• No results found

For more information about the research, you are welcome to contact the researcher in charge Lukas Pechacek, l.pechacek@student.uva.nl

Should you have any complaints or comments about the course of the research and the

procedures it involves as a consequence of your participation in this research, you can contact the designated member of the Ethics Review Board representing ASCoR via ascor‐secr‐

fmg@uva.nl

Any complaints or comments will be treated in the strictest confidence.

I hope to have provided you with sufficient information. I would like to take this opportunity to thank you in advance for your assistance with this research, which I greatly appreciate.

Kind regards, Lukas Pechacek INFORMED CONSENT

If you would like to participate in the survey, click on “Yes” below. With this you declare:

44

• I am 16 years or older.

• I have read and understood the information.

• I agree to participate in the study and to use the data obtained with it.

• I reserve the right to withdraw this consent during the study without giving any reason.

• I reserve the right to stop the study at any time I wish.

Yes, I participate (→ to start of research)

No, I am not participating (→ to “thanks for your interest” page and then to the end

Questionnaire

Demographic questions:

1) What is your age in years?

2) What is your gender?

a. Male b. Female

c. Non-binary/third gender d. Prefer not to say

e. Other

3) What is the highest level of education you have completed?

a. None

b. Primary school c. Secondary school d. Bachelor’s degree

45 e. Master’s degree

f. PhD

4) Which province in Indonesia do you currently live in?

1) How often do you follow the news on global issues from around the world?

(1) Never

(2) Every other day (3) Every day of the week

2) Do you follow the news on climate change in Indonesia and around the world?

(1) Yes (2) No

Experimental condition A: Natural aspects frame

You will be shown six images pertaining to the impacts and aspects of the climate change crisis from Indonesia and around the world. Please look at each image carefully and tell us on a scale from 0 – 10 how intense you find each of the images.

Image of flooded neighbourhood in Lafourche, Louisiana.

https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2021/12/06/123100070/pemanasan-global-sebabkan-semakin-banyak-badai-di-atlantik-utara

Please rate the intensity of this picture 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

46

Image of damaged buildings in Philippines after Typhoon Chanthu. .

https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/strong-typhoon-cuts-power-causes-flooding-northern-philippines-2021-09-12/

Please rate the intensity of this picture 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Image of male loggerhead sea turtle, which is threatened by extinction.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/26/fragile-success-cape-verde-sea-turtles-aoe

Please rate the intensity of this picture 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1

Image of Kookaburra looking over its home damaged by a bushfire is New South Wales, Australia.

https://www.wwf.org.au/news/blogs/2020-in-review-an-unforgettable-year-for-nature#gs.iqgorq

Please rate the intensity of this picture 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

47 Image of Polar bear standing melting ice caps.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/06/how-melting-glaciers-have-accelerated-a-shift-in-earths-axis Please rate the intensity of this picture

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Image of the dried-up Var in France.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/aug/17/global-water-crisis-will-intensify-with-climate-breakdown-says-report

Please rate the intensity of this picture 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Next, we are going to ask you a few questions about your emotions regarding climate change.

Please indicate to what extent you agree or disagree with the statement.

I feel angry about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

48 I feel devastated about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

I feel furious about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

I feel fearful about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

I feel sad about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

49 5) Strongly agree

I feel frightened about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Next, we are going to ask you about your opinions on the threats of climate change.

I think I will be personally impacted by the threats of climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

I think society at large will be impacted by the threat of climate change 1) Strongly disagree

2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Climate change is a serious threat to Indonesia’s biodiversity.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

50 3) Neither disagree nor agree

4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Climate change is a threat to Indonesia’s air quality.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Climate change is a threat to my own personal health.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Climate change is a threat to future generations of Indonesia.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

51 Experimental condition B: Human aspects frame Image of carbon emissions.

https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2021/10/12/163553570/who-perubahan-iklim-ancaman-kesehatan-terbesar-yang-dihadapi-manusia

Please rate the intensity of this image 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Image of Greta Thunberg at a protest.

https://www.kompas.com/edu/read/2021/11/30/090529671/kepedulian-dan-inisiatif-perubahan-iklim-orang-muda-kini-yuk-bisa-gerak-yuk

Please rate the intensity of this image 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Image of deforestation in Sumatra, Indonesia.

https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/indonesia-signals-about-face-cop26-zero-deforestation-pledge-2021-11-04/

Please rate the intensity of this image 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

52 Image of city smog in Shanghai, China

https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/09/1099042 Please rate the intensity of this image

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Image of urbanization and ecological destruction in Amazon Forest, Brazil.

https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/07/1095772 Please rate the intensity of this image

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Image of polluted beach in Bali, Indonesia.

https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2021/10/25/170200523/sampah-plastik-bikin-pantai-lebih-panas-di-siang-hari-makin-dingin-saat

Please rate the intensity of this image 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Next, we are going to ask you a few questions regarding your emotions regarding climate change. Please indicate to what extent you agree or disagree with the statement.

I feel angry about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree

53 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

I feel devasted about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

I feel furious about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

I feel fearful about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

I feel sad about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

54 3) Neither disagree nor agree

4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

I feel frightened about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Next, we are going to ask you on your opinions regarding the threats of climate change.

I think I will be personally impacted by the threats of climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

I think society at large will be impacted by the threat of climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Climate change is a serious threat to Indonesia’s biodiversity.

55 1) Strongly disagree

2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Climate change is a threat to Indonesia’s air quality

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Climate change is a threat to my own personal health.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Climate change is a threat to future generations of Indonesia.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

56 Control condition – no images

Please answer the following statements about the impact of climate change and indicate to what extent you agree or disagree with the statement.

I feel angry about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

I feel devastated about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

I feel furious about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

I feel fearful about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree

57 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

I feel sad about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

I feel frightened about climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Next, we are going to ask you about your opinions on the threats of climate change.

I think I will be personally impacted by the threats of climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

58 5) Strongly agree

I think society at large will be impacted by the threats of climate change.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Climate change is a serious threat to Indonesia’s biodiversity.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Climate change is a threat to Indonesia’s air quality.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Climate change is a threat to my own personal health.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree

59 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Climate change is a threat to future generations of Indonesia.

1) Strongly disagree 2) Disagree

3) Neither disagree nor agree 4) Agree

5) Strongly agree

Manipulation’s check

Dear participant, we are almost at the end of the survey. Thinking back of the images we have shown you earlier, please tell us whether in your view the images focussed on aspects related to nature or to humans. Please indicate on a scale from 1 to 7, where 1 means “the images focussed on natural aspects of climate change” and 7 means “the images focussed on human aspects of climate change”.

Image of carbon emissions.

https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2021/10/12/163553570/who-perubahan-iklim-ancaman-kesehatan-terbesar-yang-dihadapi-manusia

Image of Greta Thunberg at a protest.

https://www.kompas.com/edu/read/2021/11/30/090529671/kepedulian-dan-inisiatif-perubahan-iklim-orang-muda-kini-yuk-bisa-gerak-yuk

60 Image of deforestation in Sumatra, Indonesia.

https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/indonesia-signals-about-face-cop26-zero-deforestation-pledge-2021-11-04/

Image of city smog in Shanghai, China

https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/09/1099042

Image of urbanization and ecological destruction in Amazon forest, Brazil.

https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/07/1095772 Image of polluted beach in Bali, Indonesia.

https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2021/10/25/170200523/sampah-plastik-bikin-pantai-lebih-panas-di-siang-hari-makin-dingin-saat

Nature – 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 – human

Image of flooded neighbourhood in Lafourche, Louisiana.

https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2021/12/06/123100070/pemanasan-global-sebabkan-semakin-banyak-badai-di-atlantik-utara

Image of damaged buildings in Philippines after Typhoon Chanthu. .

https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/strong-typhoon-cuts-power-causes-flooding-northern-philippines-2021-09-12/

Image of male loggerhead sea turtle, which is threatened by extinction.

61

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/26/fragile-success-cape-verde-sea-turtles-aoe

Image of Kookaburra looking over its home damaged by a bushfire is New South Wales, Australia.

https://www.wwf.org.au/news/blogs/2020-in-review-an-unforgettable-year-for-nature#gs.iqgorq

Image of Polar bear standing melting ice caps.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/06/how-melting-glaciers-have-accelerated-a-shift-in-earths-axis

Image of the dried-up Var in France.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/aug/17/global-water-crisis-will-intensify-with-climate-breakdown-says-report

Nature – 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 – human

Debrief

Dear participant,

Thank you for participating in this study.

Please click “Finish” below to register your answers once you have read the following information.

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The questions you have just answered were part of a study that investigates the effects of particular framing mechanisms in news images of aspects and impacts of climate change and how such frames affect risk perceptions on climate change. As a participant of this study, you were randomly assigned to see either images of climate change related topics framed as directly human related aspects or images of impacts framed as natural aspects, or no images at all. After answering some demographic questions and viewing the images, you were asked to indicate your emotional responses to the impacts of climate change as well as your risk perceptions of climate change in Indonesia. If you were not shown any images, you were just asked to indicate how you feel about climate change and your risk perceptions. As you may have noticed, some of the images portrayed some devastating impacts caused by climate change. Some of the follow up questions also asked about specific negative emotions. Please be aware that these were deliberately chosen for the purpose of this study.

On a more positive note, four out of seven commercially fished species of Tuna around the world have been recovered due to the successful introduction of fishing quotas in the last ten years (Weston, 2021). Moreover, while there is still a lot of work to be done, deforestation rates in Indonesia have been at their lowest level since the 1990’s, thanks to new government policies regarding forest clearance (Ellis-Petersen, 2021).

As respondents of group A, the images you saw framed aspects of climate change as natural phenomena. These relate to species such as sea turtles going extinct, rising sea levels, melting ice, severe weather events such as draught or typhoons, flooding and wildfires. In another version of the survey participants were shown images of phenomena framed as aspects directly related to human activity, or no images at all, with just questions.

As respondents of group B, the images you saw framed aspects of climate change as human-caused phenomena. These relate to greenhouse gas emissions, over pollution such as from

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traffic jams or trash on the beach, city smog, protests, deforestation and ecological

destruction caused by urbanization. In another version of the survey participants were shown images of phenomena framed as natural aspects or no images at all, with just questions.

As respondents of the control group, the statements you answered pertained to your feelings of climate impacts in Indonesia and around the world. These questions served as a control condition in comparison with the two experimental frames. In the other two versions of the survey, participants were shown images of climate change phenomena framed as natural aspects, or images of phenomena framed as human aspects.

This setup allowed the researcher to investigate how risk perceptions may be the results of particular image frames.

If you saw images, the images were from Indonesian as well as international news media outlets and news pages including Kompas, Reuters, UN news, The Guardian and the WWF.

The responses collected from you in this study remain confidential, and no personal information such as your name, ID number, email address or phone number was collected.

None of the information you did provide will be shared with any third party. To help protect your confidentiality, the stored information will not contain any information that will identify you, and all the data will be analysed collectively. Should you have any questions or concerns about this research, you can contact Lukas Pechacek (l.pechacek@student.uva.nl;

+31626212342). Should you have any complaints or comments about this research and the procedures it involves as a consequence of your participation, you can contact the designated member of the Ethics Review Board representing ASCoR via ascor_secr_fmg@uva.nl Any complaints or comments will be treated in the strictest confidence. I hope to have

provided you with sufficient information. I would like to take this opportunity to thank you in advance for your assistance in this research, which I greatly appreciate.

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