• No results found

The primary research question that guided this research was: How has the COVID-19 global health pandemic exposed tensions regarding health inequities, tribal self-governance, and borders shaping the Indigenous People of Navajo Nation? This led to findings deeply entrenched in Native and US history.

However, the media and individuals used in the data presented this through different lenes. The media focused more on present-day situations surrounding the pandemic, where individuals spoke of past tribal-US relations in far greater depth, creating a more well-rounded understanding of Native identity and reaction for the global health crisis. The pandemic exposed tensions through the media, the Navajo community, Navajo individuals, and bordering areas of Navajo Nation. Based on this research, tensions were exposed through media articles, social media posts, racial tensions in border towns, conflicting health restrictions between institutions, and different levels of trust expressed for both tribal and US governance.

9.1 Reflection on Theory

The theories used provided a good base for the formulation of this research, as well as understanding the research objectives from a deductive lens. However, once in practice the theories are more complex to use, as data did not always neatly fit. Overall, the theories included laid bare an anti-western

sentiment; but the research did not always reflect this, as some things from modernization were viewed in a positive light, like the COVID-19 vaccine. Another example of the research not perfectly fitting can be found in settler colonialism. It served as a useful framework, however, the importance of land acquisition did not neatly fit with Navajo Nation. Settler colonialism states that white invaders take land for resources and labor. However, the territory that Navajo people call home is in a geographically desirable place, as resources such as oil are available. Treaties had arranged for Navajo people to return and remain on their spiritual and sacred land, as discussed in the context chapter. This discrepancy made the research more complex to understand, as this did not seamlessly fit the theory. However, other key traits of settler colonialism did help with understanding the research topic, as it specifically defined the US white settler’s goals versus Indigenous experience, as well as provide the framework to understand the present-day circumstances.

The globalization of health is a phenomenon that many understand is occurring but is not blatantly discussed in everyday conversations or media. COVID-19 made headlines across all news organizations;

however, globalization was not frequently stated within the context. The infrequency and lack of connections made through the data made this theme more difficult to decipher within the research topic. Similarly, borders were also routinely discussed. However, borders were not typically framed in an easy-to-use way specific to this research. At times, the connections seemed like stretches and were not obvious to see.

The inclusion of the social identity theory provided a psychological theory, which helped to better understand settler colonialism through an Indigenous perspective and the themes of identity that were found. The power or territory connected the dots between the feelings of strength associated with land

71 and identity, as well as provided perspective on what territory means through different lenses

(Indigenous versus settler). Free, Prior, and Informed Consent helped connect this research to the larger global conversation of Indigenous rights, and improved cohesiveness of the project.

9.2 Reflection on Methods and Research Limitations

During the proposal stage, methods were developed without fully knowing where the research would take place, as it was during the coronavirus pandemic. Hoping for the best, methods were originally formulated to include focus groups, instead of media research. This was quickly changed at the

beginning of the fieldwork period, as it became obvious the health restrictions would not be lifted within the designated research timeline. To adapt to the situation, the methods shifted away from using individual interviews and focus groups as the primary data to instead use a media analysis as the primary data. Interviews and social media analysis were used as secondary data sources to form triangulation. In addition, broadband internet connection was an issue in Navajo Nation, making it difficult to conduct zoom interviews. Interviews were primarily conducted over the phone, which prevented the ability to see the interview participants body language and local surroundings.

Due to COVID-19, in-person connections were not possible, so phone calls and emails were used to set up and conduct interviews. This greatly impacted the fieldwork experience by creating unprecedented barriers for research. Fewer people were open and willing to be interviewed, as many interview inquiries often did not receive a response. Despite the massive hurdles that the global pandemic put in place, the research proved fruitful and insightful. It was a rare opportunity to research a unique point in history as it was unfolding. Although it did not go as planned, it was beneficial to conduct the research in close proximity to Navajo Nation. The participants who were willing to be interviewed provided great depth and openness.

9.c Recommendation for Policy and/or Practice

Due to the enormity of the topic, it would be inappropriate to provide policy recommendations in this setting. Thus, in lieu of providing specific policy recommendations for Navajo Nation and US institutions, potential institutional changes and over-arching sentiments that would positively impact societal relations will be discussed. First, funding and treaty fulfillment from the US government to Indigenous communities is obligatory. Lack of follow-through from the US government to pay what is owed, which is a key trait of settler colonialism, is unacceptable. Unfulfilled treaties, as mentioned in the contextual chapter, is a demonstration of history is repeating itself. Albeit frustrating and capitalistic, money is needed to support Indigenous communities to improve infrastructure and health. Once amends have been paid, Navajo Nation will have the means for improvement on a mental, physical, and institutional level. Until then, other societal and educational adjustments can be made, as explored below.

Education and curriculum within the US system need to be more inclusive and accurate when discussing history and current Native affairs. Speaking from personal experience, the US education system does not

72 provide a truthful account of the past or present Indigenous experience. Cultural and societal relations can only improve if there is an educational foundation provided to all Americans, both Native and non-Native. Education needs to address the genocidal, exploitative, and land-grabbing roots that the US was built on to hold the US institutions accountable. The importance of including how this colonial past is still influencing and shaping Indigenous communities today is crucial. This will lead to connections being made for communication within institutions and how societal conversations are structured. The need for inclusion and decision-making is owed to Indigenous citizens, as well as the respect for Native

autonomy. Education will help shape societal views to better serve Indigenous agency.

Lastly, personal and lived experiences influence how communities interact with each other and

surrounding areas. Health inequities along with infrastructure shortcomings were found to be persistent and apparent in Navajo Nation. Something that was left out of the conversations with participants and the media was the topic of mental health. Although not included in this research, more inclusive and robust mental health treatment options need to be provided alongside physical health resources. The pandemic exposed many long-standing injustices in Navajo Nation, and the mental and cultural toll the community has endured deserves support and healing. Mental health facilities would need to be inclusive of Navajo culture, spirituality, and traditional teachings.

Thus, beginning the conversation and acknowledging the influence of settler colonialism is the best place to start. By opening the conversation on a comprehensive level, cross-institutional accountability can begin. By leading with humility and respect, all citizens, Native and non-Native, can move the needle towards a more just world.

9.4 Suggestions for Further Research

The research process highlighted that the mental and psychological well-being of Indigenous people in the US deserve further attention and resources. As shown through settler colonialism and the data, the US government must fulfill previous and present-day agreements, as well as expand on those

agreements to be more inclusive. Inclusivity should incorporate Indigenous-run health facilities to support physical, mental, and emotional health. To receive resources, research needs to be conducted and published to support the funding and development of programs. Qualitative studies researching Navajo mental health could be conducted through the IHS, 638 facilities, John Hopkins, and local clinics.

Studies completed by multiple institutions may result in more holistic findings, with a greater chance of studies resulting in program development.

Additional research should also be conducted on the aftermath of COVID-19 in Navajo Nation. How have relations changed between institutions? How are Navajo people coping with the loss of loved ones?

How has the economy changed due to COVID-19 measures put in place? Will cultural gatherings and Navajo society look different because of the pandemic? This research was simply the tip of the iceberg.

Additional scholars who value Indigenous communities within colonial systems can reveal the lived experience, further contributing to research. Ideally, this will lead to Indigenous funding and resource allocation.

73

References

Ashforth, B. & Mael, F. (1989). Social Identity Theory and the Organization. Academy of Management, 14(1), n.p.

Bauder, H. (2015). Perspectives of Open Borders and No Border. Geography Compass, 9(7), 395-405.

Biewen, J. (Host). (2017). “Little War on the Prairie (Seeing White, Part 5)”. Scene on Radio. 12 April 2017.

Blauner, R. (1969). Internal Colonialism and the Ghetto Revolt. Social Problems, 16(4). 393-408.

Brosemer et al. (2020). The energy crises revealed by COVID: Intersections of Indigeneity, inequity, and health. Energy Research & Social Science, 68. 1-5.

Brown et al. (2020). Community–clinic linkages: qualitative provider perspectives on partnering with community health representatives in Navajo Nation. BMJ Open, 10, 1-8.

Bruckman, A. (2002). Studying the amateur artist: A perspective on disguising data collected in human subjects research on the internet. Ethics and Information Technology, 4(3), 217-231.

Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods, (4th eds). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

Chan, C. (2019). Crossing institutional borders: Exploring pre-service teacher education partnerships through the lens of border theory. Teaching and teacher education, 86, 1-10.

Chavez, J. R. (2011). Aliens in Their Native Lands: The Persistence of Internal Colonial Theory. The Journal of World History, 22(4), 785-809.

Chung, K. A. (2019). Media as a soft power: the role of South Korean media in North Korea. The Journal of International Communication, 25(1), 137-157.

Churchill, W. (1985). INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE UNITED STATES: A STRUGGLE AGAINST INTERNAL COLONIALISM. The Black Scholar, 16(1), 29-35.

Concinetti, M. (2020, February 27). The first postmodern pandemic. AEI.org, https://www.aei.org/op-eds/the-first-postmodern-pandemic/.

Crichton, S. & Kinash, S. (2003). Virtual Ethnography: Interactive Interviewing Online as Method.

Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 29(2), 1-12.

Davis, J., Loves, T., & Fares, P. (2019). Collective Social Identity: Synthesizing Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory Using Digital Data. Social Psychology Quarterly, 82(3), 254-273.

De Cock, K. M., Simone, P., Davison, V. & Slutsker, L. (2013). The New Global Health. Emergency Infectious Disease, 19(8), 1192-1197.

Delaney, D. (2017). The Master's Tools: Tribal Sovereignty and Tribal Self-Governance Contracting/Compacting. American Indian Law Journal, 5(2), 307-345.

74 Denetdale, J. N. (2009). Securing Navajo National Boundaries: War, Patriotism, Tradition, and the Diné

Marriage Act of 2005. Wicazo Sa Review 24(2), 131-148.

Denetdale, J. N. (2016). ‘No Explanation, No Resolution, and No Answers’: Border Town Violence and Navajo Resistance to Settler Colonialism. Wicazo Sa Review 31(1), 111–31.

Di Gregorio et al. (2010). Code book for the analysis of media frames in articles on REDD. Center for International Forestry Research, https://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BBrock haus1202 _pdf. Accessed on 22 February 2021.

Di Iorio, W. R. (2007). MENDING FENCES: THE FRACTURED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND ITS NEGATIVE IMPACT ON BORDER SECURITY.

Syracuse Law Review, 57(407), 407-428.

Fonseca, F. (2020, December). Medical officials serving Navajo make urgent plea: Stay home. Retrieved from: https://apnews.com/article/flagstaff-new-mexico-arizona-coronavirus-pandemic.

Frank, A. G. ([1969] 2000) ‘The Development of Underdevelopment’, in J. Timmons Roberts, J. and A.

Hite (eds) From Modernization to Globalization: perspectives on development and social change, pp. 159-168. Malden (USA) and Oxford (UK): Blackwell Publishers.

Gampa et al., (2017). Cultural elements underlying the community health representative – client relationship on Navajo Nation. BMC Health Services Research, 17(9).

Graham, M. (2020). Regulate, replicate, and resist: the conjunctural geographies of platform urbanism.

Urban Geography 41(3), 453-457.

Gutiérrez, R. A. (2004). INTERNAL COLONIALISM: An American Theory of Race. Du Bois Review: SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ON RACE, 1(2), 281-295.

Hanna, P. & Vanclay, F. (2013). Human rights, Indigenous peoples and the concept of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 31(2), 146-157.

Haroldson, S. (1988). Health and Health Services Among the Navajo Indians. Journal of Community Health, 13(3), 129-142.

Haslam, P.A., Schafer, J., & Beaudet, P. (2017). Introduction to International Development. Ontario, Canada: Oxford University Press.

Henley, T. & Boshier, M. (2016). The future of Indian Health Services for native Americans in the United States: an analysis of policy options and recommendations. Health Economics, Policy and Law, 11, 397-414.

Horton, R. (2019). Transcending the guilt of global health. The Lancet, 394, 994.

Indian Health Service (2020). Navajo Area, Healthcare Facilities. Retrieved from https://www.ihs.gov/navajo/. Accessed on 7 January 2021.

Jacobsen, K. & Thompson, K. (2020). “The right to lead”: Navajo language, dis‐citizenship, and Diné presidential politics. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 24, 35–54.

75 Jazeel, T. (2009). “Difference/Politics of Difference”. In R. Kitchin and N. Thrift (eds), International

Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 164-169.

Jones, R. (2012). Border Walls: Security and the war on terror in the United States, India, and Israel.

London and New York: Zed Books Ltd.

Kamper, D. (2006). Organizing in the Context of Tribal Sovereignty: The Navajo Area Indian Health Service Campaign for Union Recognition. LABOR STUDIES JOURNAL, 30(4), 17-39.

King et al. (2017). Strengthening the role of Community Health Representatives in the Navajo Nation. BMC Public Health, 17(348).

Kosinski et al. (2016). Facebook as a research tool. American Psychological Association.

https://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/03/ce-corner. Accessed on 19 February 2021.

Krisst, R. (2020, December). Trial volunteer No. 1 ‘ecstatic’ over Pfizer vaccine rollout. Retrieved from:

https://navajotimes.com/ae/health/trial-volunteer-no-1-ecstatic-over-pfizer-vaccine-rollout/.

Kunitz, S. J. (2002). Disease and the Destruction of Indigenous Populations. In T. Ingold, (Ed.). Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology: Humanity, Culture, and Social Life, (pp. 297-325). Abingdon, England: Routledge.

Lawrence, C. (2020, December). An Uncomfortable Seat at the Table. Retrieved from:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/29/opinion/deb-haaland-interior.html.

Longo, M. (2016). A "21st Century Border"? Cooperative Border Controls in the US and Europe After 9/11. The Journal of Borderland Studies, 31(2), 187-202.

Mahanty, S. & McDermott, C. L. (2013). How does ‘Free, Prior and Informed Consent’ (FPIC) impact social equity? Lessons from mining and forestry and their implications for REDD+. Land Use Policy, 35, 406-416.

Mirzoeff, N. (2016). “Persistent looking in the space of appearance #BlackLivesMatter”. In Buikema, R., Buyse, A. & Robben, A. C. G. M. (eds.), Cultures, Citizenship and Human Rights. London, United Kingdom: Routledge, 11-30.

Montoya, T. (2019). #WeNeedANewCounty: Enduring Division and Conquest in the Indigenous Southwest. Journal for the Anthropology of North America, 22(2), 75-78.

Museum of Northern Arizona. (2021). [Indigenous People of the Colorado Plateau]. Flagstaff, Arizona, USA: Author Unknown.

Navajo Nation Government, (2011). https://www.navajo-nsn.gov/index.html. Accessed on 26 April 2021.

Navajo Population Profile 2010 U.S. Census. https://www.navajo-nsn.gov/Portals/0/Reports/NN2010 PopulationProfile.pdf. Accessed on 27 April 2021.

Owen, J. & Kemp, D. (2014). ‘Free prior and informed consent’, social complexity in the mining industry:

Establishing a knowledge base. Resources Policy, 41, 91-100.

Rowe, A. C. & Tuck, E. (2017). Settler Colonialism and Cultural Studies: Ongoing Settlement, Cultural Production, and Resistance. Cultural Studies, 17(1), 3-13.

Rudnicka et al. (2020). Priorities for global health community in COVID-19 pandemic. Dermatologic Therapy, Letter. Retrieved from wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/dht.

Saxena, K. (2020, November 13). How the Navajo Nation Helped Flip Arizona for Democrats. NPR, https:/

/www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-2020-election-results/2020/11/13/how-the-navajo-nation- helped-flip-arizona-for-democrats.

Scheufele, D. A. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effects. Journal of Communication, 49(4), 103-122.

Shakya, T. & Yang, A. (2020, December). Despite mistrust, Native Americans’ participation

in vaccine development proves vital. Retrieved from: https://abcnews.go.com/US/mistrust-native-americans-participation-vaccine-development-proves-vital/story.

Singer et al., (2018). Navajo Nation Government Reform Project. Dine Policy Institute.

Singh, N. (Host). (2017-present). “COVID-19 in Navajo Nation: Shedding Light on Health Disparities Among Native American Populations”. Infectious Diseases Society of America Podcast. 4 August 2020.

Sloan, L. & Quan-Haase, A. (2017). The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE Publishing.

Smith, A. (2010). QUEER THEORY AND NATIVE STUDIES: The Heteronormativity of Settler Colonialism.

GLQ, 16(1-2), 41-68.

Strommer, G. & Osborne, S. (2015). THE HISTORY, STATUS, AND FUTURE OF TRIBAL SELF-GOVERNANCE UNDER THE INDIAN SELF-DETERMINATION AND EDUCATION ASSISTANCE ACT. American Indian Law Journal, 39(1), 1-75.

The Long Walk. (n.d.) https://americanindian.si.edu/. Accessed on 27 April 2021.

Thrall, J. (2008). Globalization of Health Care. Radiology, 247(1), 3-7.

United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/tribal/. Accessed on 7 January 2021.

77 US Dakota War of 1862.

https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/newcomers-us-government-military-federal-acts-assimilation-policies/what-reservation. Accessed on 18 June 2021.

Van Dijk, T. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 4(2), 249-283.

Walker, M. (2020, September). Pandemic Highlights Deep-Rooted Problems in Indian Health Service.

2020. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/29/us/politics/coronavirus-indian-health-service.

Weigel, D. (2020, September 20). The Four Political States of Arizona. The Washington Post. https://ww w.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/politics/Arizona-political-geography/.

Wolfe, P. (2006). Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native. Journal of Genocide Research, 8(4), 387-409.

World Health Organization. (2020). https://www.who.int/. Accessed on 7 January 2021.

Yates-Doerr, E., & Maes, K. (2019). Global Health. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology Cambridge:

University of Cambridge. 1-22.

Young, C. (2011). Proclamations and the Founding Father Presidents, 1789-1825. Federal History, 20, 80-90.

Media Analysis References

Astor, M. (2020, October 15). For the Navajo Nation, ‘Everything Takes Time,’ Including Voting. New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/15/us/politics/navajo-arizona-mail-voting.html.

Becenti, A. (2020, November 7). Diné react to Biden’s victory. Navajo Times,

https://navajotimes.com/rezpolitics/election-2020/dine-react-to-bidens-victory/.

Becenti, A. (2020, November 20). Nation logs record-breaking 351 new COVID cases. Navajo Times, https://navajotimes.com/reznews/nation-logs-record-breaking-351-new-covid-cases/.

Bennett, S. (2020, May 27). Navajo Nation hard hit by coronavirus hopes curve may soon flatten to ease lockdown. Fox News, https://www.foxnews.com/us/coronavirus-navajo-nation-arizona-hard-hit-flatten-curve.

Burnett, E. (2020, November 16). Tourists can't stop here due to Covid-19 lockdown orders. CNN, https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2020/11/17/navajo-nation-coronavirus-savidge-pkg-ebof-vpx.cnn.

Canova, D. (2020, July 16). Navajo Nation releases statement on Washington Redskins retiring team name, logo. Fox News, https://www.foxnews.com/sports/navajo-nation-releases-statement-washington-redskins-retire-team-name-logo.

Chinn, N. (2021, January 2). The Navajo Nation faces a battle to protect its elders and traditions as Covid-19 deaths spike. CNN, https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/02/us/navajo-nation-coronavirus-toll/index.html.

78 Curtis, C. (2020, December 20). In Chinle, a Navajo Nation COVID-19 hotspot, the young volunteer to

protect elders. Arizona Republic, https://eu.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2020/12/

20/ chinle-navajo-nation-covid-19-hotspot-volunteers-protect-elders/6495074002/.

Donovan, B. (2021, January 28). 50 Years Ago: In first speech, MacDonald tackles border town issues.

Navajo Times, https://navajotimes.com/50years/50-years-ago-in-first-speech-macdonald-tackles-border-town-issues/.

Donovan, B. (2020, December 30). 2020 not the first pivotal year for Navajo. Navajo Times, https://navajotimes.com/2020-review/2020-not-the-first-pivotal-year-for-navajo/.

Farber, M. (2020, November 6). Navajo Nation experiencing ‘uncontrolled’ coronavirus spread: officials.

Fox News, https://www.foxnews.com/health/navajo-nation-uncontrolled-coronavirus-spread.

Ferguson, A. (2020, December 27). The Place Hit Hardest by the Virus. New York Times,

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/27/business/economy/the-place-hit-hardest-by-the-virus.html.

Fernando, C. (2020, December 27). Tribes try to shield elders and their knowledge from virus. Associated Press, https://apnews.com/article/us-news-arizona-coronavirus-pandemic-native-americans.

Fonseca, F. (2020, August 27). Navajo Nation wants more say over criminal justice matters. Associated Press, https://apnews.com/article/c01094e2bc5991432993bafef3dc174e.

Fonseca, F. (2020, December 3). Medical officials serving Navajo make urgent plea: Stay home.

Associated Press, https://apnews.com/article/flagstaff-new-mexico-arizona-coronavirus-pandemic-25deef9111c3c2f9f515f06838b24d14.

Fonseca, F. (2021, January 4). Fast rollout of virus vaccine trials reveals tribal distrust. Associated Press, https://apnews.com/article/us-news-flagstaff-arizona-clinical-trials-coronavirus-pandemic-712d482a83cb49464745fca7f8b93692.

Fonseca, F. (2021, February 26). Tribes in legal limbo over federal virus relief funding. Associated Press, https://apnews.com/article/21cca3fc520d6cb8f0c0e2fbd28e3408.

Fonseca, F. & Lee, M. (2020, October 24). Minority pushes Trump agenda largely unpopular among tribes. Associated Press, https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-donald-trump-politics-virus-outbreak-native-americans-35b2de8c4d2e8856e759ac59994265ed.

Healy, J. & Blue, V. (2021, January 12). Tribal Elders Are Dying From the Pandemic, Causing a Cultural Crisis for American Indians. New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/12/us/tribal-elders-native-americans-coronavirus.html.

Innes, S. (2020, April 17). Flagstaff hospital has seen heavy influx of COVID-19 patients. Arizona Republic, https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-health/2020/04/17/flagstaff-medical-center-hub-covid-19-care-northern-arizona/5154809002/.

Kaur, H. (2021, February 26). Tribal health providers have figured out the key to Covid-19 vaccine success. Here's their secret. CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/09/us/tribal-health-providers-covid-vaccine-trnd/index.html.

79 Krieg, G. (2020, December 17). Deb Haaland makes history as Biden's pick to run Interior Department.

CNN, https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/17/politics/deb-haaland-makes-history/index.html.

Krisst, R. (2020, December 17). Trial Volunteer No. 1 ‘ecstatic’ over Pfizer vaccine rollout. Navajo Times, https://navajotimes.com/ae/health/trial-volunteer-no-1-ecstatic-over-pfizer-vaccine-rollout/.

Krisst, R. (2021, January 14). Teacher turns to way of life for comfort and healing. Navajo Times, https://navajotimes.com/ae/culture/teacher-turns-to-way-of-life-for-comfort-and-healing/.

Krisst, R. (2021, January 28). Budget for 2020 COVID-19 donations OK’d, allocated. Navajo Times, https://navajotimes.com/reznews/budget-for-2020-covid-19-donations-okd-allocated/.

Krisst, R. (2021, March 9). Navajo outpacing states in rate of vaccinations. Navajo Times, https://navajotimes.com/reznews/navajo-outpacing-states-in-rate-of-vaccinations/.

Landers, J. (2020, November 28). Navajo Nation's Jill Jim named to President-elect Joe Biden's COVID-19 Advisory Board. Arizona Republic,https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2020/1 1/28/Navajo-nation-jill-jim-joins-president-elect-joe-biden-covid-19-advisory-board/.

Lawrence, C. (2020, December 29). Deb Haaland Is Our Hero. Here Is a Warning for Her. New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/29/opinion/deb-haalandinterior.html.

Lee, M. (2020, May 8). Extreme lockdown shows divide in hard-hit Navajo border town. Associated Press, https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/mexico-town-vast-us-reservation-shuts-70582317.

Lee, M. & Johnson, C. (2020, December 17). Vaccines reach COVID-ravaged Indigenous communities.

Associated Press, https://apnews.com/article/new-mexico-arizona-coronavirus-pandemic-coronavirus-vaccine-native-americans-cab1ff146f83b0274f3310fc9e759d84.

Letters: We, the people, are root and solution. (2020, November 19). Navajo Times, https://navajotimes.

com/opinion/letters/letters-we-the-people-are-root-and-solution/.

Marples, M. (2020, November 24). Navajo Nation faces devastating loss from Covid-19 pandemic. CNN,

https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/24/health/navajo-nation-coronavirus-losses-wellness/index.html.

Mcfall, C. (2020, May 13). Doctors Without Borders heads to coronavirus-stricken Navajo Nation Reservation. Fox News, https://www.foxnews.com/us/doctors-without-borders-coronavirus-stricken-navajo-nation.

Mcfall, C. (2020, August 18). Trolls flood DNC Native American event with Elizabeth Warren, forcing organizers to disable chatroom. Fox News, https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trolls-flood-dnc-native-american-event-elizabeth-warren.

Musto, J. (2020, September 26). Arizona judge rules against Navajo Nation lawsuit over delayed main-in ballots. Fox News, https://www.foxnews.com/politics/arizona-judge-rules-against-navajo-nation-voter-lawsuit-over-delayed-ballots.

Navajo Nation reports 11 COVID-19 deaths, reaches 1,000 mark. (2021, January 28). Associated Press, https://apnews.com/article/public-health-health-coronavirus-pandemic.