B. PHOTO IMPRESSION OF THE
132 B. Photo impression of the test rig
Fig. B.3: Close-up of rotating seal and stationary seal.
Fig. B.4: Alignment construction, front view.
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INDEX
A asperity
coefficient of friction, 25 contact, 25
contact area, 25 density, 26
elastic deformation, 26 load, 25
pressure, 25
reference plane, 26 shape, 26
asperity-asperity collisions, 19 assumptions
contact model, 26 full film model, 36
B balance area, 19 balance ratio, 9, 20
balanced, 9 unbalanced, 9 bellows, 86
boundary layer, 24
boundary lubrication, see lubrica-tion
C calculating
Stribeck curve, see Stribeck curve carbon, 98
carbon seal shrink, 96 swell, 96
cavitation, 19, 38, 55, 60
dimensionless parameter, 45
cleaning
seal face, 101, 102
coefficient of friction, 3, 25, 65, 101 asperity, 25
boundary lubrication regime, 25, 66, 105
measuring, 101 micro-geometry, 103 compliance, 27
coning, 11, 23, 29, 31, 101, 102 analytical solution, 42 convergent, 11
divergent, 11, 43 effect, 43
production methods, 103 transition, 105
contact heat, 101 material, 20 contact area
asperity, 25 hydrodynamic, 65
hydrodynamic lubrication, 25 nominal, 29
dimensionless, 31 fit, 31
contact model, 6, 23, 26 curvature, 9, 30
radius, 30 D
data acquisition, 88 deformation
elastic, 30 asperity, 26
140 Index
distribution
asperity height, 28 Gaussian, 28, 69 M -inverted χ2n, 68 measured, 28
standard deviation, 27 duty parameter, 4, 5
E elastic deformation
asperity, 26 elasticity
reduced modulus, see reduced modulus of elasticity
equilibrium force, 19
experimental procedure, 101 experiments
friction coning, 105 lubricant, 102 materials, 102 micro-geometry, 103 waviness amplitude, 103 iso-thermal, 101
roughness, 103 F
film thickness, 24, 60, 67
film thickness equation, 6, 23, 36, 52
0 < Pf ≤ 1, 54 1 < Pf ≤ 1.75, 55 Pf = 0, 54
α = 0, 53 γ = 0, 52
assumptions, 36 convergent coning, 14 diverging coning, 14 fit, 36
force equilibrium, 19 form tester, 96
friction, 3, 5, 88 BL, 3
boundary lubrication regime, 24 cavitation, 60
coning, 60 effect of
coning, 105
macro-geometry, 103 micro-geometry, 103 waviness amplitude, 103 experimental procedure, 93 force, 37
full film lubrication, 24, 60 design diagram, 60 geometrical component, 23 HL, 3
measurements, 85, 92
mixed lubrication regime, 25 ML, 3
rolling component, 23 seal geometry, 60 sliding component, 23 squeezing component, 23 static, 86
Stribeck curve, see Stribeck curve waviness, 60
full film lubrication, 7 leakage, 60
full film model, 23, 36
dimensionless equations, 42 dimensionless variables, 40
G
Greenwood & Williamson, 26–28 H
Half-Sommerfeld condition, 38 height distribution, see distribution height distribution function, 28 Hertz, 30
contact area, 27 contact load, 27
Index 141
contact parameters, 30 contact radius, 27 hybrid transducer, 86
hydrodynamic lubrication, see lubri-cation
hydrodynamic pressure, see pressure hydrostatic lubrication, see
lubrica-tion
hydrostatic pressure, see pressure I
inside pressurized seal, 8, 43, 87, 108 film thickness
convergent coning, 37 divergent coning, 37
interference microscope, 29, 96, 101, 106
iso-thermal, 5, 101 K K-factor, 9, 16, 19 kurtosis, 69
L λ-variable, 66
leakage, 3, 5, 37, 60, 106 coning, 60
design diagram, 60 waviness, 60
liquid fraction, 36, 39 load
asperities, 28, 64 hydrodynamic, 64 spring, 19
load carrying capacity, 93 experimental procedure, 93 measurements, 85
results, 95 lubricant behaviour
Newtonian, 24 lubrication
boundary, 2, 71, 88
hydrodynamic, 2, 17, 39, 104 contact area, 25
hydrostatic, 9 microasperity, 18 mixed, 2, 64, 71 modes, 2, 23 regimes, 2, 23
M
macro-geometry, 101 material
deformation, 102 dimensions, 102 silicon carbide
properties, 102 specification, 102 mean plane
summit heights, 26, 65 surface heights, 26, 65 measuring procedure, 101 micro-geometry, 101
coefficient of friction, 103 microasperity lubrication, 18 misalignment, 17, 86
mixed lubrication, see lubrication mixed lubrication regime, see
lubri-cation model, 5
contact, 6, 23, 26 assumptions, 26 full film, 23, 36
assumptions, 36 Stribeck, 64 mounting
inside, 8 outside, 8
N
nominal contact area, 29, 64 dimensionless, 31
fit, 31, 32
142 Index
O
Optimum Similarity Analysis, 40 outside pressurized seal, 8
boundary conditions, 37 film thickness
convergent coning, 37 divergent coning, 37
P
pin-on-disc device, 95, 98 pneumatic cylinder, 86 predicting
Stribeck curve, see Stribeck curve pressure
asperity, 25, 64 distortions, 17 fluctuations, 86 fluid, 19, 37
effect, 44
hydrodynamic, 17, 20, 64 macro-geometry, 103 micro-geometry, 103 hydrostatic, 8, 19, 55
cartesian coordinates, 10 curvature, 9
measuring, 108 polar coordinates, 9 mixed lubrication, 64 vapour, 38, 55
pressure distribution coning, 14
minimum film thickness, 14 pressure gradient factor, see K-factor pressure vessel, 86
pv, see load carrying capacity R
radial taper, see coning
reduced modulus of elasticity, 27, 29, 70
reference plane
summit heights, 26
surface heights, 26 Reynolds’ equation, 7
cartesian coordinates, 12 cavitation, 39
polar coordinates, 12, 36 squeeze film term, 8, 18 squeeze term, 37
stretch term, 37 wedge term, 7 roughness, 4, 101, 105
S
seal dimensions, 102 seal face
cleaning, 101 flat, 103 grinding, 102 lapping, 102, 103 seal geometry
effect, 44 seal width, 31
separation, see film thickness shear, 24
boundary layer, 24 lubricant, 24 rate, 24 stress, 24, 25 silicon carbide, 98, 102
properties, 102 wear, 106 skewness, 69 spring
load, 19 squeeze film, 19
standard deviation, 27, 107 summits, 67, 104 Stribeck curve, 2, 92
calculating, 64 effect of
σs, 106
axial load, 69, 107