941 -.0194 .2446
****************** DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y
*****************
Direct effect of X on Y
Effect se t p LLCI ULCI -.0154 .0676 -.2279 .8199 -.1486 .1178
Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI TOTAL .0009 .0154 -.0298 .0336 Ind1 .0056 .0088 -.0071 .0281 Ind2 -.0048 .0110 -.0312 .0127 Ind3 .0001 .0016 -.0026 .0046
Indirect effect key:
Ind1 ZThinkin -> ZBIP -> ZROSY Ind2 ZThinkin -> ZSE -> ZROSY
Ind3 ZThinkin -> ZBIP -> ZSE -> ZROSY
*********************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS
************************
Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output:
95.0000
Number of bootstrap samples for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals:
5000
WARNING: Variables names longer than eight characters can produce incorrect output when some variables in the data file have the same first eight characters. Shorter
variable names are recommended. By using this output, you are accepting all risk and consequences of interpreting or reporting results that may be incorrect.